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Chemical Thermodynamics 69

03. Chemical Thermodynamics

SYSTEM AND SURROUNDING EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

A ystem is that part of the universe which is under Aproperty that does depend on the quantity
thermodynamic study and the rest of the universe ofmatter present in the system, is call as
is surroundings. . Extensive property.
Boundary: The real or imaginary surface COMMON PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
separating the system from the surroundings is Intensive properties Extensive
called the boundary. properties
Homogeneous system: When a system is Temperature Surface tension Mass
uniform throughout, it is called a Homogeneous Pressure Refractive index Volume
System, e.g., a pore single solid liquid or gas,
Density Viscosity Internal
mixtures ofgases, are true solution of a solid in a
energy
liquid. A homogeneous ystem is made of one
Boiling point Freezing point Enthalpy,
phase only.A phase is defined a a homogeneous,
Entropy
physically distinct and mechanically separable
portion of a system. STATE OF A SYSTEM
Heterogeneous system :A heterogeneous A thermodynamic system is said to be in a certain
system is one which consists of two or more state when all its properties are fixed.The
phases, in other words it is not uniform throughout, fundamental properties-which determine the state
e.g. ice in contact with water, ice in contact with of a system are pressure (P), temperature (T),
vapour, etc. Here ice, water, and vapour volume (V),mass and composition. Since a
constitute separate phases. change in the magnitude of such properties alters
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS the state of the system, these are referred to as
State variables or State functions or
There are three types of thermodynamic systems
Thermodynamic parameters. Achange of system
depending on the nature of the boundary.
fromthe initial state to final state (2nd state) will
1. Isolated system : When the boundary is both
be accompanied by change in the state variables.
sealed and insulated, no interaction is possible with
For a pure gas, the composition is fixed
the surroundings. Therefore, an isolated system
automatically, as it is cent per cent. The remaining
is one that can transfer neither matter nor energy
state variables P, V, T are interrelated in the form
to and from its surroundings.
of an algebraic relationship called the Equation
2. Closed system : A closed system is one which
of State. Thus for one mole of a pure gas, the
cannot transfer matter but can transfer energy in
equation of state is
the form of heat, work and radiation to and from
PV = RT
its surroundings.
where R is gas constant.
3. Open system: In such a system the boundary is
open and un-insulated. Therefore, an open system If of the three state variables (P, V, T), P and
is one which can transfer both energy and matter Tare specified, the value ofthird (V)is fixed
to and from its surroundings. automatically and can be calculated from the
equation of state. The variables (P and
4. Adiabatic systems: Those systems in which no
T)whichmust be necessarily specified to define
thermal energy passes into or out of the system
the state of a system, are designated as
are said to be adiabatic systems.
Independent state variables. The remaining state
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
variable (V)which depends on the value of P and
A property which does not depend on the quantity T, is called Dependent state variable.
of matter present in the system, is known as
An important characteristic ofa state variable (or
Intensive property.
state function) is that when the state of a system

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Chemical Thermodynamics 70
is altered, the change in the variable depends on Electrical work done = E.M.F × quantity of
the initial andfinal states of the system. For electricity. This type of work is involved in case
example, if we heat a sample of water from of reactions involving ions.
O°Cto 25°C, the change in temperature is equal 2. Work of expansion or pressure - volume
to difference between the initial and final work:
temperatures. It is the work done when the gas expands or
 T = Tfina-l Tinitia= l 25°C contracts against the external pressure. It is kind
The way in which the temperature change is of mechanical work.
brought about has no effect on the result. Units of work : In CGS system the unit of work
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES is erg which is defined as the work done when a
When a thermodynamic system changes from resistance of 1 dyne is moved through a distance
one state to another, the operation is called a of 1 centimetre. Since the erg is so small, a bigger
Process. These processes involve the change of unit, the joule (J) is now used.
conditions (temperature, pressure and volume). 1 joule = 107 ergs
Types of thermodynamic processes: or 1 erg = 10-7 J
1. Isothermal Processes :In these processes the For large quantities of work, kilojoule (kJ) is used.
temperature remains fixed. This is often achieved 1 kJ = 1000 J
by placing the system in a thermostat (a constant HEAT (q)
temperature bath). It is another mode of energy exchanged between
For an isothermal process, dT = 0. system and the surrounding as a result of the
2. Adiabatic Processes: In these processes no difference of temperature between them.
heat can flowinto or out of the system, Units: Unit of heat is calorie (cal). Since heat
For ail adiabatie process, dp = 0 and work are interrelated, SI unit of heat is the
3. Isobaric Processes: These processes take joule (J)
place at constant pressure. 1 joule = 0.2390 calorie
For an isobaric process, dp = 0 1 calorie = 4.184 J
4. Isochoric Processes : In these processes the or 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
volume remains constant. Sign convention of Heat : If the heat flows
For isochoric processes dV = O. from surroundings into the system to raise energy
5. Cyclic Process: When a system in a given state of the system, it is taken to be positive, +q. Ifheat
goes through a number of different processes and flowsfrom the system into the surroundings,
finally returns to its initial state, the overall process lowering the energy of the system, it is taken to
is called a cycle or cyclic process, be negative, -w.
For a cyclicprocess, dE = 0, dH = 0 Sign convention of work (W): If work is done on a
6. Reversible process: A thermodynamic reverse system by surroundings and energy of the system
process is one that takes place infinitesimally is thus increased, it is taken to be positive, +w. If
slowly and' its direction at any point can he work is done by the system on the surroundings
reversed by an infinitesimal change in the state and energy of the system is decreased, it is taken
of the system. to be negative, -w.
7. Irreversible process: When a process goes Summary of Sign Conventions
from the initial to the final state in a single step Heat flows into the system, 1 is +ve ;
and cannot be carded the reverse order, it is said Heat flows out of the system, w is -ve
to be an irreversible process. Work is done on the system, w is +ve ;
WORK Work is done by the system, w is -ve
When a change in the state of a system occurs Note:
energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. Work done by a system is not a state function
This energy may be transferred as heat or because their values do not depend merely on
mechanical work, 'work' force x distance. Types: the initial and final states but depend upon the
Type of work used in thermodynamics path followed.
1. Electrical work: FIRST LAWOF THERMODYNAMICS

