Nervous System
ZY - ERDS
Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas
Sumatera Utara
2020
Prepared by: Zulham Yamamoto
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah mengikuti pembelajaran ini, mahasiswa diharapkan mampu
untuk:
1. Menjelaskan struktur dalam susunan saraf pusat (cerebrum,
cerebellum, dan medulla spinalis) dan nuclei lainnya dalam
cerebrum
2. Menjelaskan struktur selaput otak dan peran pleksus choroideus
dalam pembentukan cairan serenbrospinal.
3. Menjelaskan struktur susunan saraf perifer (nerve fiber dan
ganglia)
4. Menjelaskan proses regenerasi saraf.
Subpokok Bahasan
• Cerebrum
– Cortex
– Nuclei in cerebrum
– Meninges
– Cerebrospinal fluid
• Cerebellum
• Medulla Spinalis
• Peripheral Nerve
• Ganglia
• Nerve regeneration
Central Nervous System
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Cerebral Cortex
Neuron types in the cerebral cortex:
1. Pyramidal cells
2. Stellate (granule cells)
3. Cells of Martinotti
4. Fusiform cells
5. Horizontal cells of Cajal
Cerebral Cortex
Cortex layers
1.Gray matter/cerebral cortex:
1. Plexiform (molecular) layer
2. Outer granular layer
3. Outer pyramidal cell layer
4. Inner granular layer
5. Inner pyramidal (Ganglionic) layer
6. Multiform cell layer
2.White matter
Nuclei in cerebrum
Nuclei in cerebrum
• Nuclei is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system,
located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.
• Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by tracts, the bundles
(fascicles) of axons (nerve fibers) extending from the cell bodies.
• a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by
white matter.
• The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei,
varying widely in shape and size.
• A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with
multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.
Meninges
Consists of 3 layers:
1. Dura mater: composed of dense
connective tissue, continuous with the
periosteum of the skull.
2. Arachnoid: has 2 component :
• A layer in contact to dura mater
• A system of trabeculae
3. Pia mater: loose connective tissue
containing many blood vessels
Meninges
Meninges
Cerebrum
Piamater
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Choroid Plexus & Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Choroid plexus is composed of loose
connective tissue of the piamater,
covered by simple cuboidal or low
columnar epithelium.
• Function of CP is to elaborate CSF, that
fills ventricles, central canal of spinal
cord, subarachnoid space & perivascular Cerebrum
space.
• CSF is clear, low density, & very low in Piamater
protein content.
Cerebellum
Function: coordinates muscular activity and
maintain posture & equilibrium.
Consist of:
1. Gray matter:
• Molecular layer
• Purkinje cell layer
• Granular layer
2. White matter
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
Consists of:
1. White matter, in the outer
2. Grey matter, has the shape of butterfly
Spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
Perivascular space
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerve fibers
Ganglia
Nerve endings
Nerve fibers
§ Consist of axons enveloped by a special sheath derived from
cells of ectodermal origin.
§ The sheath cell of
• PNS® Schwann cell
• CNS ® oligodendrocyte
§ Axon of small diameter ® unmyelinated nerve fibers
§ Thicker axons ® myelinated nerve fibers
Nerve fibers
• E : epineurium
• P : perineurium
• F : fasiculus
• V : blood vessels
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers
Ultrastructural features of
myelinated & unmyelinated nerve fibers
1. Nucleus & cytoplasm of a Schwann cell
2. Axon
3. Microtubule
4. Neurofilament
5. Myelin sheath
6. Mesaxon
7. Node of Ranvier
8. Interdigitating processes of Schwann cells at the node of Ranvier
9. Side view of an unmyelinated axon
10. Basal lamina
Ganglia
• Ganglia are ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and satellite glial cells
supported by connective tissue.
• They serve as relay stations to transmit nerve impulses.
• There are sensory ganglia & autonomic ganglia.
Sensory Ganglia
§ Receive afferent impulses that go to CNS.
§ Two types :
ú Cranial ganglia: associated with cranial
nerves.
ú Spinal ganglia: associated with the dorsal
root of the spinal nerves.
ú Example: dorsal root ganglia
§ Large neuronal cell bodies with prominent
fine Nissl bodies surrounded by abundant
small glial cells called satellite cells.
Autonomic Ganglia
• Appear as bulbous dilatation in autonomic
nerves.
• Usually have multipolar neurons.
• Have neuronal perikaryons with fine Nissl
bodies.
• Enveloped by satellite cells.
Autonomic Nervous System
§ ANS related to the control of smooth muscle, the secretion of some
glands & modulation of cardiac rhythm.
§ ANS are organized & regulated in the CNS.
§ Anatomically, ANS composed of :
• collection of nerve cells located in CNS
• fibers that leave the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves.
• nerve ganglia situated in the paths of these fibers.
§ Consists of: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic System
The Nuclei of ANS
• Sympathetic System: collection of nerve cell bodies (nuclei)
located in the thoracic & lumbar segments of the spinal cord
® thoracolumbar division of ANS
• Parasympathetic System: nuclei in the medulla and midbrain &
sacral position of the spinal cord ® craniosacral division of
ANS
Symphatetic ganglion Parasymphatetic ganglion
• Eccentric nuclei • Eccentric nuclei
• Far from the innervated organs • In the innervated organs (Fig shows a myenteric
plexus in the muscular tunics of duodenum)
Nerve Endings
Motorik
Sensorik
Neuromuscular junction
Nerve Regeneration
• Nerve cell (neuron): no regeneration if
soma or dendrites injured. But, if nerve
fiber injured: regeneration (+)
• Neuroglia of CNS, Schwann cell &
ganglionic satellite cells of PNS: able to
divide by mitosis ® regeneration.
• Astrocytes mitosis induces glial scar in
cerebrum.
Thank You
