EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER into usable minerals, involves filtration and

(SECOND QUARTER) sedimentation of the suspension and drying

the materials harvested from suspension
a. Mining – process of Mineral extraction from
i. Fossil Fuels are remains of animals that died
a rock seam or ore
millions of years ago, natural and finite
b. Modern mining technology – uses
resources with cheaper cost production,
geophysical techniques that involve
non-renewable, and the world’s primary
measuring the magnetic, gravity and sonic
source of energy supporting transportation,
responses of rocks around a prospective
electricity and industries
mineral ore body
j. Three types of Fossil fuels – Coal, Oil and
c. Major methods of Mining – Surface and
Natural Gas
Underground Mining
k. Coal – important and primary fossil fuel
d. Surface Mining – extracts ore minerals near
present on Earth. These resources are
the surface of the Earth
e. Blasting – controlled use of explosives usually found predominantly where forest
trees, plants and marshes existed before
f. Surface Mining – Open-pit (most common,
being buried and compressed from millions
big hole, blasting with explosives and
drilling, mines gravel, sand and rocks), Strip of years ago
l. Philippines – uses 50% of coal resource to
(involves removal of thin strip of earth or
produce energy and electricity
soil above a desired deposit, dumping it
m. Anthracite – highest rank of coal, hard,
behind the deposit, extracting the desired
deposit and creating a second strip in the brittle black and lustrous, often referred as
hard coal. It contains high percentage of
same manner and depositing the waste
fixed carbon and low percentage of volatile
material from the second strip onto the first
one. Dredging (mining materials from the materials
n. Bituminous coal – second highest in rank,
bottom of a body of water such as rivers,
usually has a high heating value and is the
lakes and oceans)
most common type of coal used in
g. Underground Mining – used to extract
electricity generation. It appears smooth
minerals, rocks and other precious stones
and shiny at first glance but actually has
beneath the Earth’s surface. Miners need to
layers
create a tunnel to reach the ore minerals.
o. Subbituminous coal – third in rank, black in
This is the most expensive and dangerous
color and dull, has higher heating value
kind of mining.
than lignite
h. Mineral Processing – Sampling(removal of
p. Lignite – last in rank and also known as
portion representing the whole material
black coal, lowest grade with least
needed for analysis), Analysis(evaluation of
concentration of carbon
valuable components in ore including
q. Oil - organic material mostly algae, which
chemical, mineral and particle size analysis),
was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea
Comminution(separation of valuable
and lakes, used to produce transportation
components through crushing and grinding
to make the powdered form), fuels and petroleum-based products
r. Saudi Arabia and Russia – where
Concentration(separation of valuable
Philippines import crude oil and petroleum
components from raw materials),
Dewatering(uses concentration to convert it
s. Majority of Market – Petron Corporation, ae. Volume and steepness of slope – affect the
Pilipinas Shell, Chevron Philippines efficiency of powerplant to generate
t. Natural Gas – naturally occurring electricity
hydrocarbon gas with mixture of methane, af. Core – is the hottest among the layers
cleanest fossil fuel, odorless and colorless in ag. Tectonic plate boundaries and edges –
natural state, produced from sedimentary where the energy comes out as it is a
rock formation by forcing chemicals, water common venue of Volcano formation
and sand down the well under high ah. Steam builds the pressure needed to be
pressure emitted to the surface through volcanoes
u. Malampaya natural gas field – located at ai. Three main types of geothermal energy
Palawan island, main domestic source of generation – direct use and district
energy heating(uses hot water from springs or
v. Low-oxygen environment – where fossil reservoirs), Geothermal powerplants and
fuels are formed geothermal heat pumps
w. The Oil stops to move upward if it reaches aj. Industrial applications of geothermal energy
an impermeable rock (can be extracted – dehydration, gold mining and milk
then by Drilling) pasteurization
x. Heat is a dynamic and transferable type of ak. 3 Basic Types of Geothermal Powerplants –
energy that can be converted in usable Dry Steam, Flash Steam and Binary Cycle
forms, it is a product of random motion of Power plants
particles that are continuously colliding and al. Environmental effects depend on type of
vibrating. It results to certain level of consumption