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Chemical Thermodynamics 71
It is the Law of Conservation of Energy to the system and the pressure -volume work done, i.e
thermodynamic systems. It states that: the total the work of expansion.
cenergy of an isolated system remains constant  H =  E + P V
though it may change from one form to another, According to the First Law,
or Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
 E =q-w
although it may be converted from one form to
another. where q = heat transferred
When a system is changed from state A to state When change in state occurs at constant pressure,
B, it undergoes a change in the internal energy  H=q
from EAto EB. Thus, we can write This relationship is usually written as,
 E = E n - EA  H=qp
This energy change is brought about by the where subscript p means constant pressure.
evolution or absorption of heat and lor by work Units : Units of  H are kilocalories (kcal) or
being done by the system. Because total energy kilojoule (kJ).
of the system must remain constant, we can write Sign Conventions of Enthalpy:
the mathematical statement of the First Law as:
 H=H2 -Hl
 E= q - w
 H is positive if H2 > H1, and the process of
where q = amount ofheat supplied to the system, reaction will be endothermic.
and
w = work done by the system  H is negative if H1 > H2 and the reaction will
be exothermic.
Thus, First Law may also be stated as, the net
INTERNAL ENERGY
energy change of a closed system is equal to the
heat transferred to the system minus the work A thermodynamic system containing some
done by the systern. quantity ofmatter has within itself a definite
quantity ofenergy. This energy includes not only
When the gas expands against an applied constant
the translation kinetic energy of the molecules
pressure by volume  V, then total mechanical but also other molecular energies such as
work done is given by the relation rotational, vibrational energies. The kinetic and
w = – P ×V potential energy ofthe nuclei and electrons within
E=q–P× V the individual molecules also contribute to the
THALPY OF A SYSTEM energy of the system. The total ofall the possible
In a process carried at constant volume (say in a kinds of energy of a system, is called its Internal
sealed tube), the heat content of a system is the Energy. The internal energy of a system, like
same is internal energy (E), as no PV work is temperature, pressure, volume, etc. is determined
done. But in a constant - pressure process, the by the state of a system and is 'independent of
system (a-gas) also expends energy in doing PV the path by which it is obtained. Hence internal
work. Therefore, total heat content ofa system energy of a system is a state function. Since the
at constant pressure is equivalent o the internal internal energy of a system depends on the mass
energy E plus PV energy. This is called the of the matter contained in a system, it is classed
enthalpy of the system and is represented by the as an extensive property. Symbol
symbol H. Thus, enthalpy is defined by the representation of Internal energy and Sign
equation conventions:
H = E + PV The internal energy of a system is represented
by the symbol E. It is neither possible nor
In the equation E, P, V are all state functions.
necessary to calculate the absolute value of
Thus H, the value of which depends on the value
internal energy of a system. In thermodynamics
of E, P,V must also be a function of state. Hence
we are concerned only with the energy changes
its value is independent of the path by which state
when a system changes from one state tb another.
of the system is changed.
If  E be the difference of energy of the initial
Change in Enthalpy:
state (Ein) and the final state (Ef), we can write
Enthalpy change of a system may be defined as
the urn of the increase in internal energy of the  E1 = Er- Ein

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Chemical Thermodynamics 72
 E is we if Ef, is greater than Ein and -ve if Ef, is equilibrium.
less than En 4. Once a system is in equilibrium state, it does not
Units: undergo any further spontaneous change in state
S1 unit for internal energy of a system is the joule if left undisturbed. Totake the system away from
(J). Another unit is calorie. 1 cal is 4.184 J. equilibrium, some external work must be done on
the system.
Relation Between  H and  E
5. Aspontaneous change is accompanied by
Calorific value of many gaseous fuels are
determined in constant volume calorimeters. decrease of internal energy or enthalpy (  R).
These values are, given by ENTROPY (S)
qu =  E It is a thermodynamic state quantity that is a
measure of the randomness or disorder of
When any fuel is burnt in the open atmosphere,
molecules of the system.
additional energy of expansion, positive or
negative, against the atmosphere is also involved. The change in disorder accompanying a process
Thus value of q actually realized, i.e., p ::! AH, from start to completion is represented by
may be different from the equation.  S.The entropy of a system is a state function
and depends only on the initial and final states of
H =E + PV
the system. The change in entropy,  S,for any
If gases are involved in a reaction, then account
for most of the volume change as the volumes of process is given by the equation,
solids and liquids are negligibly small in  S = Sfina- Sinitial
comparison. When Sfinal> Sinitial,  S is positive,
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYAMICS Aprocess accompanied by an increase in entropy
A process which proceeds of its own accord, tends to be spontaneous. The entropy ofthe
without any outside assistance, is termed a system increases if it goes from less orderly state
spontaneous or natural process. The reverse to more orderly state and vice-versa. This
process which does not proceed on its own, is concept of entropy has led to the conclusion that
referred to as a nonspontaneous or unnatural all substances in their normal crystalline state at
process. absolute zero would be the most ordered state
The tendency of a process to occur naturally is with zero entropy. In case of a perfect crystal
called the spontaneity, e.g., Spontaneous the entropy is zero. This is Third law of
processes Thermodynamics. Entropy change for an ideal
1. Rolling ball : gas. Entropy is a state function and its value
Aball rolls down-hill spontaneously but it Willnot depends on two of the three variables T, P and V.
roll uphill unless work is done on it. (a) T and V as variables:
2. Heat flow : T2 V2
 S= 2.303 n Cu log
When two balls of metal, one hot and one cold, T1 + 2.303 R log V1
are connected, heat flows spontaneously from the
hot ball to the cold one, never from cold to hot. It (b) P and T as Variables:
requires work to transfer heat from one place to T2
the other, say, by means of refrigerator pump.  Su = 2.303 × n × Cu log
T1
Some important criteria of spontaneous
physical and chemical changes: Entropy change during a process is defined as
1. Aspontaneous change is one-way or the amount of heat evolved or absorbed
unidirectional. isothermally and reversibly divided by the absolute
temperature at which the heat is evolved or
2. For a spontaneous change to occur, time is no
absorbed
factor. A spontaneous reaction may take place
rapidly or very slowly. [  S= qiso, rev/T]
3. If the system is not in equilibrium state (unstable), Unit of entropy change: JK-l mol-1
a spontaneous change is inevitable. The change Entropy change during phase
will continue till the system attains the state of transformations:

