ENGLISH

CLASS X NOTES

EDUCATION
 Education Is A Weapon, Whose Effect Depends On Who Holds It In His Hands And At
Whom It Is Aimed.
 Education Beats The Beauty And The Youth.
 Common Sense Is In Spite Of, Not As The Result Of Education.
 The Only True Wisdom Is Knowing That You Know Nothing.
 Education Is Like A Double-Edged Sword. It May Be Turned To Dangerous Uses If It Is
Not Properly Handled.
 Education Is The Best Friend.

PREPARED & COMPOSED BY:

Z.A. SOLANGI
CONTACT#:03023125625

Always Chillax
Lesson # 1 VOICE OF GOD

INTRODUCTION
This poem is written by Louis Newman (1893-1972) He was born in state Rhode Island (USA) He studied at
Brown University and after his doctorate lectured at Columbia He is the author of many books on religious
subjects. This poem brings out his religious bent of mind.

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY

One who wants the real blessings of God, he should serve humanity. Service of mankind is the best prayer to
reach God.

The poet thinks that God is in heaven so he goes up the highest spire of the church to make Contact with
God. God orders him to search for Him among the common men on the earth.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT:

STANZA:
I sought to hear the voice of God, and climbed the topmost steeple.
But God declared: go down again, I dwell among the people.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem Voice of God written by an American poet Louis Newman
CONTEXT:
In this poem the poet describes that anyone who wants to reach God should serve mankind.
EXPLANATION:
In this poem the poem the directly indicates to men that if you want to meet God or listen to the voice of
God you should follow proper way of life. In this poem the poet further says if a man wants to meet with
God, he not only this but he has to serve the humanity for getting his real blessings.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1: Why did Author climb the steeple?

Ans: The Author climbed the top most steeples to hear the Voice of God.

Q2: Why did God tell him (the Author) to go down again?

Ans: God told the author to go down again because, He lives among the people.

Q3: Say in your words what you think is the message of the poem Voice of God.

Ans: This poem tells us that if someone wants to reach God, he should serve humanity. By doing this, he

will get the blessing of God.

Lesson # 2 THE WISE CALIPH
SUMMARY:
The wise caliph Haroon-ur-Rashid was known and respected for his justice and wisdom. One day while he
was holding his court two men were brought before him with a beautiful white horse by the Qazi who could
not settle the dispute between them. One was looking rich while other seemed to be a beggar. Each one of
them swore and claimed for ownership of horse.
Caliph ordered both to tell their disputation. Well-dressed man said that O leader of the faithful this morning
when I was riding to city I saw this beggar limping along ahead of me. He was lame so I felt sorry for him
and pulled him up behind me on my horse. When we reached at the destination, he refused to dismount and
said: I gave you a ride now you want to rob me of my horse? The man in rags limped forward and sad, O
leader of the faithful have pity on me and save me from cruelty of this man. It is because of this horse I am
in rags, whatever money I had I spent on this horse. This morning I was coming to the city saw this stranger.
He was in great hurry, he requested me to lend my horse. Instead I let him ride my horse while I sat behind
him. When we reached at the city gate he refused to get down and said be off and don’t mention to anyone.
The Caliph said that the case was not difficult, therefore he ordered both the man to place their hands on the
horse one by one. At the touch of the rich man the horse snorted and neigh with pleasure, while at the touch
of the beggar it winced if it did not like his hand.
The caliph pronounced that the beggar was the robber. At the end the beggar was not only pardoned by the
great well to do person but he also gave him a handful of gold coins.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Qno1: What was caliph Haroon-ur-Rashid Known and respected for?
Ans: The caliph Haroon-ur-Rashid was known and respected for his justice and wisdom.
Qno2: Why did he (the caliph) go through the streets of Baghdad at night?
Ans: The caliph went through the streets of Baghdad in order to meet common people to gain
firsthand knowledge of their difficulties and problems.
Qno3: what did the Qazi say to the caliph?
Ans: The Qazi said to the caliph “leaders of the faithful I’ve brought before you a dispute which I could
not settle. It is a difficult case, but I’m certain that with your knowledge and wisdom you will
pronoun a just decision”
Qno4: What was the dispute between the rich man and the beggar?
Ans: The dispute between the rich man and the beggar was that they were fighting over a beautiful white
horse. Each one them was affirming that the horse was his.
Qno5: What did the rich man tell the caliph?
Ans: The beggar said to the caliph “o” leader of the faithful this morning when I was riding to city, I saw
this beggar limping along ahead of me. He was lame so I felt sorry for him and pulled him up behind
me on my horse. When we reached at the destination, he refused to dismount and said:” I gave you a
ride, now you want to rob me of my horse.”
Qno6: What did the bagger tell the Caliph?
Ans: The beggar said to the Caliph: “O” Leader of the faithful! Have petty on me and save me from the
cruelty of this man. It is because of this horse, I’m in rage whatever money I had I spent on this
horse. This morning I was coming to the city; I saw this stranger. He was in great hurry, he requested
me to lend him my horse, instead, I let him ride my horse while I sat behind him. When we reached
at the city gate, he refused to get down and said:” Be off and don’t mention it to anyone.”
Qno7: Why did the bagger refuse to get down the horse?
Ans: The beggar refused to get down the horse because he wanted to rob the rich man by his wickedness.
Qno8: What did the horse do when the beggar touched it?
Ans: When the beggar touched the horse, it winced as if it did not like the touch of his hand.
Qno9: How did the horse feel when the rich man touched it?
Ans: When the rich man touched the horse, it snorted and neighed with pleasure.
Qno10: What did the Caliph say to the beggar?
Ans: The Caliph said to the beggar:” You are a liar and wicked man. You tried to rob an honest and
respectable citizen. You deserve severe punishment”
Lesson # 3 PROFESSIONS
SUMMARIES
(A) TEACHING
One Sindhi word for teacher is Akhund. It comes from Persian word Khandan which means to read.
Teaching is a noble profession. Teacher is the one who knows how to read God's words, written in Holy
book, or on human hearts or in nature. The teacher must possess many important qualities. The first and
most important quality of a teacher that he must love and appreciate his profession. He must prefer the
welfare of students. Another quality of a teacher is that he must have thirst for knowledge. He must be
prepared to learn from each and every one, even younger and less gifted. A Very important quality of a
teacher is that he not only tries to know what is true, good and beautiful, but also seeks to incorporate them
in life. He must practice what he preaches.

(B) FISHING
Fishing is an Important Occupation; Millions of people are engaged in this profession. The fisherman
catches fish from the deep waters. They remain at the sea for days and weeks come back with large quantity
of fish. There are two modes of fishing, Inland or fresh water fishing and sea or marine fishing. Fresh water
fish are caught from rivers streams, canals, lakes and ponds, Fresh water fish is small but tastier. Marine
fishing in Pakistan is done in Arabian Sea, The Government of Pakistan is paying more attention to fishing
industry, Loans are given to fisherman to buy bigger and better boats and nets of good quality, Weather
stations have been built along the coast to inform the fishing boats about the storm. We get several by
products from fish, such as glue, manure and liver oil.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Qno1: What does Akhund mean?

Ans: Akhund means a teacher.
Qno2: How does a teacher fulfill God’s command?
Ans: A teacher fulfills God’s command by reading God’s words written on the human heart, in the Holy
Book or in the Nature.
Q3: What are the qualities of a teacher?
Ans: Qualities of a teacher are as follow:
1) He must love and appreciate his profession and give preference to the welfare of students.
2) He must have thrust for knowledge. He must be ready to learn from any and every one.
3) He must try to incorporate truth, beauty and goodness in his own life.
4) He must practice what he preaches.
Q4: Why is fish important to us?
Ans: Fish is important for us because it is an important source of our food and it also provides an
opportunity of job to millions of people.
Q5: What are the different modes of fishing?
Ans: There are two modes of fishing: one is inland or fresh water fishing and the other is sea or marine
fishing.
Q6: Why do people like fresh water fish?
Ans: People like fresh water fish because it is tastier.
Q7: Where is marine fishing done in Pakistan?
Ans: Marine fishing in Pakistan is done in Arabian Sea along the coast.
Q8: What are the dangers of marine fishing?
Ans: The dangers of marine fishing are rough weather and storms.
LESSON# 4 LITTLE THINGS
This poem is written by Julia carney (1823-1908). she was an American verse writer. She was born in
Boston and died 1908. Not much is known about her. This poem was first published in 1845. It is a simple
child`s song to explain that even little things are important.
SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
This short poem shows the sensitive approach of the poetess to the little things. The poetess invites our
attention to the importance of little things. She says that little drops of water make mighty oceans. Very vast
and beautiful lands are made of little grains of sand. Similarly, very short moments of time make endless
ages. We should treat others with kindness and love. We should speak with others gently because our little
words of love and little acts of sympathy and kindness can make our world the garden of paradise.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT:

STANZA: 1
Little drops of water, little grains of sand.
Make the mighty ocean, and the pleasant land.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “little things” written by an American poetess Julia carney.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess tries to tell little things are very important because every big thing is made of little
things.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that little drops of water separately have no importance but when they are together
they make big and powerful oceans. In the same way this beautiful land of ours is made by small grains of
sand.

