ECTO PARASITES OF FISH IN BARAN DAM BANNU

Submitted By

MUHAMMAD ASIM KHAN

Supervised by

DR. MUHAMMAD ZAHID

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
ISLAMIA COLLEGE, PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN
SESSION: 2016-2018
 ECTO PARASITES OF FISH IN BARAN DAM BANNU

Thesis submitted to the department of zoology Islamia College University

Peshawar for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (M. PHIL)

Submitted By
MUHAMMAD ASIM KHAN

Supervised by
DR. MUHAMMAD ZAHID

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

ISLAMIA COLLEGE, PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

SESSION: 2016-2018

ii
 DEDICATION

I dedicated this thesis work

to my loving parents and

respectable teachers

iii
 DECLARATION
I here declare that this work is original and I have not used other than the declared
source or sources, and have explicitly marked all materials, which have been quoted
either literally or by contents from the used source. I also declare that this work has
not been submitted for the award of MS Zoology or any other degree program in any
other university.

MUHAMMAD ASIM KHAN

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION........................................................................................................... III
DECLARATION....................................................................................................... IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... VII
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ VIII
CHAPTER - 1 ............................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 2
1.1 ICHTHYODIVERSITY .................................................................................... 2
1.2 FRESHWATER FISHES OF PAKISTAN .................................................................... 2
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF FISH........................................................................................ 3
1.4 PARASITES OF FISH ............................................................................................. 4
1.5 FRESHWATER FISH PARASITES ................................................................. 5
1.6 PREVELANCE OF DIFFERENT FISH PARSITE SPECIES IN CARP
FAMILY .................................................................................................................... 6
1.7 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AREA ...................................................... 7
1.8 RIVER KURRAM (FEEDING RIVER OF BARAN DAM) ............................. 8
1.9 INTRODUCTION TO BARAN DAM .............................................................. 9
1.9.1 History........................................................................................................ 9
1.9.2 Location Of Present Day Baran Dam ........................................................ 9
1.9.3 Construction Of Baran Dam .................................................................... 10
1.9.4 Storage Capacity Of Baran Dam ............................................................. 10
1.9.5 Fish Forming In Baran Dam ................................................................... 11
1.10 Aims And Objectives ................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER - 2 ............................................................................................................. 13
MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................ 13
2.1 FISH COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION ............................................................ 13
2.2 FISH EXAMINATION FOR PARASITES ................................................................. 13
2.3 RECOVERY AND PRESERVATION OF PARASITES ................................................ 13
2.4 STAINING AND MOUNTING OF PARASITES ......................................................... 14
2.5 IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITES ......................................................................... 14
2.6 MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER - 3 ............................................................................................................. 17
RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 OVER-ALL COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT FISH SPECIMENS ................................ 17
3.2 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR L. ROHITA ............................. 18
3.3 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR C. CARPIO ............................ 19
3.4 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR H. MOLITRIX ....................... 20
3.5 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR C. IDELLA ............................ 21
3.6 SPECIES WISE ABUNDANCE OF PARASITES (SEP 2017 TO DEC 2017) ............... 22
CHAPTER - 4 ............................................................................................................. 24

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DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 24
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 27
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 29
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 30

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All glory to ALLAH, the Lord of the universe, who granted man with knowledge
from his unseen treasure. All regards and respect to the Hazrat Muhammad
(P.B.U.H), whose teachings are source of knowledge and blessing for entire creation.

This thesis appears in its current form due to the assistance and guidance of several
people. I would therefore like to offer my sincere thanks to all of them.

First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Muhammad Zahid (Assistant
Professor in Zoology department of Islamia College Peshawar ( A public sector
university ) for his kind affection and for his sincere guidance in my educational
career as well as for my successful life and for accepting me this project. I cordially
thank to him for his encouragement and sincere cooperation with me during my
practical work. He taught me a lot from his vast knowledge and scientific curiosity.
May Allah bless him and his family. I cordially thank to my respected chairman of
Zoology Department Islamia College Peshawar (A public sector university ) Dr. Ali
Muhammad.

I thank to my sweet parents who proved to be the great and affectionate guides.

I would also thank to my respected teacher Sir Rahmat Ullah Khan ( Chairman of
Zoology Department GPGC Bannu) who give me a positive direction and guide me
during lab work.

I would also thank to my respected friends Mr. Nasir Khabir ( PhD Scholar,
University of Peshawar) and Lecturer Faiz ur Rehman (GPGC Lakki ) who give me
a precious time for the arrangement of my thesis work.

