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Phase diagram for a three-component system
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Amina Mudhafar Al-Nima
University of Mosul
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Practical physical pharmacyΙ
By
Amina Mudhafar Al-Nima
Lab.(4(
Phase diagram for a three-component
system 1
Three-component system
A phase diagram shows the phases existing in equilibrium
at any given condition.
According to the Phase Rule, a maximum of four intensive
variables (intensive properties) must be specified to
completely define the state of a three-component system.
In this system, If we have only 1 phase. F= 5 - P = 5 – 1 = 4
Variables are temperature, pressure, and concentrations of
the two of the three components.
If we have 2 phases, F= 5 – 2 = 3 2
Theory
Solubility differs when there are different components
mixing together. When the third component is added
to a pair of miscible liquid, it may affect the mutual
solubility.
➢ If the third component is more soluble in one of the
liquids than in the other, then the miscibility
between that pair of liquids decreases.
➢ If the third component is soluble in both
components, then the mutual solubility will
increase.
3
Theory
At constant temperature and pressure, the
composition of a ternary system can be presented in
the form of triangular coordinates.
Alcohol 100%
Camphor Water
100% 100%
4
Rules Relating to Ternary Phase Diagrams:
• Ternary phase diagram is an equilateral triangle.
• Each corner / apex of the triangle represents 100
% of a component and the side opposite to the
corner represents 0 % of that component.
• The distance between the apex and its opposite
side is divided into 100 parts. As we move from the
side of the triangle to the opposite apex the % of
the component increases.
• The area within the triangle represents all possible
combinations of the three components.
• A ternary phase diagram has a miscible region and
immiscible region.
Ternary phase diagrams are used in formulation of elixirs, injections,
lotions, etc. 5
Construction of Phase Diagram for
a Three Component System
6
Construction of Phase Diagram for
a Three Component System
7
Construction of Phase Diagram for
a Three Component System
8
Camphor (C10H16O) is a waxy, flammable, transparent solid with a strong aroma. It
is a ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora),
a large evergreen tree found in East Asia. Camphor has poor solubility in water (1 g
in 800 ml water). Camphor is practically insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol,
ether, chloroform, and other solvents. The alcoholic solution is known as spirits of camphor.
Camphor chemical structure
9
10
11
Principle of experiment:
Camphor can be dissolved in water by using a co-solvent like alcohol.
This is called co-solvency effect and alcohol is called co-solvent.
The effect of alcohol on solubility of camphor in water can be studied
by constructing a ternary phase diagram. A ternary phase diagram is a
graphical plot showing the conditions under which we get a clear
camphor solution. It has a miscible region and immiscible region.
Any combination in the miscible region produces a homogenous and
clear solution of camphor in water. Ternary phase diagrams are used in
formulation of elixirs, injections, lotions, etc.
In the present experiment a series of solutions (systems) containing
different amounts of camphor and alcohol are prepared. To these
solutions water is added from a burette until turbidity is produced.
From the quantity of water required to produce turbidity, the
composition of the system is calculated and a ternary phase diagram is
constructed. 12
Purpose of experiment:
To study the effect of alcohol on solubility of camphor in
water by constructing a ternary phase diagram.
Equipments / Materials
Equipments Materials
Burette Camphor
burette stand alcohol
boiling test tube D.W.
test tube stand
5 ml bulb pipette
13
Procedure
1. Prepare a series of systems containing different
amounts of alcohol and camphor in a clean dry
boiling test tube.
2. To each system, add distilled water from a burette
until turbidity is produced. Record the amount of
water consumed.
3. Calculate the % w/w of each component in the
system when turbidity is produced.
4. Plot a ternary phase diagram and mark the
miscible and immiscible regions.
14
Data Analysis:
Total
Water in g
Camphor Alcohol required to volume % w/w % w/w %
S.NO of w/w
g ml or (g) produce Camphor Alcohol
system Water
turbidity
in g
1 0.5 2.5 (2)
2 0.5 5.0 (4)
3 1 2.5 (2)
4 1.5 2.5 (2)
5 2 2.5 (2)
15
Data Analysis:
% Camphor = (weight of camphor / weight of total system) x 100
% Alcohol = (weight of alcohol/ weight of total system) x 100
% Water = (weight of water /weight of total system) x 100
16
Expected data:
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