STANZA: 2
Little deeds of kindness, little words of Love
Make our world an Eden, like the heav’n above.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “little things” written by an American poetess Julia carney.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess tries to tell little things are very important because every big thing is made of little
things.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess says that if we speak small words of sympathy and love and do little works of
kindness. It is sure that this world will be as peaceful a pleasant as the garden of paradise named Eden.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q1: There is proverb in Urdu and Sindhi which express the thought contained in the first verse. What is
it?
Ans: In Sindhi it is: ‫ڦڙي ڦڙي تالُء‬
In Urdu it is: ‫رطقہ رطقہدرایء‬
Q2: Write five lines about a little act of kindness done by you, and the result of it.
Ans: There is an old man in our neighbor. No one is to work for him. One day he fell ill as I got news I
went to fetch a doctor for him. Doctor treated him and he recovered from illness by the grace of God.
In return old man prayed to God for my prosperity and well-being.
Q3: Do you remember a time when you were sad but became happy when someone spoke kindly to you.
Describe in a few lines.
Ans: Last summary my class fellows arranged a visit to Ziarat. Prior to it I collected an amount of Rs:
2000 for that trip. When I went to get my collected money it was missing. I become quite sad. My
elder brother came and asked the reason for being gloomy. I told him about missing amount. He
comforted me with kind words and helped me in finding the money.
LESSON # 5 A VISIT
SUMMARY
Mr. Ahmed was a school teacher. His class was fond on picnic. Mr. Ahmed`s class felt very happy, when
Their head master granted them permission to visit an important place in school bus one day. Mr. Ahmed
arranged the picnic to an agriculture farm Mr. Hassan the manager of the farm well come the boys at the
gate and showed them around. The boys were very much surprised to see such big farm. It was wheat
harvesting Season and a big machine was working there. It was cutting the crop and making bundles of it.
Thresher was separating grains from the chaff. The boys learnt from Mr. Hassan that ploughing seeding
threshing and other such works are done by machines on the farm. Beside the use of machines they use
chemical fertilizer and provide tube well water to lands whole the year. They spray insecticides in order to
protect the crop from harmful insects and diseases. He told them that they grow wheat maize cotton sugar
canny grams Vegetables oranges and mangoes. On vegetables farm, Boys were surprised to see growing
there such Vegetable which out of season. They were informed that farm management intends to add dairy
to it. They would be invited when dairy started working. Boys were of the view that visit was very
informative for them.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1: Why were Mr. Ahmed’s students excited?
Ans: Mr. Ahmed’s students were excited because the head master had allowed them a day’s outing and
they were to go by bus.
Q2: What surprised the boys when they reached the model farm?
Ans: When the boys reached the model farm, they were surprised to see that farm was so large and
interesting.
Q3: What is the name of machine working in the wheat field?
Ans: The name of machine working in the wheat field is “Combine”.
Q4: What does the thresher do?
Ans A thresher is used for separating the grain from the chaff.
Q5: How are ploughing, seeding and harvesting done on the model form?
Ans: The process of ploughing, seeding and harvesting is done with machine on the model form.
Q6: How much work can one man do on the machine?
Ans: On the machine one man can do the work of hundred men.
Q7: What is the average produce from an ordinary farm?
Ans: The average produce from an ordinary farm is 15 to 20 quintals of wheat per hectare.
Q8: What is the produce per hectare on the model form?
Ans: The produce per hectare on the model form 60 to 70quintals of wheat.
Q9: Why is there a difference in the output of two?
Ans: The difference in the output of two is the due to the use of machine better seeds chemical fertilizer
plenty of water and spray of medicines on the crops.
Q10: What do they do to kill germs and insects?
Ans: They spray insecticides to kill germs and insects.
Q11: What do they grow on the model farm?
Ans: On the model farm they grow wheat maize cotton sugar-cane gram vegetables mangoes and oranges.
Q12: Why were the boys surprised on the vegetables farm?
Ans: On the vegetable farm, the boys were very surprised to such vegetables growing there which were
out of season.
LESSON#6 KING FAISAL

SUMMARY
Shah Faisal of Saudi Arabia was born in 1907, He received religious education from his maternal
grandfather Shaikh Abdullah bin Abdul Latif, He had qualities of heart and head, He started his career as
governor of Hijaz, and then he was appointed foreign Minister and Prime Minister. When his elder brother
fell seriously ill he was chosen as king by the Council in 1964. He like his people and ruled the country in a
very successful manner. He increased the produce of petroleum for development of his country. He
established various factories in his country. He opened schools and hospitals; He brought vast area of desert
under cultivation. As he was true Muslim, so his strong desire was to unite Muslims of the world. He tried
his best to achieve that goal. He was against the state of Israel and helped the Arab countries in their war
against the state of Israel. King Faisal was sincere friend of Pakistan. He always helped Pakistan in
difficulties. He was a killed by his nephew on 25 March 1975. His death was mourned by the entire Muslim
world.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1: When was King Faisal born?
Ans: King Faisal was born in 1907.
Q2: From whom did he receive his religious education?
Ans: He received his religious education from his maternal grandfather, Shaikh Abdullah Bin Abdul Latif.
Q3: When was Faisal made the King?
Ans: Faisal was made the King in 1964.
Q4: How did King Faisal rule Saudi Arabia?
Ans: Faisal ruled Saudi Arabia wisely and justly.
Q5: How did he develop his country?
Ans: He spent a lot of money on the development of his country. New mills and factories were
established. Schools, universities and hospitals were opened and new lands were brought under
cultivation .
Q6: What were the feelings of King Faisal about Pakistan?
Ans: King Faisal was true and sincere friend of people of Pakistan. He gave generous help to Pakistan on
various occasions.
Q7: Why was King Faisal against the state of Israel?
Ans: King Faisal was against the state of Israel because of her enmity towards the Arabs.
Q8: What did Faisal do for the Arabs in their war against Israel?
Ans: King Faisal strengthened Arabs in their war against Israel.
Q9: When did King Faisal die?
Ans: King Faisal died in an assault by his wicked nephew on 25th March, 1974.
Q10: How did the Muslims feel over his death?
Ans: Muslims all over the world mourned over his death. His death was great loss of Muslims World.
LESSON # 7 FROM A RAILWAY CARRIAGE

This poem is written by Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894). He is a Scottish novelist poet and essayist. He
was born in Edinburgh. His formal education was greatly interrupted by illness and was frequently taken for
holidays. He tried to study engineering then law. But in 1873, he decided to embark upon literary career. His
novels Treasure Island and Kidnapped are well known. In another one Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, he showed
how every individual has tendencies to do both good and evil. He really loved children and understood
them. This poem shows his skill as a poet.

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
In this poem poet shares his experience of his first railways journey. He has been amazed by the speed of the
train. He says that speed of train is faster than the speed of fairies and witches. It runs so fast that the bridges
houses rows of thorny plants and ditches pass by in a moment. It goes forward as quickly as army soldiers
attack the enemy in the battle field. The train runs through common grassy lands where horses and cattle are
grazing. All the sights pass as quickly as drop of train follows another drop. Many colorful buildings of
station appear and disappear in a glance due to the speed of train.

The poet sees a child climbing up steeply ground. He moves with difficulty and gathers barriers. He also
sees a homeless person looking at the train with amazement. He sees some ladies making garlands of daisies
in a common grassy village land. In the middle of road there was cart with load. Due to heavy load it was
moving awkwardly. The cart man was sitting on the load. He also sees a river and a floor mill. All these
scenes appeared and disappeared in a very short moment.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT:

STANZA: 1
Faster than fairies, faster than witches……Bridges and houses, hedges and ditches;
And charging along like troops in a battle……. All through the meadows the horses and cattle
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem ''From a Railway Carriage" written by Robert Louis Stevenson.
CONTEXT:
In this poem, the poet shares his experience of a railway journey with us. He describes its speed very
amazingly. He presents natural senses seen from the window of a railway carriage.
EXPLANATION:
The poet says that train runs more quickly than the fairies can fly or the witches can move. When train
advances forward it seems as the soldiers are attacking enemy in a battle field. The train rushes on leaving
bridges, houses, fences and ditches behind. It also leaves behind the green fields where horses and cattle are
grazing.

STANZA: 2
All of the sights of the hill and plain ……Fly as the thick as driving rain
And ever again, in the wink of ail eye ……Painted stations whistle by.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem ''From a Railway Carriage" written by Robert Louis Stevenson.
CONTEXT:
In this poem, the poet shares his experience of a railway journey with us. He describes its speed very
amazingly. He presents natural senses seen from the window of a railway carriage.
EXPLANATION:
Poet says that all the scenes of hill and plain were being crossed by train as quick as one drop of rain follows
another drop in a storm. Again and again in very short moment train was crossing stations with a whistle,
from the window of compartment of train buildings of stations were seemed as painted pictures.

STANZA: 3
Here is a child who clambers and scrambles; ……All by himself and gathering brambles;
Here is a tramp who stands and gazes; …….And there is green for stringing the daisies…

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem ''From a Railway Carriage" written by Robert Louis Stevenson.
CONTEXT:
In this poem, the poet shares his experience of a railway journey with us. He describes its speed very
amazingly. He presents natural senses seen from the window of a railway carriage.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that from the window of the compartment of train he sees a child climbing a steep
ground by himself with difficulty. The child was also gathering black berries during climbing. Poet sees a
homeless person who was looking at the train with amazement. He also sees some ladies in a common
village grassy land; they were making garlands of daisy flowers.

STANZA: 4
Here is a cart run away in the road…… lumping along with man and load;
And here is a mill and there is a river……each a glimpse and gone forever!

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem ''From a Railway Carriage" written by Robert Louis Stevenson.
CONTEXT:
In this poem, the poet shares his experience of a railway journey with us. He describes its speed very
amazingly. He presents natural senses seen from the window of a railway carriage.
EXPLANATION:
Poet says that he sees a cart moving slowly in the middle of a highway it was full of load and a cart driver
was sitting on the top of the load. He sees a water mill and river while travelling in the train. All these
objects appeared and then disappeared so quickly that poet looked at them for very brief time and they can
never be seen again

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1: What does the poet see from a railway carriage?

Ans: From a railway carriage the poet sees many things. He sees bridges, houses, hedges and ditches. He

sees common grassy lands where horses and cattle were grazing. He sees a child climbing a steeply

land and collecting black berries. He also sees a homeless person watching train with amazement. He

sees ladies making garlands of daisies in a field. He also sees a loaded cart, a mill and a river.

Q2: What pleasure does railway journey gives to the poet?