At last I also thanks to my best friends, Scholar Talmeez Ur Rehman, Syed Shahzeb
Shah, & Zia Ullah ( SS Biology, GHSS DI Khan ) who helps me during fish catching
and preservation.

Muhammad Asim Khan

vii
 ABSTRACT
This study was carried out form September, 2017 to December, 2017 to investigate
about Ectoparasites of four species (Lobeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio,
Ctenopharanygodon idella and Hypopathalmichthyes molitrix) in Baran dam District
Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The results reveal that 28/38 (73.68%) of L. rohita,
27/39 (69.23%) of Cyprinus carpio, 17/37 (45.94%) of H.molitrix and 23/36
(63.88%) of C. idella were found infected with two species of Ectoparasites i-e
Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus. Among the reported two species of parasites,
Dactylogyrus were found more prevalent in all the four species of fishes then
Gyrodactylus. The chances of parasite infection increase with fish weights and height.

viii
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ICHTHYODIVERSITY

Biodiversity, a constriction of natural assorted variety as the term used to depict the
aggregate assortment of living being. It is essential for adjustment of biological
system and insurance of by and large environmental qualities. The investigation of
biodiversity is an imperative issue in this day and age (Khan and Hasan, 2011;
Swanson and Luxmoore, 1997).

Ichthyodiversity alludes to an assortment of fish animal categories; contingent upon

setting and scale, it could allude to the alleles or genotypes inside fish populace to
types of life shapes crosswise over water administrations (Shinde et al.,2009).

A fish is a back boned creature which lives in the water and can't ever live long
anyplace else. Its progenitors have dependably stayed in water, and no doubt its
relatives will perpetually take after their case (Jordan, 1996).

Lagler (1962), defined the fish as the cold blooded animals with backbones, paired
appendages, gills and fins and are depending on water for life.

Fish constitute more than a half of the aggregate number of 54,711 perceived living
vertebrate species. There are about 27,977 substantial types of fishes (Nelson, 2006).
Of the total species of fish 27,000 i.e. 95% are bony fishes, 970 (4%) fishes are
cartilaginous fishes and 107(1%) species of agnathans. About 200-300 fish species are
discovered every year and it is predicted that the eventual number of living fish
species will be at least 32,500 (Ali and Narejo, 2009). Of this total diversity of fish
58% are marine, 41 % are freshwater inhabitants and 1% is diadromous (Ali, 1999).

1.2 Freshwater Fishes Of Pakistan

Freshwater resources of Pakistan are immense. These include, beside a number of

large rivers and their tributaries, a number of freshwater lakes, reservoirs, ponds,
natural depressions, irrigational canals, water logged areas, quarry pools, and streams.

2
The native freshwater teleostean fish fauna of Pakistan contains 160 species having a
place with 69 genera, 23 families, and 11 orders .Of these, 90 species are of basic
event while the remaining is less normal or uncommon. Again a very decent number
of these are of incredible business significance (Ali, 1999). There are in excess of 186
freshwater fish species delineated from freshwater collections of Pakistan (Khan, et
al, 2008).

Fish culture in dams and reservoirs is also important areas for the culture of fish. But
fish rising in these waters is more difficult than in ponds because this water cannot be
drained, and predators cannot be removed. Also it is not possible to feed, fertilize, or
poison the water, so natural nutrients must be providing enough food (Ali, 1999).

1.3 Significance Of Fish

Fisheries expect a key part in boosting the economy of the country and the thriving of
the domain (Khan and Hasan, 2011).The monetarily vital fishes region essential
segment of a nation economy. It gives first class protein, key supplements and
minerals that are much of the time hard to procure from other sustenance sources
(Rafique and Khan, 2012). The supporting estimation of fish is high, with protein
substance of 15– 20 % low cholesterol content and various accommodating dietary
supplements (Hassan, et al, 2007).

Researcher worldwide have discovered that eating fish routinely perhaps two or three
servings step by step may lessen the peril of sicknesses going from youth asthma to
prostate tumor. Fish is low in fat, high in protein and an extraordinary wellspring of
omega 3 fatty acid. Fish wealthy in omega 3 unsaturated fats can add to the wellbeing
of cerebrum tissues and the retina. The omega 3 unsaturated fat in fish may decrease
the danger of numerous sorts of diseases by 30– 50%. Especially of the oral
depression, throat, colon, bosom, ovary and prostate. Eating fish decreases the danger
of heart ailments and stroke by lessening blood clumps and aggravation, enhancing
vessels versatility, bringing down blood fats.