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Chemical Thermodynamics 73
1. Entropy of fusion : As the temperature is raised, the molecules begin
It is the change in entropy when 1mole of a solid to vibrate. The number of ways in which the
substance changes into liquid form at the melting vibrational energy can be distributed increases
temperature. with increase in temperature and the entropy of
 Sfusion= Sliq- Ssolid =  Hfusion/T m the solid increases teadily as the temperature
2. Entropy of vaporization : It is the entropy increases. At the melting point of a solid, there is
change when 1 mole of a liquid changes into a discontinuous jump in entropy because there
are many more ways of arranging the molecules
vapours at its boiling temperature.
in the liquid than in the solid. An even greater
 Svap= Sliq-  Hvap/T b jump in entropy is observed at the boiling point
3. Entropy of sublimation : It is the entropy because molecules in the gas are free to occupy
change when 1mole of the solid changes into a more larger volume and randomness increase.
vapour at a particular temperature . TIIERMOCHEMISTRY
 Ssub = Svap- Ssolid=  Hsub/T m We know that every substance has a definite
Note: amount of energy known as the intrinsic energy
Entropy increases not only when a solid melts or or internal energy, E. Its exact value cannot be
sublimes .or decomposes to give one or more determined but the change in internal energy,  E,
gases or a liquid evaporates. It also increases can be accurately measured experimentally.
when the number of molecules of products is When the internal energy of reactants (Er) is
greater than the molecules of reactants. greater than the internal energy of the products
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Ep), difference of internal energy,  E, is released
The second law ofthermodynamics states that as heatP energy.
whenever a spontaneous process takes place, it
 E =Eproducts - Ereactants
is accompanied V increase in the total energy of
the universe. Term 'universe' to mean system and or  E = Ep - Er
the surrounding. Such a reaction is called exothermic reaction. If
the internal energy of the products (Ep) is greater
 Suniv= Ssyst +  Hsurr
than p that of the reactants (Er), heat is absorbed
The second law, tells that when an irreversible
from the surroundings. Such a reaction is called
spontaneous process occurs, ihe entropy of the
endothertnic reaction. The amount of heat
system and the surroundings increases.
released or absorbed in a chemical reaction is
 Suniv > 0. termed the heat of reaction. The energy changes
When a reversible process occurs, the entropy in chemical reactions are largely due to the
of thesystem remains constant, breaking of existing bonds between the atoms and
 Suniv = 0 the formation of new bonds. Thus
Since the entire universe is undergoing thermochemistry provides useful information
spontaneous change, the second law can be most regarding the bond energies.
generally and concisely stated as the entropy of Unite of energy change:
the system inconstantly increasing. Interm of Calorie (cal.), kilocalorie (1 kcal = 1000 cal), Joule
entropy second law of thermodynamic may be (J) and kilojoule (k.I). 1 cal = 4.18 J and 1 kcal =
defined as - all spontaneous processes are 4.18 kJ.
accompanied by a net increase of entropy, i.e., ENTHALPY OF A REACTION
for all the spontaneous processes, the total entropy Thermochemical measurements are made either
changes  S is positive. at Constant volume or Constant pressure. The
Third Law of Thermodynamics magnitudes of changes observed under the two
The entropy of all crystalline solids may be taken conditions are different. The change in internal
as zero at the absolute zero oftemperature. It energy (  E) is the heat change accompanying
is used in the calculation of absolute entropy of a chemical reaction at constant volume because
any substance in any state at any temperature. no external work is performed. However at
limS  0 constant pressure not only
T 0 does the change in internal energy take place but

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Chemical Thermodynamics 74
work is also involved because of expansion or the process of combustion.
contraction. Enthalpy of a system is defined as Unit: cal g-l or kcal g-l or kJ g-l
the sum of internalenergy and product of its HEAT OF SOLUTION
pressure and volume, It is defined as the change in enthalpy when one
i.e. H = E + PV mole of a substance is dissolved in a specified
where E = internal energy ; quantity of solvent at a given temperature.For
P = pressure, of the system example, when one mole of copper sulphate is
V = volume of the system. dissolved in water so that we get one molar
It is also called Heat content. solution, the heat absorbed is 78.5 kJ. If the
solution so obtained is further diluted, there will
HEAT OF COMBUSTION (  II)
again be a change in enthalpy. If we go on diluting
It is defined as the change in enthalpy of a system the solution, a stage will come when further dilution
when one mole of the substance is completely produces no thermal effect. This state is called
burnt in excess of air or oxygen. the state of infinite. dilution.
e.g, heat of combustion of methane is -21.0 kcal HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
(= 87.78 kJ) as shown by the equation. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
CH0(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O (l)  Hc = - The heat of neutralisation is defined as the
21.0 kcal change in heat content (enthalpy) of the
Heat of combustion of a substance (  Hc) is system when one gram equivalent of an acid
always negative, i.e heat energy is evolved during is neutised by one gram equivalent of a base
or vice versa in dilute solution, e.g,
HNO2(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l); H = – 13.69 kcal
HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq)  KNO3(aq) + H2O(l); H = –13.87 kcal
HCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l); H = –13.68 kcal
HCl2(aq) + LiOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l); H = –13.70 kcal
The heat of neutralisation of a strong acid and strong base is -13.7 kcal, no matter which acid or base is
employed. This regularity has been explained satisfactorily with the help of the theory of ionisat ion. If HA
and BOH represent any strong acid and any strong base respectively and equivalent amounts of these in
dilute solution be mixed, we have
The heat of neutralisation of an acid and a base is merely the heat of formation of water from hydrogen
and hydroxyl ions, when weak acids or weak bases are neutralised by strong bases or strong acids respectively,
the heat of neutralisation differs widely from -13.7 kcal. This is shown by the following examples:
HCl (aq) + NH4OH(aq)  NH4(aq) + H2O(l); H = – 12.3 kcal
HCN (aq) + NaOH(aq)  NH4(aq) + H2O(I); H = – 12.3 kcal
In such cases the neutralisation process involves But the measured heat of neutral isat ion is - 12.3
not only the union of hydrogen and hydroxylions kcals, therefore
but also the dissociation of the weak acid or base. Q -13.7 = -12.3
Thus measured heat of neutralisation is, equal to
Q = 13.7 - 12.3 = 1,4 kcal
the heat given out in the union of H+(aq)and OH
Hence the heat of dissociation of NH4OH is 1,4
(aq) ions plus the heat accompanying the
kcal, i.e 1.4 kcal of heat is absorbed when one
dissociation of weak acid or weak base,
mole of ammonium hydroxide is dissociated into
neutralisation of NH 4OH with HCI, can be
ions. In general, the heat of dissociation of a weak
represented as :
acid or weak base may be defined as the change
NH4H(aq)  NH4+(aq) + OH(aq);  H= Qkcal in enthalpy of the system when one mole of it is
and H+(aq) + OH-(aq) + CI- (ag)  H2p (l CI-(aq); dissociated into ions.
 H = 113.7 kcal HEAT OF IONIZATION OF WEAK ACIDS
+ -
NH4OH (aq) + H (aq) + CI (aq)  M4+ (aq) AND WEAK BASES
+ Cl-(aq) + H2O(1);  H = ! - 13.7kcal It may be defined as the change in heat content