Ans: They railway journey gives the poet pleasure of fast travelling. He also gets pleasure of watching
various natural scenes.
Lesson # 8 DIGNITY OF WORK
SUMMARY
One day Akhtar came late from the school and he was in angry mood. When mother enquired of him, he did
not answer. At the lunch time his uncle Mr. Inayat came to visit them. At the enquiry of his uncle he
explained that, social work week was being observed in his school and his teacher asked him to do inferior
work. Mr. Inayat asked him whether their teacher did any work. He told him that his class teacher swept the
class room and Head Master cleaned the bath room. Mr. Inayat told him that when his teacher had not felt
insulted by doing inferior work, he should not have any cause for grumbling. Then he gave the example of
the Holy Prophet (peace by upon him) who felt pride in doing work with his own blessed hands. He further
told him that his companions were also like him. Hazrat Abu Bakar worked for widows and old neighbors.
Hazrat Omar and Hazrat Ali did labor work. Hazrat Fatima did house hold work with own hands. Caliph
Omar bin Abdul Aziz refused to hire a servant to help his wife. Sultan Nasir-uddin earned his living by
making caps and Emperor Aurangzeb by transcribing Holy Quran. Their uncle also told them that in China
and America, people do not feel shame in doing inferior work. Even high officials do so. After hearing such
things Akhtar also realized his mistake and promised that he would not feel shame in doing work with own
hands.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: Why did Akhtar not answer his mother?

Ans: Akhtar did not answer because he was feeling cross.
Q.2: What did Mr. Inayat tell the children?
Ans: Mr. Inayat told the children many interesting things about his experience, gained by travelling many
parts of the world.
Q.3: What reason did Akhtar gave his uncle for being cross?
Ans: Akhtar told his uncle that in school teacher made him to dust the cupboard and desks.
Q.4: What did the teacher do himself?
Ans: The teacher himself swept the classroom and emptied the dustbin.
Q.5: What did the Holy Prophet (Peace by upon him) love?
Ans: Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) loved doing work for himself and for others with his own hands.
Q.6: Were the companions of Holy Prophet like him?
Ans: The companions of the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) were like him. They also loved doing
work for themselves and for others with their own hands.
Q.7: What did Hazrat Abu Bakar do?
Ans: Hazrat Abu Bakar not only did his own work but also fetched water for widows and neighbors who
were very old and had no one to work for them.
Q.8: What did Hazrat Fatima do?
Ans: Hazrat Fatima fetched water, ground corn and swept the house.
Q.9: How did Sultan Nasir-uddin earn his living?
Ans: Sultan Nasir-uddin earned his living by making caps.
Q.10: What does everyone do in China?
Ans: In China, everyone has to spend some time each year working in the fields or in a factory.
Lesson # 9 A NATION’S STRENGTH

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) is an American essayist, philosopher and poet. He was born in Boston,
USA. He was the son of William Emerson, the minister of the First Unitarian Church of his native Boston.
After completing his education at Harvard University, Emerson himself became a minister in 1829. In 1832,
shortly after the death of his first wife, he resigned his ministry and sailed to Europe. His mind was
disturbed by his personal grief and religious confusion. He went to England in 1847 and lectured in Oxford
and London, where he renewed his friendship with Thomas Carlyle and met other English intellectuals.

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
In this poem the poet tells about the secret of a nation’s greatness. He says that greatness of nation does not
depend upon heaps of wealth or gold. He says that real strength of a nation lives in the men of character.
These men up hold the cause of honor and truth; they remain united and face hardships for long period of
time. Such men are brave, truthful, steadfast, self-respecting and hard working. They do not care about their
personal loss. They sacrifice their personal interest in the larger interest of their nation. They work while
others enjoy a sound sleep. They bear every trial with courage. They dare and remain steadfast while others
run away. They lay the foundation of a nation very deep. Then they take nation to the highest point of glory.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
Not gold, but only men can make…… A people great and strong,
Men who for truth and honor’s sake……. Stand fast and suffer long.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “A Nation’s Strength” written by an American poet Ralph Waldo
Emerson.

CONTEXT: In this poem poet tells that wealth has nothing to do with the strength of a nation. It is only man who
alone can make a nation great and strong.

EXPLANATION: In these lines poet says that wealth cannot make a nation strong and powerful, but only sincere
men can make it strong. Brave and courageous men, who are ready to suffer and who can stand firm for the sake of
truth and honor during the period of hardships.

STANZA: 2
Brave men who work while others sleep……. Who dare while other fly.
They build a nation’s pillars deep…… And lift them to the sky.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “A Nation’s Strength” written by an American poet Ralph Waldo
Emerson.

CONTEXT: In this poem poet tells that wealth has nothing to do with the strength of a nation. It is only man who
alone can make a nation great and strong.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that secret of a nation’s greatness are indeed those heroes who work hard while
others waste their time in enjoying comfortable sleep. They face all challenges of time bravely and
courageously while others run away. Only these brave men can build their nation on fast and sure
foundations of virtue and take it to highest point of greatness and make it very famous in the community of
nations.
Lesson # 10 BEAUTIFUL HANDS

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
Poetess praises the hands of the mother for their spiritual beauty. She says that although these hands are neither good
looking nor small and one can think that they were beautiful ones. She has seen these hands they were the imagination
of an artists. For her, they are still attractive. Further she says for the pleasure of children these hands worked very
hard instead of sorrows and worries. Poetess is sad for these hands because they are growing weak with the pace of
time. The marks of pain and old age are on fore head, heart and hand. She feels that her death is fast approaching and
one day these hands would be buried under the daisies. But she is hopeful that beyond this world of sorrows and sins
lies beautiful and eternal world and her mother’s hands would be victorious there and after death she would get an
opportunity of holding her mother’s hands.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
Such beautiful, beautiful hands…… They’re neither white nor small;
And you, I know, would scarcely think…..That, they were fair at all.
I’ve looked on hands whose form and hue……A sculptor’s dream might be,
Yet are these aged wrinkled hands……….Most beautiful to me.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Beautiful Hands” written by an American poetess Ellen M. H.
Gates.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess praises mother’s hands for their spiritual beauty. According to her mother’s hands are
symbol of love, sacrifice, labor and affection for her children.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess praises mother’s hands for their spiritual beauty. She says that though these hands are
neither fair nor small and one would hardly think that they were beautiful ones. She says that she had seen
the form and color of these hands they were like dream of an artist who makes statues. Though now these
hands are old and full of furrows but they are beautiful for her.

STANZA: 2
Such beautiful, beautiful hands... Though heart were weary and sad.
These patient hands kept toiling on… That children might be glad.
I almost weep when looking back… To child hood’s distant day!
I think how these hands rested not... When mine were at their play.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Beautiful Hands” written by an American poetess Ellen M. H.
Gates.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess praises mother’s hands for their spiritual beauty. According to her mother’s hands are
symbol of love, sacrifice, labor and affection for her children.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess says that when she recalls childhood days these hands worked very hard in order to
make children happy. She says that she almost weeps when she recalls that how these hands rested not when
children used to play. Being gloomy and sad they never stopped working and kept on working.
STANZA: 3
Such beautiful, beautiful hands... They’re growing feeble now,
And time and pain have left their mark… On hand, and heart and brow…
Alas! Alas! The nearing time… And the sad, sad day to me…
When ‘neath the dailies out of sight… These hands must folded be.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Beautiful Hands” written by an American poetess Ellen M. H.
Gates.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess praises mother’s hands for their spiritual beauty. According to her mother’s hands are
symbol of love, sacrifice, labor and affection for her children.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess expresses her sorrow and says that she is very sad to think that day by day these hands
are growing weak and old. The signs of old age are being seen on heart, hand and fore head. She further says
she is sorry to say that sad day is coming nearer in near future the person having these beautiful hands will
pass away from this world and these beautiful hands would be folded and buried in grave under the daisy
flowers.

STANZA: 4
But oh! Beyond the shadowy lands… Where all is bright and fair.
I know full well these dear old hands… Will palms of victory bear;
When crystal streams, through endless years… Flow over golden sands,
And where the old are young again... I’ll clasp my mother’s hands.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Beautiful Hands” written by an American poetess Ellen M. H.
Gates.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess praises mother’s hands for their spiritual beauty. According to her mother’s hands are
symbol of love, sacrifice, labor and affection for her children.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess says that in coming world where things will be just, fair and beautiful. There old
people will become young again. There will flow transparent rivers on golden sand. She is hopeful that there
she will meet her mother and hold her hands in her own hands.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: In first stanza the poetess praises the hands for their spiritual beauty. What words or phrases tell us
that they are not pretty in physical sense?
Ans: The words or phrases which tell us that they are not pretty in physical sense are as under.
(1) They are neither white nor small.
(2) They are scarcely fair at all.
(3) Wrinkled Hands.
Q.2: Why does the poetess praises the hands in second stanza?
Ans: The poetess praises the hands in the second Stanza because they kept on toiling in order to make
children happy.
Q.3: In third stanza what does “these hands must folded be” mean?
Ans: “These hands must folded be” means that after death her mother would be buried in the grave with
folded hands on breast.
Q.4: Who does the poetess praise in the poem?
Ans: The poetess praises the hands of her mother for their spiritual beauty.
Lesson # 11 A VILLAGE FAIR
SUMMARY
Bilal lived in a city and during the summer vacation he decided to go somewhere, because he got tired of the
city life. He decided to pay a visit to his cousin Zubair in the village. It was just by the chance that when
Bilal reached the village annual fair was being held in the village. The village was decorated with buntings
and colorful flags. He found many shops there, where many people were making shopping. There were so
many events there; everyone was enjoying the event according to his taste and age. Children were gathered
around merry–go–rounds and swings. There was a drum competition also. They also saw a dog and bear
fight. They saw a monkey show. A clever monkey was copying an angry husband it also played many other
tricks to amuse the people. The conjurers, jugglers and rope dancers showed their interesting tricks and
people were delighted to see such tricks. Bilal then saw horse races, dog races, tent pegging and such other
sports. There were many other things to see but both friends felt tired and turned home ward.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: Why was village decorated?