3
1.4 Parasites Of Fish

Every one of the parasites is destructive to its hosts and dependably purposes a type of
infections. These maladies in fish are caused by protozoan’s, scavenger copepods,
helminthes, and parasites and are basic in freshwater and marine fishes. Ecto-parasites
shape the biggest gathering of pathogenic life forms.

Parasite influences the movement, development, multiplication and strength of fishes

and now and again demise may happen because of parasitic contaminations. Fish
protozoan’s are very loosely specific, both in respect to their intermediate and final
host. They are characterized by varying degree of complexities; it may be completed
without changing of host or may involve two intermediate hosts.

Parasite is a vital gathering of pathogen causes contamination and sicknesses of fish

both in fresh water and marine conditions. With the expanding interests in aquaculture
parasitic invasions are getting to be dangers for fish wellbeing administration and
oceanic harvest generation all through the world. It is hence a fundamental region for
legitimate thoughtfulness regarding be given by the researchers for economical
aquaculture production. The various fishery advancement software engineers depends
to certain degree on the fruitful fish parasitological look into, as the change of fish
yield can mostly be accomplished from solid fish stock. As hosts fishes assume an
essential part for parasites. Among the creatures fishes are the most imperative host
for support of essentially helminthes. The vast majority of the fishes have parasites.
They not just fill in as the host of various parasites yet in addition fill in as transporter
of numerous larval parasitic structures that develop and cause genuine illnesses in
numerous vertebrates including man. The parasites of fishes cause diminish in
development rate, weight reduction and anorexia, influence yield of fish items (liver
oil and so forth.), spread human and creature sicknesses, put off sexual development
of fish and mortalities of fish (K. J. CHANDRA, 2006).

The parasites are risky to dominant part of fishes.of.new.water and.marine.water. The

extent of ailment is.higher in.wild fish.species when stood out from those species
found in the developed or prisoner places. For the most part these parasites are not
dangerous to individuals yet rather a couple of things which are gained from fish
species are not suitable for human use, either as a result of the cause of lessening in its

4
value or in light of the reason that individuals are use as a last have by.the parasites.
In various country the general zoonotic potential outcomes which.are being
represented to have. a reason for extreme ailment conditions on.man wellbeing are
expected its crude utilize, salted, smoked fishes or its evil -advised food preparation.
(Histein, T., et al, 2006).

The parasitic activity and closeness to habitat of the fishes leads to easy parasitic
movement and fulfillment of their life cycle among fishes (Dogiel, 2010). Parasitic
infection not only affects the normal growth of fish (Mdegela, 2010), but also reduce
fish population by increasing mortalities (Piasecki, 2004).

Parasites can cause physical, physiological and regenerative harm to fish. Therefore it
is important to have adequate information of different parasites especially scavenger
(copepods) and their networks inside a given fish populace. Learned or grapple
worms are basic parasites in freshwater aquaculture of cyprinids and polymorpha) in
some culturable fish species refined in a few nurseries and incubators of Punjab,
Pakistan (Al-Jahdali, & Hassanine, 2010, Iwanowicz, 2011).

1.5 FRESHWATER FISH PARASITES

Parasites of freshwater points are basically unicellular and multicellular and shellfish.
Monogeneans are usually Ectoparasites and are by and large having particular (Woo,
2006). Dactylogyrus are bronchial Ectoparasites while Gyrodactylus habitat is
cutaneous and sharp edges. (Woo, 2006; Roberts, 2010).

Most kinds of Monogeneans are found remotely on the gill fibers of fish have. Some
are Ectoparasites on sharp edges, on the skin surface, in the nasal cavities, and in the
mouth, other are endoparasitic in the throat, cloaca, urinary tract, and the heart.
Monogeneans at the back end of their body has a haptor, which have gets, utilized for
relationship with their host body and are incredibly have particular (Hargis, W. J.Jr,
1957b)

The major parasitic gatherings found in freshwater fishes are trematodes, cestodes,
acanthocephalans and nematodes that entire their life burns through transitional hosts
like piscivorous fowls. The greater part of the worms is associated with social cultural
and behavioral factors which enhance infection, especially the habit of eating raw

5
fish. Fish everywhere throughout the world experience the ill effects of assortments of
parasitic illnesses that reason mortality in angle either specifically or in a roundabout
way (Shakir et al., 2006).