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Chemical Thermodynamics 75
when one mole of weak acid or weak base is comparison of the magnitude intermolecular
completely ionized in solution, e.g, neutralization forces of attraction in liquids.
of CH3COOH with NaOH HEAT OF SUBLIMATION
CH3COOH(ag) +OH-(aq) = CH3COO-(aq) + Sublimation is a process when a solid changes
H2O(l); directly into gaseous state without changing into
 H = - 55.78 kJ liquid state it occurs at a temperature below the
Reaction can be written in two step : melting point of the solid. Heat of sublimation is
CH 3COOH(aq) = H +(cq) + CH 3COO -(aq) + defined as the heat change (or enthalpy change)
H2O(l); when one mole of a solid is directly converted
into the gaseous state at a temperature below its
 H = x kJ
melting point.
H (aq) + OH-(aq) = H2O(l)  H = - 57.32
+
e.g., the heat of sublimation of iodine is 14.92
Adding CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq)= CH3COO- kcal mol-1 It can be represented as
(aq) + H2O(l);
I2H  I2O(g);  H= + 14.92 kcal
 H = (x - 57.32) kJ
HEAT OF TRANSITION
On comparision, we get
It is defined as the change in enthalpy which
X - 57.32 = - 55.78,
occurs when one mole of an element changes
x = 1.54
from one allotropic form to another.
Therefore heat of ionization of acetic acid
e.g., the transition of diamond into amorphous
= + 1.54 kJ carbon may be represented as
HEAT OF FUSION
Cdiamond  Camorphous  H = + 3.3 kcal
It is defined as the heat change (or enthalpy
change) when one mole of a solid substance is Similarly, Smonoclinic  Srhombic
converted in to the liquid state at its melting point. and Pwhite  Prcd  H = -1.028 kcal
e.g, melting ofone mole of ice at its melting point, where -0.016 kcal and -1.028 kcal are heats of
O°C or 273 K. The process can be represented transition of monoclinic sulphur to rhombic sulphur
as and white phosphorus to red phosphorus
H2O(s)  H2O(l);  H = + 1.43 kcal respectively.
ice water HESS'S LAW OF CONSTANT HEAT
and is accompanied by the absorption of 1.43 kcal SUMMATION
of heat From the values of heats of fusion We know that heat changes in chemical reactions
ofvarious substances we can compare their are equal to the difference in internal energy
magnitudes of intermolecular forces. Greater the (  E) or heat content (  H) of the products and
heat of fusion of a substance higher the magnitude reactants, depending upon whether the reaction
ofintermolecular forces. is studied at constant volume or constant
HEAT OF VAPORISATION pressure. Since  E and  H are functions of
It is the heat change (or enthalpy change) when the stale of the system, the heat evolved or
one mole of liquid is converted into vapour or absorbed in a given reaction must be independent
gaseous state it boiling point. of the manner in which the reaction is brought
e.g., when one mole of water is converted into about. Thus it depends only on the initial state
steam at 100°Cor 373K, the heat absorbed is 9.71 and final states of the system and not the manner
kcal which is the heat of vaporisation of water. or the steps in which the change takes place. This
The change can be represented as : generalisation is known as Hess's Law and may
H2O(l)  H2O(g);  H = + 9.71 kcal be stated as
water steam If a chemical change can be made to take
The heats of vaporisation of ethyl alcohol place in two or more different ways whether
(C2H5OH) and benzene (C6H6) are 7.29 kcal in one step or two or more steps, the amount
mol-1 and 7.36 kcal mol-1 respectively. The values of total heat change is same no matter by which
of heats of vaporisat ion can also be used for the method the change is brought about.