Ans: The village was decorated because there was annual village fair.
Q.2: Why was it the best time to visit the village?
Ans: It was the best time to visit the village because the annual village fair was in full swing.
Q.3: What kinds of shops had been setup for the fair?
Ans: All kinds of shops from handkerchief to farming tools had been setup for the fair. Mostly these shops
were temporary.
Q.4: What was the use of these shops for the villagers?
Ans: These shops were very useful for the villagers, because they bought and sold their articles there.
They did their shopping at these shops.
Q.5: What were the different entertainments in the fair for the children?
Ans: The fair provided many entertainments to the children. There was monkey show, shows of conjurer,
jugglers’ acrobats and rope dancers. There were also swings and merry-go-rounds.
Q.6: How did the juggler entertain people?
Ans: The juggler entertained people by juggling with seven balls at a time without dropping any of them.
Q.7: How did conjurer perform his tricks?
Ans: The conjurer took Bilal’s handkerchief tore it into pieces and then he returned it to Bilal undamaged.
Q.8: What is tent pegging?
Ans: Tent pegging is a popular sport. In this wooden pegs are fixed in the ground. Then players who ride
horses make their horse run fast and try to pull pegs with their lances.
Q.9: What made dogs run in the dog race?
Ans: A rabbit made the dogs to run in the dog race.
Q.10: What was the special announcement?
Ans: The special announcement was about the horse race.
Lesson # 12 SPEAK GENTLY

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
Poet advises us to use kind words. He thinks that obedience secured by love is better than that which is
result of fear. He further says that one should win hearts of others by sweet and kind words. Kind words cost
nothing but lead to good results. We should treat little ones kindly. Again we should treat senior citizens
kindly because they may leave us soon. Kind, words though they seem insignificant have a great effect on
the heart of others. The reward of this will be gained during the life after death in the next world.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
Speak gently; it is better far… To rule by love than fear.
Speak gently; let no harsh word mar… The good we may do here.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Speak gently” written by an Anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet asks us to speak in soft and mild tone to all, because kind words go deep into the heart of
listener. The effect of speaking gently is good and long lasting.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that when we speak with others we should use kind words. If we want to rule the
people, we should get their obedience by love. Because obedience secured by love is better than that which
is the result of fear. He further says that we should use mild words and not harsh and unkind words, because
harsh words may spoil our good deeds.

STANZA: 2
Speak gently to the little child…Its love is sure to gain;
Teach it in accent soft and mild…It may not long remain.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Speak gently” written by an Anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet asks us to speak in soft and mild tone to all, because kind words go deep into the heart of
listener. The effect of speaking gently is good and long lasting.
EXPLANATION:
In these line poet says that one should speak to a little child in soft and mild tone, it is certain that he will
love him. If someone is teaching something to him, it might be taught in polite manner and soft accent,
because who knows how long he will remain here.

STANZA: 3
Speak gently to the aged one…Grieve not the careworn heart.
Whose sands of life are nearly run…Let such in peace depart.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Speak gently” written by an Anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet asks us to speak in soft and mild tone to all, because kind words go deep into the heart of
listener. The effect of speaking gently is good and long lasting.
EXPLANATION: In these lines poet says that seniors be spoken in polite manner. One should use kind
words while speaking to them. They are already sad and tired, so they may not be sadden. They have
completed their time here in this world; they are here for very brief time. So they may be allowed to leave
this world in pleasant mood.
STANZA: 4
Speak gently; it’s a little thing… Dropped in the heart’s deep well;
The good, the joy that it may bring… Eternity shall tell.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Speak gently” written by an Anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet asks us to speak in soft and mild tone to all, because kind words go deep into the heart of
listener. The effect of speaking gently is good and long lasting.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that kind words, though they seem insignificant but they have magical effect on
people, because kind words touch the depth of human hearts. The reward of speaking gently will be gained
in the next world.

Lesson # 13 SHOPPING

SUMMARY
Najma and Ajmal were taking their breakfast when their mother informed them that they were going to the
market for shopping. Mother also informed them that it was the beginning of the month and they had run out
of groceries and provisions. They had to go to the market for buying edibles and the items of grocery
because their father had been on a tour.
Mother hired a taxi and they set off for the market. They first went to the mutton market after getting down
from the taxi. Mother told Najma and Ajmal about the difference between beet and mutton. Beef is the meat
of cows while mutton is that of goats and sheep. The butcher at the mutton shop wanted to charge more
price than the price list but mother argued with him and convinced him to sell the special meat according to
the price list. They bought one kilogram of mutton of leg and one kilogram minced meat.
After taking mutton from the mutton market, they went towards the vegetable and fruit market. Mother
bought five kilograms of tomatoes, five kilograms of tomatoes two kilograms of potatoes, one kilogram each
of cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, green peas, two kilograms of spinach and five kilograms of carrots. After
buying the vegetables they went towards a fruit seller. Mother bought ten bananas and one kilogram of
apples from there which Ajmal put in his basket.
After buying the fruits and vegetable, they went to a grocery shop. Here they bought one kilogram of salt, a
quarter of red chilies, a quarter of black pepper and other species. They also bought from there two cartons
of soap flakes, three bars of washing soap, four cakes of toilet soap, a bag of porridge of one kilogram, a jar
of honey, one bottle of tomato sauce and vinegar and two packets of biscuits. The shopkeeper weighed and
wrapped all the items in a large paper bag. Mother told the children that now-a-days instead of polythene
bags the paper bags are being used all over the world. Polythene bags block the sewerage pipes. When the
drains are choked the dirty water spills over.
In the last mother bought two dozens of eggs and one kilogram of dressed chicken from the poultry shop.
Mother also told children that meter is used to measure the cloth. Kilometer is used to measure the distance.
Kilogram is used to measure the weight and liter is used to measure milk. After buying chicken and eggs
from the poultry shop, they returned home. Ajmal and Najma both enjoyed a lot from their shopping in the
market. After returning home the mother ordered Ajmal to polish his and Najma's shoes. She also ordered
Najma to iron the clothes while she herself went to the kitchen for cooking.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: Why did mother ask Najma and Ajmal to go with her shopping?
Ans: Mother asked Najma and Ajmal to go with her for shopping. Because their father was not at home,
he was on tour, and it was beginning of the month. They had run out of groceries and provisions.
Q.2: How much fare did the taxi driver demand?
Ans: The taxi driver demanded twenty-five rupees as fare.
Q.3: What did mother tell the taxi driver?
Ans: Mother told taxi driver that she would pay him fifteen rupees.
Q.4: Where did mother and children go first for shopping?
Ans: Mother and children went to the mutton market first for shopping.
Q.5: What is the difference between beef and mutton?
Ans: Beef is the meat of cows and calves, whereas mutton is that of goats and sheep.
Q.6: What did mother buy at the butcher’s shop?
Ans: Mother bought one kilo of leg and one kilo of minced meat at the butcher’s shop.
Q.7: Where did mother go after making purchases at the butchers?
Ans: After making purchases at butcher’s mother went to the fruit and vegetable market.
Q.8: How did mother buy bananas and apples?
Ans: Mother bought bananas at the rate of fifteen rupees for ten and apples twenty rupees a kilo.
Q.9: What did mother buy last of all?
Ans: Mother bought two dozens of eggs and one kilo of dressed chicken last of all.
Q.10: How far is the market from the house of Najma and Ajmal?
Ans: Market is two kilometers from the house of Najma and Ajmal.
Q.11: What did mother ask the children to do when they had reached back home?
Ans: Mother asked Ajmal to polish his own and Najma’s shoes and Najma to iron the clothes.

Lesson # 14
THE HAND THAT ROCKS THE CRADLE IS THE HAND THAT RULES THE WORLD

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
In this poem poet pays homage to the mothers. He prays to Almighty God and says that: he may bless the
mothers no matter where they are. He may save them from all evils. He further says that child is not wise by
birth but she teaches him lessons of wisdom and high morale in her lap. Kids’ uneasy and impulsive nature
is nursed properly by loving mother. All the prominent personalities are due to the training of mothers.
Mother makes this world heaven on earth. She wipes away all the worries and anxieties from man’s mind
and encourages him to face the problems of life with grace and dignity. So in true sense mother is the person
who is actual ruler of the world.
EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
Blessing on the hand of women! ……Angels guard its strength and grace,
In the palace, cottage, hovel ……Oh, no matter where the place;
Would that never storms assailed it ……Rainbow ever gently curled;
For the hand that rocks the cradle ……Is the hand that rules the world.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand rules the world”
written by William Rose Wallace.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet tries to explain that actual ruler of the world is mother, because she looks after her
children and tries her best to make them important and useful persons in the world.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet prays for the blessings of God for mothers without any distinction of social status or place
where they are living. He says that they may be protected by angels everywhere in the world in king’s
mansion or in poor man’s hut. She may be away from the sorrows and be blessed with peace and prosperity.
As she brings up the child so she is the actual ruler of the world.

STANZA: 2
Infancy’s the tender fountain……Power may with beauty flow,
Mother’s first to guide the streamlets……From them souls un-resting grow.
Grow on for the good and evil……Sunshine streamed or evil hurled;
For the hand that rocks the cradle ……Is the hand that rules the world.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand rules the world”
written by William Rose Wallace.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet tries to explain that actual ruler of the world is mother, because she looks after her
children and tries her best to make them important and useful persons in the world.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that child hood is just like soft fountain from it power and charms flow. If someone
molds it for good it will be good, if someone molds it for evil it will be evil. So that tender fountain in the
presence of mother learns the lessons of goodness and wisdom. The child’s uneasy and impulsive nature is
nursed properly by loving care of mother. All exceptional personalities are due to the careful upbringing of
their mothers. In real sense she is the ruler of the world.