There are in excess of 30000 helminthes species parasitizing marine and freshwater
fish (Williams, H., & Jones, A, 1994). However, Monogeneans accomplishes their
most noteworthy decent variety on the hard Pisces and especially less saline fishes.
The erratic radiation of the cyprinid is made by two genera out of freshwater
Monogeneans that depend upon gets for relationship, to be specific Dactylogyrus on
the gills with in excess of nine hundred spps in the world (Tinsley, R.C, 1990) and
Gyrodactylus on the skin and gills with 402 delineated species(Tinsley, R.C, 2013).
Dactylogyrus species are to a great degree unique, an unprecedented bit of the
different combination related with the copulatory contraption. In refinement,
Gyrodactylus is phenomenally duplicate feline (Gibson, D.I., Timoffeva, T.A.
additionally, Gerasev, P.I, 1996).

Ectoparasites harm the fish direct and additionally render the fish for created,
decrease has masses and actuates mortalities (Piaseckiet al., 2004).

Ecto-parasites attacks to gills and skin happening in localized hyperplasia disturb

osmoregulation and in the long run execute the host (Piasecki, 2004). The recurrence
and intensity of parasite moreover moved with season (Bichi, 2010). Young fishes are
more disposed to sullying than old ones (Ozturk, 2005).

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is obviously the most broadly topographically

circulated fish species (Barus, 2002). In Pakistan, common carp is the first cultured
fish and due to confined water bodies in Pakistan, the Ecto-parasites are a serious
problem for this species (Tasawar, 2007a). Owing to its adjustment to an extensive
variety of climatic and land conditions, a considerable number of all major taxa of
parasites have been found in wild and local carp (Farman et al., 2015).

1.6 PREVELANCE OF DIFFERENT FISH PARSITE SPECIES

IN CARP FAMILY

Farman et al (2015) observed Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) cultured fish species
in Pakistan to investigate Ecto-parasites of C. Carpio in D. I. Khan, Pakistan. A

6
number of Ecto- parasites including Leach spps (Crustacea: Maxillopoda),
Glochidium spps, Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda), Gyrodactylus spp.
(Platy helminthes; Monogeneans), Probopyrus pandallcola, Copepds spps, and
Arugulas spp. were identified during three different trials.

Asif et al (2014) examined few species of carp family for Learned Ectoparasites. The
7 overall commonness of Lernaea cyprinacea and L. polymorpha stayed 16.88% and
3.12%, individually.

Levy et al. (2007) reported that the parasitic din flagellate caused a chronic
infestation.

Tasawar et al (2007) explore 600 fish for Lernaeid Ectoparasites at a business point
develop in Multan, Pakistan. Out of 600 fish, only 63 were swarmed with Lernaea
cyprinacea and 74 were invaded with L. polymorpha. The general inescapability of L.
cyprinacea and L. polymorpha were 10.50 and 12.33%, separately.

Kanwal et al (2012) contemplated fishes for parasites at private fish cultivates in

Southern Punjab to decide the commonness of Lernaea species. An aggregate of 317
catla fish were gathered by business net. Five types of the class Lernaea; L.
cyprinacea, L. polymorpha, L. oryzophila and L. lophiara and Lernaea spp., were
recorded. The general pervasiveness rates of L. cyprinacea, L. polymorpha, L.
oryzophila, L. lophiara and Lernaea spp., were 32.17, 13.24, 3.15, 2.20 and 1.57%
separately.

Jeronimo et al (2012) announced that family Trichodinidae contains ciliate protozoa

conveyed around the world; they are viewed as a portion of the principle
parasitological operators tainting developed fish.

1.7 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AREA

Locale Bannu lies between 32° 42' to 33º 06' north scopes and from 70º 22' to 70º 57'
east longitudes. It is limited on the north by the innate territory connecting Bannu
locale, on the east by Karak region, on the south by Lakki Marwat region and on the
west by South Waziristan organization and inborn zones abutting Lakki Marwat and
Bannu area. The aggregate region of the region is 1,227 square kilometers.

7
The Bannu district is a large oval valley of alluvial fill enclosed in an almost
continuous rim of low mountains. The Bannu valley is 150 meters high from the sea
level. A low basic bowl is totally limited by slopes and mountains. In any case, the
valley opens up on to the Indus fields. Despite the fact that the Kurram and Tochi are
the primary waterway of the valley (Khan, 2006).

Fig. No: 1.7. Bannu Local Map.

