This document discusses direction fields as a way to visualize solutions to first-order differential equations when an analytical solution cannot be found. A direction field is created by evaluating the slope function f(x,y) at points on a grid and drawing line segments with the corresponding slopes. Individual solution curves must be tangent to these line segments as they pass through the grid, following the overall flow pattern of the field. Direction fields provide a visual representation of the behavior and shape of families of solutions without requiring an exact solution. Examples of direction fields are given for the equations dy/dx = 0.2xy and dy/dx = sin(x+y).
This document discusses direction fields as a way to visualize solutions to first-order differential equations when an analytical solution cannot be found. A direction field is created by evaluating the slope function f(x,y) at points on a grid and drawing line segments with the corresponding slopes. Individual solution curves must be tangent to these line segments as they pass through the grid, following the overall flow pattern of the field. Direction fields provide a visual representation of the behavior and shape of families of solutions without requiring an exact solution. Examples of direction fields are given for the equations dy/dx = 0.2xy and dy/dx = sin(x+y).
This document discusses direction fields as a way to visualize solutions to first-order differential equations when an analytical solution cannot be found. A direction field is created by evaluating the slope function f(x,y) at points on a grid and drawing line segments with the corresponding slopes. Individual solution curves must be tangent to these line segments as they pass through the grid, following the overall flow pattern of the field. Direction fields provide a visual representation of the behavior and shape of families of solutions without requiring an exact solution. Examples of direction fields are given for the equations dy/dx = 0.2xy and dy/dx = sin(x+y).
This document discusses direction fields as a way to visualize solutions to first-order differential equations when an analytical solution cannot be found. A direction field is created by evaluating the slope function f(x,y) at points on a grid and drawing line segments with the corresponding slopes. Individual solution curves must be tangent to these line segments as they pass through the grid, following the overall flow pattern of the field. Direction fields provide a visual representation of the behavior and shape of families of solutions without requiring an exact solution. Examples of direction fields are given for the equations dy/dx = 0.2xy and dy/dx = sin(x+y).
Any function 𝑦, defined on an interval 𝐼 and possessing at least 𝑛
derivatives that are continuous on 𝐼, which when substituted into an 𝑛𝑡ℎ-order ordinary differential equation reduces the equation to an identity, is said to be a solution of the equation on the interval.
Verification of a solution: Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential equation on the interval (−∞, ∞).
Since L.H.S = R.H.S, 𝑦 is a solution of the given ODE.
b. 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Solve! 1.2 Initial Value Problems (IVPs) An initial value problem is an ODE together with an initial condition which specifies the value of the dependent variable at a given point.
Modeling a system in Physics or other sciences frequently
These conditions are specified at These conditions are specified at the same value of the the extremes of the independent independent variable. variables in the equation. e.g. e.g. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦(𝟎) = 1 , 𝑦 ′ (𝟎) = 1 𝑦(𝟎) = 1 , 𝑦(𝟐) = 1
Geometric Interpretation of IVPs
Figure 1 If 𝑦′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is an ODE subject to the initial condition 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0 ,
we are seeking a solution 𝑦(𝑥) of the differential equation
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) on an interval 𝐼 containing 𝑥0 so that its graph passes
through the specified point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ). A solution curve is shown in blue in Figure 1.
Figure 2
𝑑2𝑦 If = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦′) is an ODE subject to the initial conditions 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0 and 𝑦 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 𝑦1 , we want to find a solution 𝑦(𝑥) of the
differential equation 𝑦′′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦′) on an interval 𝐼 containing 𝑥0 so that its graph not only passes through (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) but the slope of the curve at this point is the number 𝑦1 . A solution curve is shown in blue in Figure 2.
Question: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 is a two-parameter family of solutions of the second-order DE 𝒚′′ − 𝒚 = 𝟎. Find a solution of the second-order IVP consisting of this differential equation and the given initial conditions. a. 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 , 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟐 b. 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎 , 𝒚′ (𝟏) = 𝟑 a) 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 , 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟐 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 Since 𝑦(0) = 1, 1 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −0 1 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑐1 = 1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑒𝑞. 1 Also, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 − 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2 ′ 𝑥
2 = 𝑐1 𝑒 0 − 𝑐2 𝑒 −0 2 = 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑒𝑞. 2
Solving eq. 1 and eq. 2 gives:
𝑐1 = 3/2 and 𝑐2 = −1/2 So, 𝟑 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
Note: Here, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 is called the general solution and 3 1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 is called the particular solution. 2 2
𝒃) 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎 , 𝒚′ (𝟏) = 𝟑
Solve!
Practice Problems Q. Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given ODEs: 12. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑦 = −(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 13. 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 13𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Q. Find values of 𝑚 so that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 is a solution of the given ODEs:
27. 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 30. 2𝑦 ′′ + 7𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
Exercise 1.2 Q7. 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 is a two-parameter family of solutions of the second-order DE 𝑥 ′′ + 𝑥 = 0. Find a solution of the second-order IVP consisting of this differential equation and the given initial conditions. a. 𝑥 (0) = −1 , 𝑥′(0) = 8 𝜋 𝜋 b. 𝑥( ) = 0 , 𝑦 ′ ( ) = 1 2 2
Work to do Do questions 1, 3, 6, 9, 35-38 DIRECTION FIELDS Let us imagine for the moment that we have in front of us a first-order DE 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) (1) 𝑑𝑥 and let us further imagine that we can neither find nor invent a method for solving it analytically. This is not as bad a predicament as one might think, since the DE itself can sometimes “tell” us specifics about how its solutions “behave” or we can say Solutions curves without a solution. The function f in the normal form (1) is called the slope function or rate function. The slope of the tangent line at (x, y(x)) on a solution curve is the value of the first derivative dy/dx at this point, and we know from (1) that this is the value of the slope function f (x, y(x)). The value f (x, y) that the function f assigns to the point represents the slope of a line or line segment. For example, consider the equation 𝑑𝑦 = 0.2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 At the point (2, 3) the slope of a line is f (2, 3) = 1.2. First figure shows a line segment with slope 1.2 passing though (2, 3). As shown in Figure, if a solution curve also passes through the point (2, 3), it does so tangent to this line segment; in other words, the lineal element is a miniature tangent line at that point.
If we systematically evaluate f over a rectangular
grid of points in the xy-plane and draw a line element at each point (x, y) of the grid with slope f (x, y), then the collection of all these line elements is called a direction field or a slope field of the DE (1). Visually, the direction field suggests the appearance or shape of a family of solution curves of the DE. The direction field for the DE dy/dx =0.2xy shown in Figure (a) was obtained by using computer software.
A single solution curve that passes through a
direction field must follow the flow pattern of the field; it is tangent to a line element when it intersects a point in the grid. Figure (b) shows a computer-generated direction field of the differential equation dy/dx = sin(x + y) over a region of the xy-plane.
*From the next lecture we will formally move to the first method of solving a simple DE (for that you have to revise some basic integral formulae).