STANZA: 3
Woman, how divine your mission…… Here upon our natal sod!
Keep, oh, keep the young heart open……Always to the breath of God!
All true trophies of the ages……Are from mother’s love impearled;
For the hand that rocks the cradle……Is that hand that rules the world.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand rules the world” written by
William Rose Wallace.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet tries to explain that actual ruler of the world is mother, because she looks after her children and tries
her best to make them important and useful persons in the world.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet addresses the woman and says that her mission was divine mission on the earth. Here the poet
implores the mother to inspire children to the prayer and worship of God, whole heartedly. It is she who molds the
character that wins distinctions in the world. All the rewards won by different persons on different occasions are
always decorated with gems and pearls of mother’s love and affection. In real sense she is the ruler of the world.
STANZA: 4
Blessing on the hand of woman! ……Fathers, sons and daughters cry,
And the sacred song is mingled……With the worship in the sky
Mingles where no tempest darkness…….Rainbows ever more are hurled
For the hand that rocks the cradle……Is the hand that rules the world.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand rules the world”
written by William Rose Wallace.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet tries to explain that actual ruler of the world is mother, because she looks after her
children and tries her best to make them important and useful persons in the world.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that fathers, sons and daughters are praying loudly for the blessings of God on the
hand woman. In those prayers the sacred song sung by angels is mixed with at the sky. That mixes there,
where no evil storm can destroy or worsen and thing. Because she wipes away all the worries and anxieties
from man’s mind and encourages him to face the dangers with grace and dignity. In real sense she is the
ruler of the world.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: Why does the poet compare mothers’ hands to a rainbow?

Ans: Rainbow is a sign of peace. It is also a sign that storm has passed and trouble is over. The poet
compares mother’s hands to a rainbow in the sense the mother’s hands possess all the characteristics
of rainbow. The hands of mother protect children from the storms of pains and suffering. She brings
about peace and prosperity in the lives of children.
Q.2: Describe the role of mother?
Ans: Mother looks after her child with love and care. She brings up child to be man of character and
courage. She guides him to lead the right path. She tells him difference of good and evil.
Q.3: Explain how the poet gives credit for all great achievement of people to mothers?
Ans: The poet gives credit for all great achievements of people to mothers because she looks after them
from infancy and trains them in the best way and then they achieve greatness in the world. All the
great achievements are the result of mothers’ efforts.
Q.4: Why does the poet say that the prayer for mothers mingles with that said in the heavens?
Ans: Prayer for mother is said by all. Even the angles in heaven participate in the prayer said on earth. So
both prayers are mingled with one another, because their aim and object is mine.

Lesson # 15 AN AFRICAN VILLAGE

SUMMARY
Nigeria is the biggest country of West Africa. It is very thickly populated. The people of Nigeria are
farmers. They live in villages in Bush Area. There is dozen to three dozen huts in a village. Those huts are
scattered in bush area, so there are no roads or streets. In past a farmer’s hut had a single room. Now a day a
farmer’s house may have two or more rooms. The walls of these rooms are made of wood and are plastered
with mud. The roof of hut is still made of grass, reeds and palm leaves, some houses are circular in shape
while others may be square or rectangular. The courtyard of the house is center of their activities. Women
work and cook food while children play there. There is no furniture in their houses. They sleep on mats.
They use earthen pots and pans. Now they have started use of utensils made of tin and aluminum. There is
no electricity, so they use logs for heating as well as lighting purpose. They cultivate food as well as cash
crops food crops include plantains, potatoes, ground nuts and pepper. The cash crops consist of oil – palm
and cocoa. There are no cattle in Nigeria, because cattle die because of a wild fly. The result is that they
plough their fields with their own hands. Walk long distance sand carry loads on their heads. However, they
keep a goat for milk and poultry for eggs. With changing time things are changing in Nigeria. As soon as
their villages are connected with roads, they will have cars and buses. They may then see radios, electricity,
schools and hospitals coming to their villages.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: How many independent countries are there in Africa?

Ans: There are more than twenty-five independent countries in Africa.
Q.2: Where is Nigeria?
Ans: Nigeria is in West Africa.
Q.3: What sort of country is it?
Ans: It is mainly an agricultural country.
Q.4: What is the bush area?
Ans: Bush area is made up of scattered trees with heavy under growth in the form of thick bushes and
grass.
Q.5: Where do most Nigerian farmers live?
Ans: Most Nigerian farmers live in huts.
Q.6: What is the roof of a farmer’s hut made of?
Ans: The roof of a farmer’s hut is made of thick layer of straw, grass, reeds or palm – leaves.
Q.7: What is the center of activities?
Ans: The courtyard of the house is center of activities.
Q.8: What are their food crops?
Ans: Their food crops are plantains, potatoes, yams, ground nuts and pepper.
Q.9: What are their cash crops?
Ans: Their cash crops are oil – palm and cocoa trees.
Q.10: Who tends the food crops?
Ans: Women tend the food crops.
Q.11: Who tends the cash crops?
Ans: Men tend the cash crops.
Q.12: What is made from co-cocoa beans?
Ans: Chocolate is made from cocoa beans.

Lesson # 16 KING BRUCE AND THE SPIDER

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
King Robert Bruce was the King of Scotland. He was defeated by Edward I, the king of England. Robert
Bruce ran away from the battle field and took refuge in a cave. He was very sorry over his defeat. He wanted
to win freedom for his country. He had fought for several times but was defeated. He thought over the
matter and decided to give up the struggle. Just at the moment a spider fell down from the roof of the cave.
King began to watch the movement of the spider. The spider tried again and again but could not succeed
every time it fell down. This happened nine times. The king was sure that spider would try it no more. It was
its tenth attempt. This time the spider succeeded and reached its home. The King Bruce learnt a lesson from
the spider. He thought if a spider could succeed why could not he. He collected his army, defeated the
England and got freedom for his country.
EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
King Bruce of Scotland flung himself down……In a lonely mood to think,
Tis true he was monarch and wore a crown......But his heart was beginning to sink.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that King Robert Bruce of Scotland had been defeated in the battle field. Flung
down himself on couch in despair, he was feeling very sad. He began to thing. No doubt he had been
crowned as a king but the pressure of difficulties faced by him made him lose the heart.

STANZA: 2
For he had been trying to do a great deed......To make his people glad;
He had tried and tried, but couldn’t succeed......So became quite sad.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT: In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once
or twice. He should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that King Robert Bruce had been trying to gain freedom for his country. He had
fought many battles but he was defeated. He had been doing his best to make his people happy. Due to
continuous failures he was disappointed.

STANZA: 3
He flung himself down in a low despair…… As grieved as man could be.
And after a while, as he pondered there…… “I’ll give it all up” said he.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that King Robert Bruce threw himself down on couch in disappointment. He was
stricken with grief. He thought over again and again and decided at last to give up the struggle.
STANZA: 4
Now just at the moment a spider dropped……With its silken cob web clue,
And the king in the midst of his thinking stopped……To see what the spider would do.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells just at the moment, when King Bruce was thinking to give up struggle, a spider
fell down with his fine thread cobweb from the roof; the King stopped thinking and began to watch the
movements of the spider.

STANZA: 5
It was a long way up to the ceiling dome …And it hung by a rope so fine.
That how it would get to its cobweb home……King Bruce could not divine.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the distance between the spider and the round roof of cave was great and the
thread of the cobweb was very fine that King Bruce could not fore tell that what would happen and how
would spider reach his home.

STANZA: 6
It soon began to cling and crawl……Straight up with strong endeavor;
But down it came with slippery sprawl……As near to the ground as ever.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that spider once took hold of cobweb thread and began to climb up with difficulty.
It made an effort to go right up to the roof but it slipped and fell down on the earth as close to the ground as
before its climb.
STANZA: 7
Up, up it ran, not a second, could stay …To utter the least complaint,
Till it fell still lower and there it lay……A little dizzy and faint.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that after falling the Spider at once rose from the ground without waiting to
complain and began to climb on. But it fell down again very badly. Its head began to whirl round and lay
there for a while. This time he became dazed and unconscious.

STANZA: 8
Its head grew steady again it went……And travelled a half yard higher,
It was a delicate thread it had to tread……And a road where it feet would tire.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT: In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once
or twice. He should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the spider recovered its senses and climbed half a yard higher than before.
The thread however, was very delicate and there was a constant danger of its breaking down. Therefore, it
was difficult and tires some for the spider to climb.

STANZA: 9
Again it fell and swung below……But again it quickly mounted,
Till up and down, now fast, now slow……Nine brave attempts were counted.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the Spider once again fell down and it was hanging in the air. But without
losing any time it moved up again. Sometimes it went up, sometimes it fell down, sometimes, its progress
was fast, sometimes slow; and in this way, it made nine bold attempts to reach its cobweb.
STANZA: 10
“Sure” cried the King, “that foolish thing……Will strive no more to climb,
When it toils so hard to reach and cling……And tumbles every time”.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the King Bruce said to himself that as spider had fallen for so many times. It
must have found out that it could not reach its destination and would not make a further attempt at climbing,
because in spite of his hard labor and brave efforts it could not succeed.

STANZA: 11
But up the insect went one more ……Ah me! It is an anxious minute
He’s only a foot from his cobweb door! ……Oh, say will he lose or win it?

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT: In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once
or twice. He should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the King was surprised to see that the spider was making another attempt. It
was critical time for the king, he was not certain whether the spider would succeed or fail, although it was
only a foot away from its cobweb.
STANZA: 12
Steadily, steadily, inch by inch ……Higher and higher he got,
And a bold little runs at the very last pinch……Put him into his native cot.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the spider went on gaining ground slowly and surely inch by inch. It covered
the distance and it made an attempt at last moment of extreme difficulty. At last it succeeded in getting into
the cobweb.
STANZA: 13
“Bravo! Bravo!” the King cried out…… “All honor to those who try!
The spider up there defied despair……He conquered, and why should not I”?

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once or twice. He
should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that at the success of the Spider, the King was pleased very much. He appreciated
the efforts of the spider by saying well-done. He said honor and glory falls to the lot of those who are never
discouraged by failures but they try again and again. The spider did not mind disappointment and at last
succeeded in reaching his cobweb. The King said if a spider can succeed by perseverance, there is no reason
why he should fail.