1.8 RIVER KURRAM (FEEDING RIVER OF BARAN DAM)

River Kurram is originated in the mountains of Parachinar and enters the district at
Kurram Garhi, about seven miles north-west of Bannu city and passes through the
district in a southeast direction. At Kurram Garhi, a diversion weir has been
constructed across the river, by which water can be withdrawn at a maximum rate of
3,200 cusecs. Of this discharge, 1,400 cusecs are conducted directly to an irrigational
channel, while the surplus is diverted to feed the Baran Dam reservoir.

8
1.9 INTRODUCTION TO BARAN DAM

1.9.1 History

The idea of construction of a weir at Kurram Garhi, the remodeling and extending the
existing system of irrigation was first conceived and investigated by J. C. Davis
executive engineer in 1907. It had to be dropped because the vested saroba interest
could not be persuaded to part with water surplus to their own requirements for the
benefit of lands proposed for further development. The reservoir is connected with
the Kurram River through the Baran feeder channel and the main canal. The capacity
of these two channels is 3000 cusecs. Surplus flood water from the Kurram River can
be feed into the Baran reservoir when supplies are available. The right bank canal
which takes 800 cusecs will be supplies from the river Kurram when water is
available and during short supplies in river the supply in the canal will be
supplemented through an Intake from the Baran storage reservoir (Khanzada).

1.9.2 Location Of Present Day Baran Dam

Baran Dam Bannu is situated from 33º 0’ 22’’ to 33º 03’ 6’’ north latitude, and 70º
28’ 17’’ to 70º 30’ 35’’ east longitude (Google earth). The total area covered by Baran
Dam is 11.746 square kilometers.

Baran Dam is situated 8 kilometer away from Bannu city towards west. The Dam
entered into its completion in 1962. Baran Dam was not designed on the main river
Kurram at Kurram Garhi but on a small tributary of this river i.e. the Baran Nullah.
The Dam was inaugurated by field Marshal Ayub Khan, Ex-President of Pakistan.

The Baran Dam is bounded from each side with mountainous ranges, which are
barren, but now efforts have been made to make plantation on the banks of the Dam.
This Dam was built for irrigational purpose.

This storage Dam is of maximum of 120 fetes, and is designed as an earth Dam. The
only disadvantage of the scheme is its limited storage capacity which could be
increased appreciably increasing its height.

9
 Figure. No 1.9.2. A satellite Image Showing The Location Of Baran Dam

1.9.3 Construction Of Baran Dam

Baran Dam was commissioned in 1962 and was worked flawlessly for 22 years but as
invariably happens with such earthen dams, the capacity of the reservoir of too
gradually reduced by siltation, approximately at the rate of 1.7 feet per year. Besides,
the Dam could not achieve its feeding arrangement. The record of the Dam reveals
that it attained its maximum conservation level of 1430, only twice in the last 31
years.

1.9.4 Storage Capacity Of Baran Dam

The total storage capacity of Baran Dam is 9800 acre feet. The sediments studies were
carried out for the period of 1954 to 1957 for Baran Nullah and it was found that the
average silting is about, 1290 acre feet. The reservoir was thus assumed to get
completely silted up in 76.96 years. All the silt coming in Baran Nullah would be
entrapped in the Baran reservoir. The physico-chemical data shows that climate and
environmental conditions of Baran Dam varies in various seasons of the year. The
water depth decreases from summer to winter and color of the water is blue green.

10
 Figure. No.1.9.4. PHOTO TAKEN BY THE RESEARCHER, 20/05/2018

1.9.5 Fish Forming In Baran Dam

Fish forming in Baran Dam was started in 1966-67 with Cirrhinus mrigala (Mori),
Labeo rohita (Rahu) and Tor putitora (Mahaseer). Among the introduce species, C.
mrigala alone attained a prominent position. It gradually formed a sizeable proportion
of fish production of the Baran Dam forming 50 to 80%. Mahaseer form a dominant
first rank dwindled to 25%. Now a day’s three species viz Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus
mrigala, and carps are cultured in Baran Dam (Shahjehan and Khan, 1998).

1.10 Aims And Objectives

 To investigate Ectoparasites of fish in Baran Dam Bannu.

 To device strategy for its control.
 To determine species wise prevalence of fish parasite.

11
 CHAPTER - 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS

12
 CHAPTER - 2

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was performed on Baran Dam Bannu District, in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
province of Pakistan. The surface water temperature runs between 15ºC in the coldest
months and45ºC in the hottest months. The regenerative cycle of fish types of this
dam involves a producing season amongst March and May (spring to late-spring)
trailed by a past bringing forth period reaching out amongst June and August.

