Figure 5.3 Keratinocytes Most abundant cells Keratin produced along with lipofuscin to make skin tough and water resistant. Produce keratin and lipofuscin as they age and starve. Shed constantly.
Melanocytes Produce pigment that is sent to keratinocytes via exocytosis. Melanin = pigment Derived from tyrosine Broken down by lysosomes in light skinned people. Everyone has the same number of melanocytes per cm 2 . Stimulated by UV radiation; receptors for Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Epidermal dendritic cells. (Langerhans cells) Alert the immune system to invading bacteria. Responsible for carrying HIV to the immune system. Contain Birbeck bodies (function unknown), but possibly used for endocytosis. Thick skin Five layers Palms of hands; soles of feet
Thin skin Four layers Rest of body First layer in contact with basement membrane.
Cellular division here.
Melanocytes here. Mitotic Cell
Gives rise to all other layers Several layers that rest above basal layer.
Melanocytes, dendritic cells as well as keratinocytes.
Spiny borders on cells; an artifact of preparation.
Spiny connections due to desmosomes.
Grainy appearance to cells
Keratin and lipofuscin produced in large quantities
Cells begin to die here. Thick skin only
A pale, often stain-free layer between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum.
Cells dead in this layer.
Lucidum means clear.
Dead cell layer that is exposed to external environment.
B = Basale S = Spinosum Girls/Guys = Granulosum Love = Lucidum (thick skin only) Chocolate = Corneum Composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue. Areolar connective tissue in papillary layer Blood vessels abundant Papillary layer hills where dermis connects epithelium. Most pronounced in finger prints. Dermal papillae Name for each hill. Reticular layer Remaining dermis below papillary layer.
Leather of the skin
Contains blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, sensory cells and some smooth muscle. Melanin Produced by melanocytes. Darkens skin to protect from UV radiation.
Carotene Derived from Vitamin A Gives skin an orange cast Hemoglobin Pigment of red blood cells Skin capillaries create a pink cast More pronounced with cold and embarrassment.
Cyanosis Blue pigment indicating lack of Oxygen on hemoglobin. Sign of asphyxiation and heart trouble. Functional Merocrine Secrete fluids Cell remains in tact Apocrine Part of the cell is secreted Holocrine The entire cell is secreted and replaced
(Name means causing sweat). Eccrine glands Name for typical sweat gland. Perspiration from interstitial fluid and leaky blood vessels. Coiled tubular glands in the dermis of the skin ending in a pore. Myoepithelial cells Dark cell Clear cell Apocrine glands Perspiration + proteins Armpit and groin Pheromones? Bacteria. Ceruminous glands Produce ear wax Mammary glands Produce milk; modified apocrine glands
Sebum
Oily substance produced. Keeps skin and hair supple. Split ends or chaffing skin when sebum production is minimized or sebum is removed. Holocrine glands Insulation. Easy way to detect parasites.
Hair structure Made from keratinized epithelium. Hard keratin on outside (cortex). Soft keratin on inside (medulla). Melanin Various shades from yellow to brown to black. Trichosiderin Iron containing pigment in red hair. White hair & gray hair Melanin is replaced by air bubbles in the hair shaft. Hair bulb Region attached to a hair root plexus (nerve ending). Hair papilla Region where dermis feeds basal membrane of hair bulb. Hair matrix Growth region of hair in hair bulb.
Arrector pili muscle Attached to hair follicle. Causes goose-bumps when cold or excited. First attempt to warm the body. ATP is used for muscle contraction and some energy is lost as heat.
Vellus hair Peach fuzz Very fine hair.
Terminal hair Scalp hair and pubic and armpit hair. Hair grows for about 4 years, then the follicle rests for a few months. Hair loss occurs at this time. We lose about 90 hairs per day. Created in nail matrix at the base of the nail bed.
Highly keratinized cells made with hard keratin. Lunula Part of matrix that can be seen on some nails. Half moon shaped. Loosely encapsulated
Within dermal papillae
For light touch with limited receptor field Dendritic end encapsulated by Schwann Cells