STANZA: 14
And Bruce of Scotland braced his mind……And gossips tell the tale,
That he tried once more as he tried before……And that time did not fail.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “King Bruce and the Spider” written by Eliza Cook.

CONTEXT: In this poem poetess explains that one should not lose his heart if he fails in his struggle once
or twice. He should continue his struggle till success.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that King Robert Bruce resolved to fight against the enemy once more and the
story teller tell that he tried once more and this time he won a brilliant victory over his enemies.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: What lesson did the King learn from the spider?
Ans: King Bruce learnt from the spider that we should not be disappointed on our failure in struggle. We
should try again but not give up hope against odds.
Q.2: Write a short note on King Bruce of Scotland.
Ans: King Robert Bruce was the King of Scotland. He was defeated by Edward I, the king of England.
Robert Bruce ran away from the battle field and took refuge in a cave. He was very sorry over his
defeat. He wanted to win freedom for his country. He had fought for several times but was defeated.
He thought over the matter and decided to give up the struggle. Just at the moment a spider fell down
from the roof of the cave. King began to watch the movement of the spider. The spider tried again
and again but could not succeed every time it fell down. This happened nine times. The king was
sure that spider would try it no more. It was its tenth attempt. This time the spider succeeded and
reached its home. The King Bruce learnt a lesson from the spider. He thought if a spider could
succeed why could not he. He collected his army, defeated the England and got freedom for his
country.
Lesson # 17 THE INHERITORS

SUMMARY
Moazzam and Azam were two brothers. Their father was a farmer. Their mother died when they were very
young. Their father also died leaving behind a cow, a date palm tree and a blanket. Azam the elder brother
was greedy and clever while the Moazzam younger one was simple and trusting. Azam the elder brother
cheated Moazzam by dividing property in a strange manner. He gave the front part of the cow to his brother
and kept rear part for him-self. Likewise he kept the top of the tree for himself and gave the lower part to his
brother Moazzam. Then he chose to keep the blanket during the night hours and gave it to Moazzam during
the day time. Moazzam suffered very much at the hands of his brother. His brother got all the milk and the
dates. His job was to feed the cow and water the tree. At last an old man felt pity for him and gave some
practical suggestions to him. Accordingly, when Azam started milking the cow, he began to beat the front
part of the cow. The cow moved here and there and Azam could not milk it. Seeing changed behavior of
younger brother Azam promised to give him half of the milk. One day when Azam climbed the date-palm
tree for picking dates, Moazzam started cutting the trunk of the tree with an axe. When Azam asked for
reason he replied that he was only cutting his part of the tree. Azam sensing the attitude of his brother also
shared the dates with him. At night when Azam came to sleep under blanket it was wet. Seeing so Azam
suggested that both would share the blanket during the night. This is how Moazzam taught a lesson to his
greedy brother

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: What property did the two brothers inherit from their father?
Ans: The property that two brothers inherited from their father consists of a cow, a date palm tree and a
blanket.
Q.2: What was the suggestion of Azam about the division of the property?
Ans: Azam suggested that they should divide the property verbally.
Q.3: Why did Moazzam agree to the division?
Ans: Moazzam was simple and trusting and he thought that it was fair division.
Q.4: Who fed the cow and who got the milk?
Ans: Moazzam fed the cow and Azam got the milk.
Q.5: Why did Azam not give dates to Moazzam?
Ans: Azam did not give dates to Moazzam because according to agreement upper part of the tree belonged
to him.
Q.6: Was the blanket of any use to Moazzam?
Ans: During the day time it was hot, so the blanket was of no use for Moazzam.
Q.7: What did Moazzam do when Azam was milking the cow?
Ans: When Azam was milking the cow, Moazzam hit the head of cow with a short stick.
Q.8: What did Moazzam do when Azam began to pick the dates?
Ans: When Azam was picking the dates, Moazzam began to cut the trunk of the tree with an axe.
Q.9: What did Moazzam do to the blanket?
Ans: Moazzam made the blanket wet.
Q.10: What did Azam say to Moazzam about blanket?
Ans: Azam promised to share the blanket with Moazzam.
Lesson # 18 CASABIANCA

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
Casablanca was a small boy. He was the son of the commander of the warship. The commander took part in
the battle of Nile. He took his son with him: When the sea battle was going on, he ordered his son to stand
on the deck of the ship. The father was killed inaction. The ship caught fire, every one fled to save the life
but Casablanca stood on the deck. He was obedient and brave so, he could not leave position without the
orders of commander. He was surrounded by the flames but he did not move. He shouted and asked his
father if he might leave the position. But did not receive any reply. He called again and again but there was
no reply. At last the ship was smashed to pieces. Many valuable things were destroyed. But the most
valuable thing among them was Casablanca. He lost his life in order to set an example of courage and
obedience. The death of Casablanca was Noblest but saddest incident of battle of Nile.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
The boy stood on the burning deck …Whence all but he had fled;
The flame that lit the battle’s wreck…… Shone round him o’er the dead.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT:
In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline
through the story of Casablanca.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that Casablanca was standing on the board of the ship which was on fire. He was
standing alone while all others had left the ship. The flames of fire were rising on all sides. These flames
were shining over dead bodies of the soldiers killed in the battle.

STANZA: 2.
Yet beautiful and bright he stood ……As born to rule the storm,
A creature of Heroic blood…… A proud, through child – like form.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT:
In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and discipline
through the story of Casablanca.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the boy stood on the board of the ship in spite of burning flames. He looked
very handsome in the light of these flames. It seemed that he was born to govern over storms. He had
inherited nobility from his fore fathers. Though he was of tender age, he looked brave and proud to carry out
the command of father.
STANZA: 3
The flames rolled on – he would not go……Without his father’s word
That father faint in death below……His voice no longer heard.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess says that flames rushed at Casablanca. But he had resolved not to leave the place
unless his father permitted him. His father was lying dead in the lower part of the ship so his voice could be
heard no more.

STANZA: 4
He called aloud: “Say father! Say……If yet my task is done?”
He knew no that the chieftain lay……Unconscious of his son.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the boy called his father in a loud voice. He asked whether, the duty assigned
to him was complete or not. He did not know that commander of the ship was unaware about the condition
of his son.

STANZA: 5
“Speak father!” Once again he cried…… “If I may yet be gone”!
And but the booming shots replied ……And fast the flames rolled on.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the boy again cried and asked his father if he could go. He wanted to say
more but his voice was drowned in the midst of heavy noise of guns and the flames rushed on very fast.

STANZA: 6
Upon his brow he felt their breath……And in his waving hair,
And looked from that lone post of death …… In still, yet brave despair.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess says that the flames rushed at the boy. He felt their heat on his fore head and in waving
hair. Though he knew that his death was near but he stood quiet and calm. He looked around him from place
of death with bold heart though he was disappointed.
STANZA: 7
And shouted but once more aloud……“My father! Must I stay”?
While o’er him fast, through sail and shroud……The wreathing fires made way.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess says that the boy once again cried out in loud voice. He wanted to know if it was
necessary for him to stay there. Just then the flames rushed through sails and ropes.

STANZA: 8
They wrapt the ship in splendor wild……They caught the flag high,
And streamed above the gallant child ……Like banners in the sky.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casabianca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that the flames surrounded the ship and covered it on all sides. They even reached
the flag which was flying very high. They also surrounded the brave boy like the flag’s shadows in the sky.

STANZA: 9
There came a burst of thunder sound……The boy oh! Where was he?
Ask of the winds that far around……With fragments strewed the sea.
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that suddenly a loud noise was heard there and no one can imagine that where the
body of brave boy was. Only the winds could say which were blowing around the boy that where was he.

STANZA: 10
With mast and helm and pennon fair……That well had borne their part;
But the noblest thing which perished there……Was that young faithful heart!
REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “Casablanca” written by Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
CONTEXT: In the poem poetess conveys the message of bravery, sacrifice, responsibility, patriotism and
discipline through the story of Casablanca.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poetess tells that part played by mast, rudder and the flag flying on mast is praise worthy. But
the noblest thing which died there was the young obedient and disciplined heart, that was Casablanca.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q.1: Write short note on Casablanca?
Ans: Casablanca was the son of a commander of a warship. He was a dutiful and obedient boy. He was
with his father on the battle ship in the battle of Nile. During the course of battle, he was ordered by
the father to take position on the deck of the ship. When enemy intensified the attack the ship caught
fire. All the men left the ship in order to save the life but Casablanca did not move. He called his
father if he might leave the position but did not receive the reply, because his father was killed. The
flames of fire covered the ship and Casablanca died. He sacrificed his life for the sake of his duty;
discipline ad obedience.
Q.2: What do you learn about the battle ship?
Ans: The battle ship was taking part in the battle of Nile. When enemy intensified the attack it caught fire.
The flames of fire were covering every part of the ship. All the men fled to save their life except
Casablanca an obedient and disciplined boy. Finally, the flag of ship which was very high also burnt.
Thus the ship was destroyed. The valuable thing which was destroyed there was Casablanca.

Lesson # 19 THE KHYBER PASS

SUMMARY
Khyber Pass is a famous historical pass. It is fifty kilometers long narrow mountain valley. It is the only
route which connects Pakistan to Afghanistan and other countries beyond it. Many conquerors attacked
South Asia by crossing it. It has also been a famous trade route. Previously camel caravans passed and
carried various articles from sub-continent to Afghanistan and brought back some goods. Now Lorries,
trucks and other means of transport have taken place of camel caravans. Bilal and his friends made a trip to
Khyber Pass in last summer. They started early in the morning by bus. They stopped at Jamrod of obtaining
permit. After covering about thirty Kilometer they reached Landikotal the highest place along the pass.
There they made brief stop and ate Tikkas and Chapli Kababs. After it they covered another twenty
Kilometers distance down wards to Torkham the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. They were
welcomed by the Soldiers guarding the frontiers. The road from Peshawar to Landikotal is very fine but
zigzag. There are very beautiful mountainous sceneries also. They boys enjoyed the journey along the pass
and found it very informative.