2.1 Fish Collection and Preservation

Fishes was caught with the help of hand net. The fish was brought in a container to
the experimental fish laboratory of the Department of zoology, Government Post
Graduate College, Bannu and kept in aquarium. Fishes of each collection was used
freshly for dissection and examination of parasites.

2.2 Fish Examination for Parasites

About 150 fish specimens was examined both externally and internally (intestine of
the fish) for Ectoparasites. Different helminthes parasites was observed from them
including monogenetic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes. Also Acanthocephalans
found in them. One representative fish specimen was preserved in 5% formalin
solution for identification.

2.3 Recovery and Preservation of Parasites

For outside pathogen finned fishes illustration was.set direct under a normal
amplifying instrument in a sweeping sharpish. The fish was executed by anaesthetize
and respiratory organ was emptied conclusively by razor and hauled out by forceps
and put in Petri-dish containing installation water. The gill was cut into little pieces.
Scratched and shaken with the assistance of camel hair brush. By then the gills and
their substance was examined under binocular opening up instrument. Parasites if
exhibit was ousted from the dish with the assistance of brush and dropper and
protected in an alternate vial containing 71% alcohol. and 5% glycerin.

13
Trematodes, cestodes and Acanthocephalans was preserved in 70% alcohol while
Nematodes was preserved in 70% ethanol along with 5% glycerin. The vials was kept
with their mouth opened so that the alcohol gradually evaporated and the parasites
remained in pure glycerin. Temporary slides was made in pure glycerin and examined
under the microscope. All the measurements were taken with calibrated compound
microscope and was expressed in mm.

2.4 Staining and Mounting of Parasites

For staining trematodes and cestodes different stains was used but aceto-alam carmine
was found to be the best. No stain is required for nematodes. The1staining and
mounting was taken after as indicated by the accompanying procedure.

1. Every parasite is put on a flawless slide and were dried out with half and 31%
alcohol/ethanol for 6 minutes.

2. Each.parasite.was hydrated.again and was.recolored with.aceto-alam.carmine for

3-6 min.

3. The sample.was got dried out again with a movement of 31%, half, 69%
destructive, 91% and 100% alcohol and xylene1for 6 minutes.

4. The parasite is then traded to a flawless.slide, mounted.with.Canada pitch and was

impeccable cover slip.

5. The. Slides is put on warming plate. For drying.

6. The parasite was then identified.

2.5 Identification of Parasites

All the parasites were identified by using the following authors Helminthes fauna
keys.

1. Yamagutii, S. (1958-1959)
2. Kabata. Z. (1985)

14
2.6 Measurements

Each parasite was measured with the help of microscope using ocular and stage
micrometer. Photography was done with the help of microscopic camera. Scales of
parasites on the microscope will 0.15mm = 1 mm.

Figure No. 2.1 Photo taken by Research Scholar during Lab work

15
CHAPTER - 3
RESULTS

16
 CHAPTER - 3

RESULTS

3.1 Over-All Collection Of Different Fish Specimens

Present study was carried out in Baran dam to identify Ectoparasites of some specific
fish species of carp family. The selected fish species (L. rohita, C. carpio, H. molitrix,
C. idella) for the study was collected. About 150 specimens were collected during
research duration of September, October, November, and December, 2017.For
studying Ectoparasites, total 38 specimens of L.rohita, 39 specimens of C.carpio, 37
specimens of H.molitrix and 36 specimens of C.idella were collected.

Table No. 3.1: Over-All Collection Of Different Fish Specimens

Common Name Scientific Name September October November December Total

Rohu L.rohita 9 10 9 10 38

Gulfam C.carpio 10 12 9 8 39

Silver Carp H.molitrix 8 11 10 8 37

Grass Carp C.idella 8 12 10 6 36

Total ------- 35 45 38 32 150

160
140
No. of specimens

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
L. rohita 9 10 9 10 38
C. carpio 10 12 9 8 39
H. molitrix 8 11 10 8 37
C. idella 8 12 10 6 36
------- 35 45 38 32 150
Figure 3.1: Graph Shows Over-All Collection Of Different Fish Specimens

17
 3.2 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR L. ROHITA

Out of 38 specimens L.rohita, 28 (73.68%) specimens were found infected from

Ectoparasites. The reported Ectoparasites include two parasitic species i-e
Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus. The most prevalent was Dactylogyrus which is
reported from 19 (50%) samples while 9 (23.6%) samples have been found infected
for Gyrodactylus.