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Chemical Thermodynamics 76
7. A gas absorbs 100 calories of heat energy and is
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
compressed from 10.0 litres to 5.0 litres by
1. The value of ilS is negative for which of the applying an external pressure at 2.0 atm. The
following process? change in internal energy for the gas is
a) Burning of rocket fuel a) 312 cal b) 342 cal
b) Dissolutiion of sugar c) 426 cal d) 562 cal
c) Sublimation of iodine; 8. The enthalpy of neutralisation of sodium hydroxide
d) Freezing of water and sulphuric acid is -57 kJ mol -l and with ethanoic
2. Which one ofthe following statements is wrong? acid -55.0 kJ mol-l, because
a) The branch of chemistry which deals with a) ethanoic acid is a monobasic acid, but sulphuric
energy changes involved in chemical reactions, acid is a dibasic
is called chemical energetics. b) ethanoic acid is only partly ionised, hence
b) Renewable source of energy is also called neutralisation is incomplete.
non-conventional source of energy. c) ethanoic acid is a weak acid and hence requires
c) Non-renewal source of energy is also called less sodium hydroxide for neutralisation.
conventional source of energy. d) some heat is used to ionise the ethanoic acid
d) Coal, lignite, natural gas, crude petroleum oil, completely.
uranium etc. renewable sources of energy. 9. Given that :
3. Carbon and carbon monoxide burn in oxygen to C + O2  CO2;  H = - X kJ
give carbon dioxide according to the equations. 2CO2  2CO2 ;  H = - Y kJ
C(s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g); The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide
 H = - 394 kJ .....(i) will be
2CO (g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g);
2X  Y
kJ = - 569 kJ ....(ii) a) Y - 2X b)
2
The heat of formation of carbon monoxide would
be Y  2X
c) d) 2X- Y
a) - 109.5 kJ b) + 109.5 kJ 2
c) + 108.5 kJ d) - 108.5 kJ 10. A hypothetical reaction X  2 Y proceeds by
4. What is the enthaply changed for the following sequence of steps
2H2O2 (1).....2H2O(1) + O2(g)
1
if heat offormation of H2O(l) and H2O2 (1) are- X  Z;  H = q1
2
188 and - 286 kJ/mole respectively?
a) -196 kJ/mole b) 196 kJ/mole Z  2W;;  H = q2
c) 948 kJ/mole d) - 948 kJ/mole. 1
5. Combustion of hydrogen in a fuel cell at 300 K is W Y;;  H = q3
2
represented as
The values of  H of reaction is
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
a) ql + q2 + q3
If  H and ilG are - 241.60 kJ mol-l and - 228.40 b) 2q1 + 2q2 + 3q3
kJ per mole of H2O, the value of  S for the c) 2 (ql + q2 + 2q3)
aforesaid process is d) 2 (ql +q2+ q3)
a) 4.4 kJ b) - 88 J
11. The values of  Hf of C2H2(g) and C6H6(g) are
c) + 88 J d) - 44 J
respectively 230 and 85 kJ mol-1. The standard
6. All the naturally occurring processes proceed
enthalpy change for trimerisation of acetylene to
spontaneously in a direction which leads to
benzene is
a) increase in enthalpy of system
a) 205 kJ mol-1 of benzene
b) decrease in entropy of system
b) 605 kJ mol-1 for benzene
c) increase in entropy of system
c) -605 kJ mol-1 of benzene
d) increase in entropy of universe

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Chemical Thermodynamics 77
-1
d) -205 kJ mol 18. The molar heats of combustion of C 2H 4(g),
12. Which of the following is not a state function of C(graphite) and H2(g) are 310.62 kcal, 94.05
thermodynamic system : kcaland 68.32 kcal, respectively. The standard
a) Internal energy (E) heat of formation of C2H4(g) would be
b) Free energy (G) a) + 108.4 kcal b) - 54.2 kcal
c) Work (W) c) +54.2 kcal d) - 108.4 kcal
d) Enthalpy (H) 19. The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid at for
13. Which one of the following statements is true 20. benzene 500 K and 1 atm is 10.0 K cal/mole.
spontaneous process? : The changein internal energy (E) of 3 mole liquid
at the same temperature and pressure will be
a)  G decreases
a) 13.0 k cal/mole
b)  G increases is b) - 13.0 k cal/mole
c) S decreases c) 27.0 k cal/mole
d)  S = 0 d) - 27.0 k cal/mole
14. In the following exothermic reaction, step I and 20. The enthalpy of formation H and change in
step II are in favour of entropy S for the given reaction at 25° C is -
A2(g) + B2 (g) 3C(g) D(g) 46.11 kJ mol? and -0.099 kJ K-1 respectively.
step I step II The value of G would be
a) high pressure, low temperature and low 1 3
pressure, high temperature N + H 2NH3
2 2 2 2
b) high pressure, high temperature and low
pressure, low temperature a) +16.61 b) -16.61
c) low pressure, low temperature and high c) -26.61 d) + 26.61
pressure, low temperatur 21. If x kJ is the heat produced by the neutralisation
d) low pressure, high temperature and high of 1 L of 1 N H2SO4 solution with 1 L of 1 N
pressure, high temperature. NaOH, then the amount of heat liberated by
neutralising 1 L of 1 N NaOH with HCI will be
15. Which one of the following is correct accordingto
Hess's law ? a) > x b) = x
a) H = E + PV c) < x d) unpredictable
b) H = G + TS 22. The standard heat of formation of water and heats
of combustion of acetylene and ethylene are -
c) For a chemical process occurring by two paths
68.3 kcal, -310.6 kcal and -337.2 kcal respectively.
 H(Path I) =  H(Path II) The heat of reaction for the hydrogenation of
d) For a chemical process occurring by two paths acetylene at constant volume and (25°C) would
 S(Path I) =  S(Path II) be
16. All naturally occurring processes proceeds a) - 44.40 kcal b) - 41.10 kcal
pontaneously in a direction which leads to c) - 41. 7 kcal d) +41.7 kcal
a) increase in enthalpy of system respectively. 23. The bond dissociation energies of gases H2Cl2
b) decrease in entropy of system and HCI are 104, 58 and 103 kcal per mole The
b) decrease in free entropy of system enthalpy of formation of HCI gas would be
d) increase in free energy of system. a) + 44 kcal b) - 44 kcal
17. Given that  H of the formation of CO2(g) is - c) + 22 kcal d) - 22 kcal.
393.13 kJ mol-1 and the  H of the formation of 24. When 40 cc of slightly moist hydrogen chloride
CO(g) is -110.39 kJ mole-1 Then for the reaction gas is mixed with 20 cc ammonia gas, then final
volume of gas at the same temperature and
1 pressure will be
CO(g) + O (g)  CO2(g),  H would be
2 2 a) 20 cc b) 40 cc
a) -282.74 kJ b) -393.13 kJ c) 60 cc d) 100 cc
c) -503.63 kJ d) +282.74 kJ 25. At 298 K, the enthalpy changes of cleavage of
successive O-H bonds of water molecule are