Questions and Answers

Q.1: What is the Khyber Pass?
Ans: The Khyber Pass is the narrow mountain valley of about fifty kilometers. It connects Pakistan with
Afghanistan.
Q.2: How long is it?
Ans: It is fifty kilometers long.
Q.3: Where do we go through this pass?
Ans: We go to Afghanistan and other countries beyond it through this pass.
Q.4: When did Aryans cross it?
Ans: Aryans crossed it about four thousand years ago.
Q.5: How many times did Mahmood Ghaznavi cross the Khyber Pass and why?
Ans: Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi crossed the Khyber Pass seventeen times to attack South Asia.
Q.6: Has the Khyber Pass been used as trade route?
Ans: Yes the Khyber Pass has been used as trade route.
Q.7: What did camel caravans carry?
Ans: Camel caravans carried bales of cotton, silk and spices from India and China to Afghanistan and
beyond. They brought mirrors, furs, skins and fruits from there for India and countries to the east.
Q.8: By what have the camel caravans been replaced?
Ans: The Camel caravans have been replaced by trains, Lories and trucks.
Q.9: Who lives in mountains of the Khyber Pass?
Ans: In the mountains of the Khyber Pass live the brave tribesmen of the frontier.
Q.10: Which is the highest place along the Pass?
Ans: The highest place along the pass is Landikotal.

Lesson # 20 THE MINSTREL BOY

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
The poet praises the role of a Musician boy who was patriot in the true sense. Minstrel boy was an Irish
patriot; he was fighting for the freedom of Ireland against England. The boy had two things with him his
father’s sword and a wild harp. No doubt he was an artist but for the freedom of mother land he was in first
rows of army. He says no matter the world betrays Ireland but at least one sword of Minstrel boy is there to
defend it and his harp to praise it. The boy was wounded during the course of war and fell down. Before his
death he tore apart the strings of his harp, so that it may not be touched and played by the impure hands of
enemy. As its music was only for free people so it might not sin in slavery. This shows his love for liberty of
soul and art.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
The minstrel boy to the war is gone……In the ranks of death you will find him,
His father’s sword eh has girded on……And his wild harp slung behind him,
“Land of song!” said the warrior bard…… “Though all the world betrays thee,
One sword at least, thy rights shall guard……One faithful harp shall praise thee!”

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Minstrel Boy” written by Thomas Moore.

CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that it is impossible to bind the soul that is born free.

EXPLANATION: In these lines poet says that musician boy has gone to fight in the war. He will be seen in
the first ranks, where a person faces death. He has put on his father’s sword around his waist and his rustic
harp was hanging behind him. The poet who was writing poetry of war evens wrote that if whole world
betrays the mother land but it is sure that there would be a sword that would protect its rights and there
would be a harp which would play the songs of freedom of homeland.
STANZA: 2
The minstrel fell! But the foeman’s chain……Could not bring his proud soul under;
The harp he loved never spoke again……For he tore its chards as under,
And said “No chains shall sully thee……Thou soul of love and bravery!
They songs were made for the pure and free……They shall never sound in slavery.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Minstrel Boy” written by Thomas Moore.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that it is impossible to bind the soul that is born free.
EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that the musician boy was killed in the war. But his proud soul was not conquered by
the chains of enemy. The enemy defeated him physically but was not able to conquer his soul. His harp
which was very dear to him did not sing more, because when he was wounded he tore its strings. He said to
it that as it was soul of love and boldness so it could not be in a position to sing for enemy. Because it’s
songs were for the pure and free people, not for the tyrant persons. So it’s songs would never be heard in
slavery.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q.1: What lines tell you that boy is brave?
Ans: Following lines tell us that the boy is brave:
 In the ranks of death, you’ll find him.
 One sword, at least, thy rights shall guard.
 But the foeman’s chain could not bring his proud soul under.
Q.2: What words tell you that he was wounded in the battle?
Ans: Following words tell us that he was wounded:
 The minstrel fell but foemen’s chain could not bring his proud soul under.
Q.3: Why did he destroy his harp?
Ans: He destroyed his harp, because he did not want his harp to sing in slavery.

Lesson # 21 HOW TO DO THINGS

SUMMARIES

(A) ARRANGING A PARTY

It was Shahnaz’s birthday. She was very excited because she wanted to celebrate it in a befitting manner.
Qaisera her best friend offered her services to make the party successful. They discussed about the menu and
decided to serve Kababs, Samosas, Sandwiches, Fruit chat, Sweet Meat and Cake along with Tea. They
decorated the drawing room so that it presented a beautiful look. Then they went to kitchen where they made
Fruit chat and Kababs and sandwiches. In the evening the father brought birthday cake that bore the name of
Shahnaz with a wish for happy birthday. They also made arrangement for the amusement of guests.
Accordingly, the planned indoor games such as “The parcel game”, “Treasure hunt” and music chairs. The
guests arrived. They were wearing gaudy dresses. Shahnaz cut the birthdays cake. All the guests offered her
gifts and wishes when tea was over the interesting games started. All of them took part in the games and
enjoyed the fun and laughter. Party came to an end in the evening. Shahnaz was very happy because it was a
very good party and everybody enjoyed it.
(B) MENDING A PUNCTURE
Riding a bicycle is a joy when one is young. But suddenly that joy vanishes when cycle gets punctured. This
emergency should not worry the rider if he is prepared for it. Bicycle is laid on the ground. Kit of mending
puncture is taken out. The kit contains old bicycle tube, small scissors pair, a wrench, sand paper, a color
pencil and sticking solution. Some water in a shallow pot be filled and tire is taken out of rim. After inflating
tube, it may be dipped in water. When punctured part would come under water small bubbles would appear
in this way whole tube must be tested. Punctured space must be marked with color pencil. After deflating
tube be dried. The punctured spot is made rough with sand paper. Then a piece of old tube be taken and
made rough with sand paper. After it sticking solution be applied on tube as well as piece of rubber. The
piece of rubber is put on punctured part of tube. In this way puncture is mended. Mending puncture at cycle
shop is different. A kind of half solid rubber solution is applied on the punctured part of the tube. It is heated
at certain temperature for some time in a press like machine. The solution melts and sticks on the tube so
that both are inseparable. This method is common nowadays.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: Why was the party arranged?
Ans: The party was arranged to celebrate the birthday of Shahnaz.
Q.2: What was menu of the party?
Ans: Items which were included in the menu of the party were Kababs, Samosas, Sand witches, Fruit
Chat, Sweet meat, and cake along with tea.
Q.3: What was written on the cake?
Ans: The name of Shahnaz with a wish for happy birthday was written on the cake.
Q.4: What games were arranged for guests?
Ans: The games arranged for guests were “Passing Parcel” “treasure hunt” and “musical chairs”.
Q.5: Why was Shahnaz happy at the end of the party?
Ans: Shahnaz was happy because it was a good party and everybody had enjoyed it.
Q.6: When is a bicycle ride a joy?
Ans: The bicycle ride is a joy, when one is young.
Q.7: When does this joy vanishes?
Ans: This joy vanishes, when the bicycle someone is riding gets punctured.
Q.8: What does the kit for mending puncture contain?
Ans: The kit for mending puncture contains a wrench, a piece of old cycle tube, a pair of small scissors,
sandpaper, a color pencil and sticking solution.
Q.9: What happens when punctured part of the tube goes under water?
Ans: When the punctured part of the tube goes under water, air bubbles will be seen coming out of the
small hole with hissing sound.
Q.10: What do we use to make tube rough by rubbing?
Ans: We use sand paper to make the tube rough by rubbing.

Lesson # 22 THE USES OF ADVERSITY

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
In this poem explains the hard ships. He says that when the reed bears the hardship of sharpening then it
writes clearly and fluently. In the same way reduced wick of lamp gives shining light. In this way he tries to
make us understand that ups and downs of life and hard ships have their own uses. They provide vast
experience to man and make him bold and fearless. He learns to face any future misfortune with courage and
wisdom.
EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
Fairer is the manuscript ……When the reed is clipped;
Cleaner runs the message, when……There is trimming of the pen.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Uses of Adversity” written by an anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that adversity polishes a person. It makes him a perfect and practical man.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that when a person sharpens and trims pen made of reed it writes clearer and
beautiful. The information sent in such writing is more legible and easy to understand.

STANZA: 2
Dimly burns the lantern, but……When its wick is cut
Perfect will its luster be……Through the wick’s deficiency.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Uses of Adversity” written by an anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that adversity polishes a person. It makes him a perfect and practical man.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that a lamp does not give bright light, but when a person cuts its wick and reduces its
length it starts giving perfect and bright light.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: What is the message of this poem?
Ans: The message of this poem is that troubles make us perfect. Adversity makes a man bold enough to
take up risks and achieve his goal.
Q.2: Give other examples of adversity which you observe in daily life?
Ans: In our daily life we see that when knife or scissor is sharpened it cuts things very well.

Lesson # 23 MAKING A SUMMARY

A summary means to present original passage in precise from. A good summary is one third of the original
passage. It must contain actual facts present in original passage. Five skills are needed to make a good
summary. The first is generalizing. By generalizing we mean that one general word or phrase be given for
long list of words. The second skill is to select main facts which are concerned with the subject of the
passage. Title must be given to the passage. It would be helpful to select facts. Third skill of making a
summary is to give one-word substitute for several words. Fourth one is to change the passage from direct
speech to indirect speech. Quotation must be given intact. Fifth is that we should avoid to give personal
opinion. After observing these skills, we are free to summarize the passage.
Lesson # 24 THERE IS GOOD TIME COMING

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY
In this poem, the poet is assuring the new generation of the better days which are awaiting them. He says
that the time for true happiness is coming when there will be peace on the earth. There shall be no wars; the
people shall hate the war. The period of happiness is near at hand. The poet assures younger generation
again and again that period of happiness is coming soon. He asks them to give their help for bringing peace
in the world.

EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
There’s a good time coming, boys……A good time coming;
We may not live to see the day……But earth shall glisten in the ray,
Of the good time coming.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet addresses the boys and assures them that good time is about to come in near future. We
may not be able to see that good day, but it will be seen by our next generation. The earth will be
brightening by the effect of good time.

STANZA: 2
Cannon balls may add the truth……But thought’s weapon stronger;
We’ll win our battle by its aid……Wait a little longer.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that cannon balls will make the fact clear. In order to achieve the truth, battle no
doubt could be fought, but constructive thoughts are stronger weapon which can make us to win the battle of
truth. So, the good time is about to come, we should wait for a little time.
STANZA: 3
There’s a good time coming, boys……A good time coming,
The pen shall supersede the sword……And right, not might, shall be the lord.
In the good time coming.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that good time is about to come. In those days the pen will take place of sword, only
right things will hold good against power and during that period everyone will enjoy its own rights.

STANZA: 4
Worth not birth, shall rule the mankind……And be acknowledged stronger;
The proper impulse has been given…….Wait a little longer.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that in that period a person will be honored and respected on the basis of individual
merits and not on the heredity basis. This change is in process we have to wait for little time.

STANZA: 5
There’s a good time coming boys…..A good time coming
War in all men’s eyes shall be…….A monster of iniquity
In the good time coming.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that a good time is about to come when mankind will hate the war as the force of
injustice and unfairness. The result will be that there will be peace and prosperity in the world.
STANZA: 6
Nations shall not quarrel then……To prove which is the stronger;
Nor slaughter men for glory’s sake……Wait a little longer.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that when the good time will come there will be no wars and quarrels between nation
of the world for the sake of power and domination and there will be no human killings for the sake of glory.
You have to wait little more.

STANZA: 7
There’s a good time coming, boys…..A good time coming;
Let us aid it all we can………Every woman and every man
The good time coming.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that let us give help to bring about good time in the world. Each one of us should aim
at bringing about good time in the world.

STANZA: 8
Smallest helps, if rightly given……Make the impulse stronger;
It will be strong enough one day…..Wait a little longer.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “There’s a good time coming” written by Charles Mackay.

CONTEXT:
The poet believes that a good time is about to come, when there will be no wars, powerful will not rule the
world and the pen will take place of sword.

Explanation:
In these lines poet says that we should keep in our mind that within our own limited spheres of life, if we
extend sincere co-operation and helps though smallest but with almost devotion, it would matter a lot and
would motivate to those times to come soon. He assures that it will be strong one day when the good time
actually comes in the world.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q.1: Do you agree with the poet that a good time is coming? (Give answer in 50 words)
Ans: Yes, I do agree with the poet that a good time is coming, because I have observed sense of
realization in every nation of the world. For example, even the super powers of the world admit that
war is an evil thing; there must be peace all over the world. Fight against terrorism is the slogan of
the day. People are talking at world forums against the exploitation and evil customs. We hope that
good time will come very soon.
Q.2: What future does the poet promise for us? Does he expect us to make some effort for achieving it?
(Give in answer in about 50 words)
Ans: The poet promises us that in near future there will be peaceful, glorious and happy period. People
will hate war. During that period there will be no wars and conflicts between nations of the world,
they will not fight against one another for power and domination. There would be no human killings
for the sake of false glory. Poet asks us to come forward and extend helping hand to one another. In
this way the good time will come very soon.

Lesson # 25 CUSTOMS OF VARIOUS REGIONS OF PAKISTAN

SUMMARY
Pakistan is a charming country. It is full of sceneries of various kinds. It has different regions of climates
also. These geographical and climatic variations are reflected in the customs of various regions of Pakistan.
Pathans of frontier region are brave and sturdy. They are strong and war like. They have fought against
invader from thousands of years. They are proud of their fire arms. As power of a tribe depends on number
of men so Pathans feel happy over the birth of son. They protect the refugee at the cost their lives. They
show hospitality to their guests. Their favorite food is meat. Punjab has been called heart of Pakistan by
Quaid-e-Azam. It has been seat of learning from thousands of years. Punjabis are religious by nature. Their
fairs are usually connected with the Urs of saints. In village live farmers, they work from morning to night.
In the evening they sit in the chopal make chit chat sing songs and talk about the day to day problems. Their
marriages are colorful, whole village takes part in it. Balochis lead very hard and simple life due to the
extreme weather. They sit and sleep on floor. Water is hard to get. Balochi marriages are also colorful. They
sing and dance on lively beat of drums. Bride groom arranges food for all guests. Food is brought with barat.
Women of Balochistan wear most of jewelry all the time. Civilization of Sindh is one of the oldest
civilizations in the world. The Sindhi people are also religious by nature. Most of their festivals are
religious. People from all over Pakistan come to celebrate the Urs of Shahbaz Qalander and Shah Abdul
Latif Bhitai. Folk songs are sung on Ek Tara at the eve of Urs. Alghoza is also a popular musical instrument
of the area. Sindhi embroidery is famous all over the world. Mirror work is also common in Sindh.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: What sorts of people are the Pathans?

Ans: The Pathans are strong and warlike people.
Q.2: What food do they like?
Ans: They like roasted meat and Chapli Kababs.
Q.3: How does a tribe’s man announce the birth of a son?
Ans: A tribe’s man announces the birth of a son by rifle shots.
Q.4: Why does he announce it?
Ans: He announces it because in tribal society birth of a son is considered blessing for the family.
Q.5: Why is the Punjab called the seat of learning?
Ans: The Punjabis called the seat of learning because a large number of schools, colleges and other
educational institutions are there from ancient times.
Q.6: Which is university that existed in Pakistan about 2500 years ago?
Ans: The Julian University of Taxila existed in Pakistan about 2500 years ago.
Q.7: Where do Punjabi farmers sit in the evening?
Ans: The Punjabi farmers sit in the chopal in the evening.
Q.8: What is the result of extreme weather on the lives of the Balochis?
Ans: The extreme weather makes lives of the Balochis quite difficult. They could not live in mountains in
the extreme cold; they came down from the mountains in winter and go back to their homes in
winter.
Q.9: In Balochi wedding who feasts the guests of both the bride and groom?
Ans: In Balochi wedding the groom feasts his own and bride’s guests. The food is brought along with
Barat.
Q.10: How old is the civilization of valley of Mehran?
Ans: The civilization of valley of Mehran existed 2500 B.C. it means it is 5000 years old.
Q.11: Who are the famous saints of Sindh?
Ans: The famous saints of Sindh are Lal Shahbaz Qalandar and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai.
Q.12: What are the famous crofts of Sindh?
Ans: The famous crafts of Sindh are embroidery and mirror work.

Lesson # 26 THE MAN WHO WINS

SUBSTANCE OR SUMMARY

This poem emphasizes upon the importance of good thoughts and will power. It is written by an anonymous
poet. It is rightly said that man who thinks can win. Conversely, if your thinking is pessimistic and less
practical than it will give negative impression on your deeds. If you want to do something but your thinking
is negative, then you will be left behind in the race of life. Our way of actions, way of efficiency depends on
the thinking. We always find this rule everywhere. According to the poet the germs of a personality are the
power to get rid of any kind of complexes, widening of thoughts and complete faith and self-confidence.
Life is a kind of war. You have to fight every time while you are living your life. A man with strong will and
good thoughts can win over this battle. Strengths of mind and integrity of thoughts are keys of success. "One
can never achieve anything lasting in this world by being irresolute."
EXPLANATION WITH REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

STANZA: 1
If you think you are beaten, you are…….If you think you dare not, you don’t,
If you like to win, but you think you can’t…….It’s almost certain you won’t.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Man Who Wins” written by an anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that we should always cherish good and high thoughts in our mind. Due to strong
will, firm confidence and high determination we will succeed in our lives.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that success or failure is always in our mind. If we think that we are defeated
certainly we will be defeated. If we think that we will not be defeated surely we will not. If we want to win
but we think that we cannot win. It is sure that we will not win, because thoughts are driving source behind
our victory or defeat.

STANZA: 2
If you think you’ll lose you’re lost…….For out in the world we find
Success begins with a fellow’s will…….It’s all in the state of mind.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Man Who Wins” written by an anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that we should always cherish good and high thoughts in our mind. Due to strong
will, firm confidence and high determination we will succeed in our lives.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that a person loses only when he thinks that he will lose. Because in our world we
see that success of a person starts with his will and determination it is the force of thinking that drives us
towards action, because failure or success resides in our mind.

STANZA: 3
If you think you are out classed, you are…….You’ve got to think high to rise,
You’ve got to be sure of you self before…….You can never win a prize.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Man Who Wins” written by an anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that we should always cherish good and high thoughts in our mind. Due to strong
will, firm confidence and high determination we will succeed in our lives.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that if we think that we are not better than others, certainly we will not be better. If
we want to make successes in our lives, we have to think for a rising high. If we want to participate in a
competition, we should have self-confidence. Without self-confidence we can never win a prize.
STANZA: 4
Life’s battles don’t always go…….To the stronger or faster man.
But soon or late the man who wins…….Is the man who thinks he can.

REFERENCE:
These lines have been taken from the poem “The Man Who Wins” written by an anonymous poet.
CONTEXT:
In this poem poet explains that we should always cherish good and high thoughts in our mind. Due to strong
will, firm confidence and high determination we will succeed in our lives.

EXPLANATION:
In these lines poet says that it is not necessary that the decision of life’s battles always go in favor of
stronger or faster man. But sooner or later only that person is crowned with success who has full confidence
in himself. It must have power to think that he can do everything in this world.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.1: Express line 3 and 4 of the first stanza in your own words?
Ans: According to line 3 and 4 of the first stanza everything lies in state of mind if a man thinks that he
will win surely he will win because idea of winning creates confidence in him. If someone thinks that
he will not win certainly he will not because idea of defeat discourages him.
Q.2: Do you agree with the message of this poem?
Ans: Yes, I do agree with the message of this poem because the success of a person depends upon the will
power and confidence.