Table No. 3.2. Prevalence of Ectoparasites in l. Rohita

Parasite Name Sep Oct Nov Dec Total(Grand Percentage

Total) (%)
Dactylogyrus 5/9 3/10 5/9 6/10 19/38 50
(Infected/Total)
Gyrodactylus 3/9 3/10 2/9 1/10 9/38 23.6
(Infected/Total)
Total (Infected/Total) 8/9 6/10 7/9 7/10 28/38 73.68
(Month Wise)

40

35
Sep (infected
30 Sep(total)
Oct (Infected)
25
Oct (total)

20 Nov (Infected)
Nov (Total)
15
Dec (Infected)

10 Dec (Total)
Total (Infected)
5 Total (Grand Total)

0
Dactylogyrus Gyrodactylus

Figure. 3.2: Prevalence of Ectoparasites in l. Rohita

18
 3.3 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR C. CARPIO

Out of 39 specimen C. carpio, 27 (69.236%) specimens were found infected from

Ectoparasites. The reported Ectoparasites include two parasitic species i-e
Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus. The most prevalent was Dactylogyrus which is
reported from 14 (35.89%) samples while 13 (33.33%) samples have been found
infected for Gyrodactylus.

Table no. 3.3: Prevalence of Ectoparasites in C. Carpio

Parasite Name Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Percentage (%)

Dactylogyrus 4/10 5/12 2/9 3/8 14/39 35.89
(Infected/Total)
Gyrodactylus 3/10 4/12 4/9 2/8 13/39 33.33
(Infected/Total)
Total (Infected/Total) 7/10 9/12 6/9 5/8 27/39 69.23
(Month Wise)

45

40
Sep (infected)
35 Sep (Total)

30 Oct (infected)
Oct (Total)
25
Nov(infected)
20 Nov(Total)
15 Dec(infected)
Dec(Total)
10
Total (infected)
5
Total(Grand Total
0
Dactylogyrus Gyrodactylus

Figure 3.3: Prevalence of Ectoparasites in C. Carpio

19
 3.4 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR H. MOLITRIX

Out of 37 specimens H.molitrix, 17 (45.94%) specimens were found infected from

Ectoparasites. The reported Ectoparasites include two parasitic species i-e
Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus. The most prevalent was Dactylogyrus which is
reported from 11 (29.79%) samples while 6 (16.21%) samples have been found
infected for Gyrodactylus.

Table no. 3.4. Prevalence of Ectoparasites in H. Molitrix

Parasite Name Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Percentage (%)

Dactylogyrus 3/8 5/11 2/10 1/8 11/37 29.79
(Infected/Total)
Gyrodactylus 1/8 3/11 2/10 0/8 6/37 16.21
(Infected/Total)
Total (Infected/Total) 4/8 8/11 4/10 1/8 17/37 45.94

40

35
Sep (infected)
30 Sep (Total)
Oct (infected)
25
Oct (Total)

20 Nov(infected)
Nov(Total)
15
Dec(infected)

10 Dec(Total)
Total (infected)
5
Total(Grand Total

0
Dactylogyrus Gyrodactylus

Figure 3.4: Prevalence Of Ectoparasites In H. molitrix

20
 3.5 REPORTED SPECIES OF PARASITES FOR C. IDELLA

Out of 36 specimen C. idella, 23 (63.88%) specimens were found infected from

Ectoparasites. The reported Ectoparasites include two parasitic species i-e
Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus. The most prevalent was Dactylogyrus which is
reported from 13 (36.11%) samples while 10 (27.77%) samples have been found
infected for Gyrodactylus.

Table No. 3.5: Prevalence of Ectoparasites in C. idella

Parasite Name Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Percentage (%)

Dactylogyrus 3/8 5/12 4/10 1/6 13/36 36.11
(Infected/Total)
Gyrodactylus 2/8 4/12 2/10 2/6 10/36 27.77
(Infected/Total)
Total (Infected/Total) 5/8 9/12 6/10 3/6 23/36 63.88
(Month Wise)

40

35
Sep (infected)
30 Sep (Total)
Oct (infected)
25
Oct (Total)

20 Nov(infected)
Nov(Total)
15
Dec(infected)

10 Dec(Total)
Total (infected)
5 Total(Grand Total

0
Dactylogyrus Gyrodactylus

Figure 3.5: Prevalence of Ectoparasites in C. Idella

21
 3.6 Species Wise Abundance of Parasites (Sep 2017 to Dec 2017)

During study the numbers of infected samples from Ectoparasites were 95(63%). Of
which the most prevalent were Dactylogyrus which is reported from 57 Samples
while Gyrodactylus were reported from 38 samples.