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Chemical Thermodynamics 78
H2(g)  + H(g) + OH(g) ;  H = 498 kJ mor-1 (P1V1T1) (p2V2T1) (P3V2T2) (P1V1T1)
OH(g)  + H(g) + O(g) ;  H = 428 kJ mol-1 The overall process may be called
a) reversible process
From the above data, the value of  Ho -H bond
b) cyclic process
is
c) cyclic as well as reversible
a) 498 kJ mol-1 b) 428 kJ mol-1
-1 d) isochoric process.
c) 463 kJ mol d) 70 kJ mol-1
32. In an oven, using coal (assume the coal is 80%
26. Work done in vaporiation of one mol of water at
carbon in weight), insufficient oxygen is supplied
373 K against the pressure of 1 atmosphere is
such that 60%of carbon is converted to CO2and
approximately
40% carbon is converted to CO. The heat
a) - 3100.0 J b) 31.20 J
generated, when coal is burnt in this fashion would
c) - 20.2 J d) + 2p.2 J be
27. Given the following: C(s)  + C(g);  H = 170.9 Given:C(s) + O2 (g) CO2(g) + 394 kJ
kcal mol-1  H2 (g)  + H(g),  H = 52.0 kcal
1
mol-1 C(s) + O (g)  + CO(g) + 111kJ
2 2
1 a) 183,200 kJ b) 187,200 kJ
H (CH4) = - 17.89 kcal mol-1
2 f c) 185,200 kJ d) 181,200 kJ
The average C-H bond energy in CH4 would be 33. In the above example, by using good oven all the
a) +99.2 kcal b) -99.2 kcal carbon is vonverted into CO 2 alone. The
c) +24.8 kcal d) -24.8 kcal. percentage lost in heat for inefficient oven would
28. Given: be
(i) 2C (graphite) + 3H2 (g)  + C2H4(g); a) 50% b) 40%
 H = 716.7 kj c) 30.25% d) 20%
34. The variation of enthalpy of reaction is given by
(ii) C (graphite)  + C(g),  H = 716.7 kJ
the .
(iii) H2(g)  + 2H(g),  H = 435.9 kJ a) Clapyron's equation
(iv) C - H bond energy as 416 kJ b) Hess's law
The C - C bond energy would be c) Gibb's equation
a) 2875.65 kJ mole-1 d) Kirchoff's equation
b) -2875.65 mole-1 35. One mole of H2SO4 is completely neutralised with
c) +329.65 kJ mol-1 2 moles of NaOH in dilute solutions. The amount
d) -392.65 kJ mol-1 of heat evolved during the process is
29. Which ofthe following expression gives the value a) 57.0 kJ b) > 57.0 kJ
of heat capacity of 1 mol of ideal gas at constant c) < 57.0 kJ d) > 114.0 kJ
pressure? 36. The process; CH3COOH  + CH3COO-+ H+,
dE dS should be
a) b)
dT dT a) exothermic
dH dH b) endothermic
c) d) c) neither exothermic nor endothermic
dT dP
d) exothermic or endothermic depending upon
30. CuS04(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4. 5H2O(s)  H = -xkJ
tern perature.
The value of  H represents 37. Gobar gas obtained by bacterial fermentation of
a) enthalpy of solution of copper (II) sulphate animal refuse contains mainly methane. Ifheat
b) enthalpy of hydration of copper (II) sulphate of combustion of CH4 is 809 kJ, then gobar gas
c) enthalpy of hydrolysis of copper (II) sulphate produced per day for small village community of
d) lattice energy of copper (II) sulphate. 100 families, assuming that each family has to be
31. A system X undergoes following changes. supplied 20,000 kJ of energy per day to meet all
X  needs and that the methane content in gobar gas
 W   Z  X
is 80%by weight, ivould be

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Chemical Thermodynamics 79
a) 41.0 kg b) 49.0 kg c)  Gcan be > or <  H
c) 49.44 kg d) 22 kg d)  G <  H.
38. A man submits to a diet of 9,500 kJ per day and 46. Given that
expends energy in all forms to a total of 12,000
H2O (l)  H2o (g);  H = +43.7 kJ
kJ per day. If the energy lost was stored as
sucrose (1632 kJ per 100 g), then nu~ber of days H2O (s)  H2O (1);  H = +6.05 kJ
the man will take to lose 1 kg of sucrose (ignoring The value of .6.H(Sublimatioonf)ice is
water loss) would be a) 49.75 kJ mol-1 b) 37.65 kJ mol-1
-1
a) 6 days b) 6.53 days c) 43.7 kJ mol d) -43.67 kJ mcl-1
c) 5 days d) 4 days 47. When a solid is heated to its melting point T l and
39. The bond dissociation energies of four bonds C - then to its boiling point T2 then changes of  S
A, C - B, C - D and C - E are respectively 240, with T can be represented as
382, 276 and 486 kJ/mole. The atom with smallest
size is
a)B b)C
c) A d) E
40. Which of the following process should be
endothermic?
a) C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
b) A+ (g) +X- (g)  AX(s)
c) O-(g) + e-  O2- (g)
d) Na+(g) + e-  Na(g)
41. A substance A(g) with molecular mass 40 has 48. For a reaction which one of the following is not a
 Hof = 0. What is true about it? condition for spontaneous change or an
a) A is a molecular solid equilibrium?
b) A(s)  A(l) is an exothermic process a)  H= -ve and T  S = 0
c) A is an element b)  6.8 = + ve and  H = 0
d) A is a ionic solid c)  H = T  8
42. For the equilibrium PC15(g) .....PCl3(g) + CI2(g) d)  H<T  S,  Sis -ve and reaction is
at 298 K, Kp = 1.8 x 10-7; the value of .6.Go exothermic
would be 49. When one mole is heated at constant volume,
a) 44.80 kJ mol-1 b) 45.80 kJ mol-1 temperature is raised from 298 to 308 K. Heat
-1
c) 38.80 kJ mol d) 80.80 kJ mol-1 supplied to the gas is 500 J. Then which of the
43. Which one of the following statements is not following statement is correct?
correct? a) Q =W = 500J,  U= 0
a) For isochoric process, dE = 0
b) Q=. U = 500J, W= 0
b) For isothermal process, dT = 0
c) For adiabatic process, dQ = 0 c) Q  W = 500 J,  U= 0
d) For isobaric process, dP = 0 d)  U= 0, Q = W = – 500 J.
44. The heats of solution of anhydrous CuSO4 and 50.  S°and  Ho for combustion of methane are 186
hydrated CuSO4.5H20 are- 66.5 and 11.7 kJ/mole JK-1 and –74.8 kJ mol-1 respectively. The value
respectively. Calculate the heat of hydration of of  Eo for the process would be
CuSO4 to CuSO4.5H20. a) unpredictable b) (74.8 - R) kK-1
a) 54.8 kJ b) - 54.8 kJ c) 74.78 kJ d) (596R - 74.8) kJ.
c) - 78.2 kJ d) none of these 51. Given the reaction: CO2(g) + H2(g)  CO(g) +
45. According to Gibb's Helmholtz equation
H2O(g) ;  H = 40 kJ.
a)  G =  H
The  H is specifically called
b)  G >  H a) Heat of formation of CO