temperature (hotness or coldness) am. 97% - less acid rain causing sulfur
y. Geothermal energy – heat generated compounds produced in Geothermal Plants
beneath the ground from the Earth’s core and 99% - less carbon dioxide than other
z. Heat pumps – makes use of geothermal sources
energy and installed at homes using water an. Current – one requirement in water to
or refrigerant obtaining the Earth’s constant become an energy resource
temperature below the ground at 50 – 60 ˚F ao. Gravity – largely affects current in streams
aa. Romans, Chinese, Native Americans – in and rivers
ancient days makes use of geothermal ap. Potential energy – directly proportional to
energy for daily activities like bathing and the density and height where the source is
cooking, at present Geothermal energy is located
mostly utilized by people in Iceland aq. Hydroelectric Power plants – converts this
ab. Geologic processes and features – where energy into electrical energy
the potentiality of a country to harness ar. Hydroelectricity – the process of converting
energy depends mechanical energy from running water into
ac. Volcanoes, fumaroles, hotsprings and electrical energy
geysers - indicators of available passages for as. Water – considered as renewable resource
geothermal energy to reach the surface of at. Mechanical Energy is affected by the
the Earth Volume of Water
ad. Hydrologic cycle – is important to replenish
water in rivers and dams
au. HYDROPOWER - constitutes highest energy bh. Physical attributes of water - Temperature,
percentage (6.7%) among renewable energy Color, Taste, Odor, Turbidity
resources i. Temperature (thermal
av. 3 MAIN TYPES OF HYDROPLANTS - capacity, density, specific
Impoundment Facilities (uses the most weight, viscosity, surface
common technology/dam to create large tension, specific conductivity,
reservoir of water. Electricity is made when salinity, solubility)
the water passes through the turbine. bi. Colored water - indication for unfit
Pumped Storage Facilities (similar system consumption
but has a second reservoir below the bj. Taste/Odor - human perception on water
dam)Run-of-river facilities (relies mainly on quality
natural water flow rates, an intermittent a. SOUR - hydrochloric acid
facility) b. SALTY - sodium chloride
aw.Effects of Damming - flood upstream c. SWEET - sucrose
landscapes, disrupt habitat for wildlife, d. BITTER - caffeine
block fish passages, displace local bk. TURBIDITY - is a measure of the light-
communities, incomplete freedom from transmitting properties of water and is
greenhouse gas emissions comprised of suspended and colloidal
ax. 3/4 of the Earth’s surface is covered with material
water(most is found in the ocean) bl. Chemical characteristics of Water -
ay. Water vapor - water in air reflection of soils and rocks with which the
az. Agricultural, Households, recreational and water has been in contact
environmental use of water bm. Water availability - is defined as the
ba. Natural Sources - rainwater, oceans, rivers, quantity of water that can be used for
lakes, streams, ponds and springs human purposes without significant harm
bb. Man-made sources - Dams, Wells, tube to ecosystems or other users
wells, hand pumps bn. 40% of the world’s population lives in
bc. 2 MAIN SOURCES OF WATER - Surface and water-stressed areas
Underground bo. Water Scarcity - occurs when the amount
bd. 97%/Saltwater, 3%/Freshwater (2% is of of water withdrawn from waters, lakes and
rivers and 11% is from swamps) rivers or groundwater is so great that water
be. WHO UNICEF - defined improved drinking supplies are no longer adequate to satisfy
water sources as those with potential all human or ecosystem requirements,
delivery of safe water by nature of design resulting increased competition between
and construction water users and other demands
bf. 94% of Filipino families have improved bp. Sedimentation, pollution, climate change,
source of drinking water deforestation, landscape changes, urban
bg. Water Quality - the condition of water growth - primarily cause water scarcity
including chemical, physical and biological bq. Soil - the organic and inorganic materials on
characteristics usually concerning its the surface of the Earth that provide
suitability for a particular purpose such as medium plant growth
drinking or swimming br. Weathering - composes soil with different
materials
bs. Soil helps sustain life, it helps purify or clean
water as it drains through the ground to the
rivers, lakes and oceans
bt. Decomposers - help recycle nutrients by
breaking down remains of plants and
animals
bu. Human activities that affect soil quality -
Farming, Construction of Structures, Waste
Disposal
Reference:
EARTH SCIENCE FOR STEM MODULES

Prepared by:
Ms. Jai