Table No: 3.6 Species Wise Abundance of Parasites (Sep 2017 to Dec 2017)

Parasite Name September October November December Total

Dactylogyrus 15 18 13 11 57
Gyrodactylus 9 14 10 5 38

60

50

40 september
October
30
November
December
20
Total

10

0
Dactylogyrus Gyrodactylus

Figure 3.6: Species Wise Abundance of Parasites (Sep 2017 to Dec 2017)

22
CHAPTER - 4

DISCUSSION

23
 CHAPTER - 4

DISCUSSION
During present study, four species of freshwater fishes of carp family were selected to
study Ectoparasites. The parasites were isolated from body slime/skin and gills.

Present study was carried out in Baran dam which is one of the main reservoirs for
many fish fauna. The selected fish species for the study were L. rohita, C. carpio, H.
molitrix, C .idella. The data was collected during September, October, November, and
December, 2017. During whole study duration, total 38 specimens of L. rohita, 39
specimens of C. carpio, 37 specimens of H. molitrix and 36 specimens of C. idella
fishes were collected.

Out of 38 specimens L.rohita, 28 (73.68%) specimens were found infected from

Ectoparasites. The reported Ectoparasites include two parasitic species i-e
Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus. The most prevalent was Dactylogyrus which is
reported from 19 (50%) samples while 9 (23.6%) samples have been found infected
for Gyrodactylus.

Similarly Villizzi et al., 2014 reported 40% Gyrodactylus and 60% Dactylogyrus
from C. carpio

Farman et al., 2015 collected 99 C.carpio. Of them 3 were infected from

Gyrodactylus its prevalent rate were 9.90%.

During study the numbers of infected samples from Ectoparasites were 95(63%). Of
which the most prevalent were Dactylogyrus which is reported from 57 Samples
while Gyrodactylus were reported from 38 samples.

Similarly total of 279 fishes were collected by Akter et al., 2007. In their study the
numbers of infected fishes were 159 of them the most prevalent parasites was
Dactylogyrus species which infected 32 fishes while Gyrodactylus infect 13 fishes of
the sample size.

The present studies show that the parasitic infections in the fishes of Baran dam were
mostly increases in October and November.

24
Bhuiyan et al.., 2007 carried out the same research on parasitic infection of L. rohita.
They concluded that 55 specimens of host l. rohita were found infected out of 70
specimens with the percentage of 78.5. Among the reported species of parasite,
protozoan’s and Monogeneans parasites were found most prevalent. According to
results of Bhuiyan et al., 2007, the parasitic infection were found much more in catch
of December and were in least count in July.

Khan et al., 2003 did inquire about on parasitic invasion in different freshwater fishes
of smaller than expected dam of potohar region, Pakistan. They concluded from their
research that L. rohita was the most susceptible fish for disease.

Present study also shows similarity in results with the published results of Farman et
al., 2015, Villizzi et al., 2014, Bhuiyan et al., 2007 and Khan et al., 2003. As this
study shows that the parasitic infection of carp fishes of Baran dam were most
prevalent in October and November. The over-all infection of parasite somewhat
reduces in December because of some changes in water quality of Baran dam due to
rain.

25
CHAPTER – 5

CONCLUSION

26
 CONCLUSION
In present study two species of Ectoparasites i.e. Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus
were found in four different species of carp fishes i.e. L. rohita, C. carpio, C. idella
and H. molitrix in Baran Dam of District Bannu. Of them, Dactylogyrus were more
prevent in all the four species of fishes while Gyrodactylus were less prevalent. The
most effected area is gills and skins. The chances of parasite infection increase with
fish weights and height.

27
 CHAPTER – 6

SUGGESTIONS

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

28
 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The wastes from houses and industries should be monitored.

2. State laws for environmental conservation should be strictly obeyed.

3. Peoples should be aware about fish health by arranging seminars.

4. Print and electronic media should be used in awareness.

5. Fisheries department personnel should monitor to perform their duties.

6. Fish watchers and fisheries supervisor have enough knowledge about

symptoms of diseased fish.

7. Regular preventive measurement should be taken.

8. Diseased free fish seed should be selected for culturing.

29
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