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Chemical Thermodynamics 80
b) Heat of combustion c) +57.3 kJ d) none of these
c) Heat of reaction 59. 2Zn + O2  2ZnO  Go= - 616 J
d) Heat of hydrogenatiqn of C = O bond. 2Zn + S2  2ZnS  Go= -293 J
52. Given the following data
S2 + 2O2  2SO2  Go = - 408 J
C + O2  CO2,  H = -94 kcal
 Gofor the following reaction is :
1 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2
CO + O  CO2;  H= 67.7 kcal
2 2 a) -717 J b) -314 J
The heat of formation of CO calculated from c) -501 J d) + 731 J.
thedate would be 60. XY, X 2 and Y 2 are diatomic molecules if
a) +40.4 kcal b) +26.3 kcal  Hx_x  Hy-y and  Hx-y are in the ratio of 2 : 1 :
c) -26.3 kcal d) - 52.6 kcal 2 and enthalpy of formation of XY from X2 and
53. Following reaction Occurs in an automobile Y2 is - 100 kJ mol-1.The value of  Hx-xin kJ
2C8H18(g)+ 2502 (g)  16CO2 + 18H2O (g) mol-1 is
This sign of  H,  8 and  G respectively a) 200 b) 400
will be c) 250 d) 500.
a) +, -, + b) +, +, - 61. Ba2+ (aq)+ 8O42-(aq)  BaS04(s);  H=-22.4kJ
c) -,.+, + d) -, +,-. The heat change represented by above equation
is called
1
54. Enthalpy of CH4 + O  CH3OH negative. If a) heat of formation of BaSO4
2 2
b) heat of precipitation
enthalpy of combustion of CH4 and CH3OH are
x and y respectively, then which of the following c) heat of association
relation is correct ? d) integral heat of formation
a) x > y b) x = y 62. The heat evolved in the combustion of benzen is
c) x < y d) x  y given by the equation:
55. What is correct about heat of combustion? 1
C6H6(l) + 7 O (g)  3H2O(l) + 6CO2(g),
a) It is + ve in some cases while - ve in others. 2 2
b) It is applicable to gaseous substances only.  H= 781.0 kcal mol -1
c) It is always -ve. Which ofthe following quantities of heat energy
d) It is always + ve. will be evolved when 39 g of benzene is burnt in
56. Which one of the following is likely to have largest an open container?
value? a) 122.25 kcal mol-1
a) Heat of dissociation of a diatomic molecule b) 390.5 kcal mol-1
b) Heat of fusion of the same substance as solid c) 1562.0 kcal mol-1
c) Heat of vaporisation of the same substance as d) 586.75 kcal mol-1
a liquid 63. Energy required to dissociate 4 g of gaseous
d) Heat of sublimation of the same hydrogen into free gaseous atom is 208 kcal at
57. In thermodynamics, a process is called reversible 25°C. The bond energy of H-H bond will be
when a) 104 kcal b) 10.4 kcal
a) surroundings and system change into each other c) 104 kcal d) 52 kcal
b) there is no boundary between system and 64. At 27°C latent heat of fusion of a compound is
surroundings 2930 J/mol-1Entropy change is
c) the surroundings are always in equilibrium with a) 9.07 J mol-1 k-1
the system b) 0.977 J mol-1K-1
d) the system changes into the surroundings c) 10.77 J mol-1 K-l
spontaneously. d) 9.77 J mol-1 K-1
58. The heat of neutral isat ion ofHCl and NaOH is 65. The enthalpy of formation steadily change from
a) zero b) -57.3 kJ - 17.89 kcal mol-1 to - 49.82 Kcal mol-1 in going

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Chemical Thermodynamics 81
from CH4 to C2H6 to C8H18 The value of  Gof' approximately, be
however, shows the opposite trend - 12.12 kcal a) 400 K b) 500 K
mol-1 to - 4.14 kcal mol-1. The correct reason for c) 250 K c) 200 K.
this is 71. The enthalpy change for a given reaction at 298K
a) number of possible isomers increases with the is - x J mol -1 If the reaction occurs spontaneously
increase in the number of C atoms at 298 K, then entropy change at that temperature
b) number of C - C bonds increases in relation a) can be negative but numerically largerthan
to C–H bonds x/298
c) formation of CnH2n + 2from nC and (n+1) H2 b) can be negative but numerically smaller than
molecules cause considerable decrease in x/298
entropy and  S becomes more negative with c) cannot be negative
increase in value of n. d) cannot be positive
d) none of the above reason is correct. 72. For a process to be spontaneous, the entropy of
66. Which of the following changes at constant T, p the
can be associated with positive value of work as a) system must increase
per conversions? b) surroundings must increase
a) Sn(s) + 2F2(g)  SnF 4(s) c) surroundings must decrease
b) C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) d) universe must increase
c) PCl5(g)  PCI3(g) + Cl2(g) 73. An exothermic reaction is one in which the
d) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g). reacting substances
67. For the process: dry ice  CO2 (g) a) have more energy than the products
a)  H is -ve while  p + ve. b) have less energy than the products
b) 10.4 kcal c) have the same energy as the products
d) are at a higher temperatue than the products
c) both  H and  p are +ve
74. Which statement is correct about entropy
d)  H is we while  p is -ve a) The value of entropy of pure crystalline is zero
68. H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCI;  H = 44 kcal. at absolute zero
2Na(s) + 2HCl(g)  2NaCl(s) + H2(g); b) The value of entropy of pure crystalline is
 H = -152 kcal. positive at absolute temperature
c) The value of entropy of all crystalline so zero
1
For the reaction,Na(s) + Cl (g)  2NaCI(s), at absolute temperature
2 2 d) The value of entropy of pure crystalline is zero
 H=? at 0°C.
a) 54 kcal b) - 98 kcal
75. In certain chemical reaction  H = 150 kJ and
c) -196 kcal d) -108 kcal
 S is 100 JK-1 at 300 K. The value of  G would
69. For the reaction C 2 H 5 OH(l) + 3O 2 (g)  be
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l), which one is true? a) zero b) 300 kJ
a)  H =  E - RT
T b)  H =  E + RT
T c) 330 kJ d) 120 kJ
c)  H =  E + 2RT T d)  H =  E - 2RT
T 76. The internal energy change (  H ) of a process
70. For hypothetical reversible reaction, does not depend upon
1 3 a) amount of substance undergoing the change
A (g) + B2(g) AB3(g) b) temperature
2 2 2
c) path of the process
the values of  H = -20 kJ while the values of
d nature of substance undergoing the change.
standard entropies of A2' B2' AB3 are 60 , 40, 50
JK-1 mol-1 respectively. The temperature at which 1
77. H2 + ,O  H2O;  Ho = - 68 Kcal .....(i)
the above reaction attains equilibrium will 2 2
K + H20 + aq  KOH(aq) +2 H2;  HO= - 48

