The document discusses the structure and function of skin and its components. It describes the two main types of skin - thin skin and thick skin - and their characteristic layers. It also examines the structures within the dermis including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells. The roles and histological appearance of these components are outlined.
The document discusses the structure and function of skin and its components. It describes the two main types of skin - thin skin and thick skin - and their characteristic layers. It also examines the structures within the dermis including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells. The roles and histological appearance of these components are outlined.
The document discusses the structure and function of skin and its components. It describes the two main types of skin - thin skin and thick skin - and their characteristic layers. It also examines the structures within the dermis including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells. The roles and histological appearance of these components are outlined.
The document discusses the structure and function of skin and its components. It describes the two main types of skin - thin skin and thick skin - and their characteristic layers. It also examines the structures within the dermis including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells. The roles and histological appearance of these components are outlined.
Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology ##PLEASE NOTE: The doctor mentioned at the beginning that the lab slides required for the exam are those mentioned at the end of lec 2 Histology.
Writer: Ghazal Al-Attiyat
Skin of eyelids a and the back!!!
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Types of skin
Thin skin Thick skin
*4 layers *5 layers *less Prominent *Prominent stratum stratum corneum corneum * Less developed * Well developed stratum granulosum stratum granulosum *Dominant and *Palms of the hands lines most of the and soles of the feet body surface * Thinner dermis * Thicker dermis * No hair and * hair and sebaceous sebaceous glands glands The skin is composed of two layers: the outer epidermis and the deeper dermis, both of which rest on the hypodermis
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Stratum basale Stratum spinosum
Stratum Spinosum→ the cells are connected by
spines Epidermal (rete) ridges Dermal papillae
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
**It is Thick skin →has stratum lucidum (light stained stratum) #When the prominent interdigitations are → prominent stratum corneum prominent, this causes friction ridges on the → No hair follicles outer skin → prominent granulosum layer → prominent papillae ** Thick skin Prominent stratum granulosum No apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands or hair follicles thick stratum corneum
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
** Thin skin Thin stratum corneum Not prominent stratum granulosum Can find sebaceous gland→ so there is a hair follicle not seen in this section The papillae are not prominent The normal histologic appearance of the skin is shown here. At the top is the epidermis. A thin layer of keratin overlies the epidermis. This layer of keratinization is thicker on the palms and soles and in areas where skin is rubbed or irritated. Beneath the epidermis is the dermis containing connective tissue with collagen and elastic
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
fibers. At the center can be seen a hair follicle with surrounding sebaceous glands. Associated with the hair follicle is a small bundle of smooth muscle known as the arrector pili that can cause the hair to "stand on end" and dimple the skin to form "goose bumps".
Skin section: keratin, epidermis
The hair shaft isn’t seen because we lose it during section preparation
Sebaceous glands → small cells, light stained
because the sebum isn’t stained with H&E A small nucleus in the center of the cell Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
* ducts → dark stained, stratified cuboidal #It’s not required to differentiate between epithelium apocrine and eccrine sweat glands * secretory → light stained, single layer of **except if we’re given 2 histological section cuboidal epithelium next to each other A: Dermal papilla B: Hair matrix Melanocytes: Attached to basal lamina by hemidesmoses Not attached to neighboring keratinocytes Lightly stained cytoplasm > Found in stratum basale 1 melanocyte for every 10 basal keratinocytes
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Melanocyte Under the light microscope: The outline of the cell is rounded → because its processes don’t appear in histological preparation → It undergoes shrinkage during histological preparation → it is not attached to neighboring keratinocytes
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Freckles are clusters of concentrated melaninized cells
Freckles do not have an
increased number of the melanin-producing cells, or melanocytes, but instead have melanocytes that overproduce melanosomes changing the coloration of keratinocytes Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
→ larger and more active melanocytes
Is there anything abnormal in the epidermis? If so, what might it indicate.
Look for cells with pale cytoplasm in the epidermis. These cells are melanocytes and the
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
large number of melanocytes in upper layers of epidermis is abnormal. In normal skin, melanocytes are found only in the basal layer of the epidermis. The condition suggests the early stages in the development of melanoma.
We do immunohistochemistry against melanocytes in order to getthe
dingnosis Langerhans cells: Originate from bone marrow (monocytes) Mainly in the stratum spinosum Langerhans cells recognize, phagocytose, and process foreign antigens
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Langerhans cells
→ rounded cells, lightly stained cytoplasm,
with processes
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Melanocytes and Langerhans Cells Melanocytes localize to the stratum basale and extend processes between the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and spinosum. Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin that protects against ultraviolet radiation. Melanin is produced in membrane-bound organelles called melanosomes that derive from the Golgi.
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Melanosomes are transported to the ends of the melanocyte Melanocyte processes where neighboring keratinocytes phagocytose the Langerhansmelanosomes. cell Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells in Keratinocyte the immune system.
Melanocytes :according to the location
Sweat glands **apocrine sweat glands secrete in both modes of secretion: merocrine and aprocrine 21
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Sweat Glands Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine secretion Empty into hair follicle Empty directly onto skin surface Location: armpits, groin, nipples Viscous, cloudy secretion good Location: most all over body (esp. nutrient source for bacteria (odor !!) abundant on palms & soles: ~ 500/cm2) Secretion may contain Pheromones Secretion begins at puberty and is Clear, watery secretion (99% stimulated during emotional distress H2O; rest NaCl + some waste Scent glands products
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
→ simple coiled tubular glands: when a section is taken we find rounded: • Dark stained: duct • Lightly stained: secretary portion Apocrine sweat glands Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
24 Sweat glands appears rounded profiles within the epidermis: Apocrine larger in size with wide lumens in comparing with eccrine sweat glands. Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland
*Once I see the hair follicle , I realize it’s a skin This section is taken from axilla, genital a skin section area (where we have apocrine sweat ** The hair follicle is surrounded by glands) adipocytes, then the hair follicle extends down in the dermis ** Can’t be taken from the scalp because it doesn’t have apocrine sweat glands Apocrine or eccrine sweat glands????
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Apocrine: Because the apical surfaces of • Eccrine sweat glands are seen in thin and the cells have apocrine mode thick skin, not only thick skin of secretion (separation of apical part of cells) Apocrine or eccrine sweat glands????
A: Duct B: secretory portion
• Apocrine sweat glands:
→ wide lumens → not clear apical part of cells (separation of apical part) Meissner's corpuscles localize in the dermis between epidermal ridges. Meissner's corpuscles are touch receptors and enriched in fingers and toes
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Meissner’s corpuscle → according to its shape and location
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Meissner’s corpuscle
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Pacinian Corpuscle Pacinian corpuscles are large (~ 1 mm), onion-like structures in the dermis and hypodermis.
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Pacinian corpuscles contain a myelinated nerve ending in the central core of the structure. Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to mechanical and vibratory pressure, rapidly changing pressure Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Sweat glands Pacinian corpusle Nerve Adipocytes
Ring shaped cells: white adipocytes
• This section is taken from: deep part of the
reticular layer of dermis
• eccrine sweat glands
Meissner corpuscle Epidermal ridge Dermal papilla
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Pacinian corpuscles
**In the center of Pacinian corpuscles! There is sensory nerve ending
surrounded by connective tissue capsule forming the corpuscle Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Pacinian corpuscles The junction between dermis and epidermis
Sebaceous gland
Dr. Heba Kalbouneh
Hair follicle Hair shaft/root /Hair fiber Arrector pili Dermal papilla Pacinian corpuscle Hair matrix Sweat gland Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Arrector pili