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Chemical Thermodynamics 82
Kcal ...(ii) The heat of formation of diamond from graphite
KOH + aq  KOH (aq);  H = - 14 o is
Kcal. ..(iii) a) +2.0 kJ b) -1.5 kJ
For the above data, the standard heat of formation c) -7.88 kJ d) +78.8 kJ
of KOH in kcal is 84. If  Hvap of pure water at 100°Cis 40.627 kJ
a) - 68 + 48 - 14 b) -68 - 48 + 14 mol-l. The value of  Svap.is
c) 68 - 48 + 14 d) 68 + 48 + 14 a) 108.91 kJ mol-1 b) 108.91 JK-1 mo-1
78. The heats evolved in combustion of rhombic and -1
c) 606.27 JK mol -1
d) 808.27 JK-1 mol-1
monoclinic sulphur are respectively 70960 and 85. Which of the following expressions gives the
71030 cal m respectively. What will be heat of relationship between ~8,universe and free energy
conversion of rhombic sulphur to monoclinic? change?
a) 70960 cals b) 71030 cals
a)  Suniverse =  Ssys+  Ssurr
c) -70 cals d) +70 cals
b)  Suniverse =  Ssys +  Ssyst
79. From the following which is the correct relation?
a)  U =  Q - W
G
c)  Suniverse = + H
T
b)  W =  U +  Q
c)  U =  W--  Q G
d)  Suniverse =
d) None ofthese T
80. Which of the following thermochemical equation 86. The standard free energy change for a gaseous
will represent the enthalpy of formation of OH- reaction at 27°Cis X kcal. If equilibrium constant
(aq) ion? for a reaction is 100 and R is 2 cal K-1 mol-1 Then
X is
1 1
a) O2(g) + H2(g) + e- + aq  OH-(aq) a) - 2.7636 b) - 2.6736
2 2
c) + 2.6746 d) + 2.7636.
b) H2O .... H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) 87. Which of the following equation represents
c) H+(aq) + O2-(aq)  HO-(aq) standard heat of formation of methane?
d) None ofthese a) C (damond) + 2H2 (g)  CH4 (g)
81. Given :C + 2S  CS2;  Ho = + 1 17 kJ b) C (gr-aphite) + 2H2 (g)  CH4 (g)
C + O2  CO2;  Ho = - 393 kJ c) C (diamond) + 4H (g)  CH4 (g)
8 + 02  SO2;  Ho= - 297 kJ. d) C (graphite) + 4H (g)  CH4 (g)
88. In a closed vessel, the following equilibrium exists
The value of  Hcombustionof carbon disulphide in
at 25°C :
kJ mol-1is
H2O(l)....H2O(g)
a) - 1104 b) + 1104
Which statement is correct ?
c) + 807 d) - 807
a)  H > 0 b)  S >0
82. For a system in equilibrium,  G = 0, under
conditions of constant c) H - T  S = 0 d)  H - T  S >0
a) temperature and pressure 89. For a reaction to occur spontaneously
b) temperature and volume a)  S must be negative
c) pressure and volume b) (  H - T  S) must be negative
d) energy and volume
d) (  H + T  S) must be negative
83. Given:C(diamond) + O2  CO2;  H = - 395 kJ
d)  H must be negative.
C (graphite) + O2  CO2;  H = 393 kJ

MH- CET- (CHEMISTRY)

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 DGT MH –CET 12th CHEMISTRY Study Material 15

Chemical Thermodynamics 83

Answer Key
Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans Q.No. Ans
1. d) 2. d) 3. a)
4. a) 5. b) 6. d)
7. b) 8. d) 9. c)
10. c) 11. a) 12. c)
13. a) 14. d) 15. c)
16. c) 17. a) 18. c)
19. c) 20. b) 21. b)
22. b) 23. d) 24. a)
25. c) 26. a) 27. b)
28. c) 29. c) 30. b)
31. b) 32. b) 33. c)
34. d) 35. b) 36. b)
37. c) 38. b) 39. d)
40. c) 41. c) 42. c)
43. a) 44. c) 45. c)
46. a) 47. a) 48. d)
49. b) 50. d) 51. c)
52. c) 53. d) 54. c)
55. c) 56. d) 57. c)
58. b) 59. a) 60. b)
61. b) 62. b) 63. a)
64. d) 65. c) 66. a)
67. d) 68. b) 69. a)
70. b) 71. b) 72. a)
73. a) 74. a) 75. d)
76. d) 77. b) 78. c)
79. a) 80. a) 81. a)
82. a) 83. a) 84. b)
85. d) 86. b) 87. b)
88. d) 89. b)

MH- CET- (CHEMISTRY)

DGT Group - Tuitions (Feed Concepts) XIth – XIIth | JEE | CET | NEET | Call : 9920154035 / 8169861448
 DGT MH –CET 12th CHEMISTRY Study Material 16

DGT Group - Tuitions (Feed Concepts) XIth – XIIth | JEE | CET | NEET | Call : 9920154035 / 8169861448
 17

DGT Group - Tuitions (Feed Concepts) XIth – XIIth | JEE | CET | NEET | Call : 9920154035 / 8169861448
 18

DGT Group - Tuitions (Feed Concepts) XIth – XIIth | JEE | CET | NEET | Call : 9920154035 / 8169861448
 19

DGT Group - Tuitions (Feed Concepts) XIth – XIIth | JEE | CET | NEET | Call : 9920154035 / 8169861448
 20

DGT Group - Tuitions (Feed Concepts) XIth – XIIth | JEE | CET | NEET | Call : 9920154035 / 8169861448