The document discusses different methods for starting three-phase induction motors, including direct online (DOL), star-delta, and autotransformer starters. DOL starters connect the motor directly to power but can cause high inrush currents. Star-delta starters reduce inrush current by initially connecting the motor in star configuration before switching to delta. Autotransformer starters also reduce inrush current by tapping into the transformer to lower the starting voltage applied to the motor. Soft starters are electronic starters that control voltage to gradually accelerate the motor. Each starting method has advantages and suitable applications depending on the motor size and load.
The document discusses different methods for starting three-phase induction motors, including direct online (DOL), star-delta, and autotransformer starters. DOL starters connect the motor directly to power but can cause high inrush currents. Star-delta starters reduce inrush current by initially connecting the motor in star configuration before switching to delta. Autotransformer starters also reduce inrush current by tapping into the transformer to lower the starting voltage applied to the motor. Soft starters are electronic starters that control voltage to gradually accelerate the motor. Each starting method has advantages and suitable applications depending on the motor size and load.
The document discusses different methods for starting three-phase induction motors, including direct online (DOL), star-delta, and autotransformer starters. DOL starters connect the motor directly to power but can cause high inrush currents. Star-delta starters reduce inrush current by initially connecting the motor in star configuration before switching to delta. Autotransformer starters also reduce inrush current by tapping into the transformer to lower the starting voltage applied to the motor. Soft starters are electronic starters that control voltage to gradually accelerate the motor. Each starting method has advantages and suitable applications depending on the motor size and load.
The document discusses different methods for starting three-phase induction motors, including direct online (DOL), star-delta, and autotransformer starters. DOL starters connect the motor directly to power but can cause high inrush currents. Star-delta starters reduce inrush current by initially connecting the motor in star configuration before switching to delta. Autotransformer starters also reduce inrush current by tapping into the transformer to lower the starting voltage applied to the motor. Soft starters are electronic starters that control voltage to gradually accelerate the motor. Each starting method has advantages and suitable applications depending on the motor size and load.
Starting of three-phase induction Motor • There are several methods of starting induction motors, which include: Direct on-line (DOL) starter In the DOL starter, the motor directly to the main supply line, the motor draws a very high inrush current compared to the full load current of the motor (up to 5-8 times higher). The value of this large current decreases as the motor reaches its rated speed. DOL starter can be used in circumstances when the high inrush current of the motor does not cause an excessive voltage drop in the supply circuit. If a high voltage drop needs to be avoided, a star delta starter should be used instead. DOL starters are commonly used to start small motors, especially 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors. D.O.L If any fault occurs, the auxiliary coil gets de-energized, and hence the starter disconnects the motor from supply mains.
Thermal overload protection is
a type of security when the motor draws over current or excessive current and causes overheating of the equipment.
The DOL starter comprises an MCCB or circuit breaker, contactor
and an overload relay for protection. These two buttons, i.e. Green and Red or start and stop buttons control the contacts. Advantages of DOL Starter The advantages of a DOL starter include: • Simple and most economical starter. • More comfortable to design, operate and control. • Provides nearly full starting torque at starting. • Easy to understand and troubleshoot. • DOL starter connects the supply to the delta winding of the motor. The disadvantages of a DOL starter include: • High starting current (5-8 times of full load current). • DOL Starter causes a significant dip in voltage, hence suitable only for small motors. • DOL Starter reduces the lifespan of the machine. • Mechanically tough. • Unnecessary high starting torque DOL Starter Applications • The applications of DOL starters are primarily motors where a high inrush current does not cause excessive voltage drop in the supply circuit (or where this high voltage drop is acceptable). • Direct on line starters are commonly used to start small water pumps, conveyor belts, fans, and compressors. In the case of an asynchronous motor (such as the 3-phase squirrel-cage motor) the motor will draw a high starting current until it has run up to full speed Star Delta Starter
Circuit Diagram, Working Principle
A star delta starter is the most commonly used method for the starting of a 3 phase induction motor. In star delta starting an induction motor is connected in through a star connection throughout the starting period. Then once the motor reaches the required speed, the motor is connected in through a delta connection. A star delta starter will start a motor with a star connected stator winding. When motor reaches about 80% of its full load speed, it will begin to run in a delta connected stator winding. Star-Delta TPDP SwitchStarter The starter mainly consists of a TPDP switch which stands for Tripple Pole Double Throw switch. This switch changes stator winding from star to delta. During starting condition stator winding is connected in the form of a star. Now we shall see how a star delta starter reduces the starting current of a three- phase induction motor. Pros and Cons Advantages of Star Delta Starter • Inexpensive • No heat is produced, or tap changing device needs to be used, hence efficiency increases. • Starting current reduced to 1/3 of direct online starting current. • Produce high torque per ampere of line current. Disadvantages of Star Delta Starter • Starting torque is reduced to 1/3 of full load torque. • A particular set of motors required. Application of Star Delta Starter • As discussed in the above advantages and disadvantages, a star delta starter is most suited to applications where the required starting current is low and where the line current draw must be at a minimum value. • The star delta starter is not suitable for applications where high starting torque delivery is required. For these applications, a DOL starter should be used instead. • If the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor upto speed before switching over to the delta position. Example application for a star delta starter is a Centrifugal compressor. Autotransformer Starter
An Autotransformer Starter is suitable for both
star and delta connected motors. In this method, the starting current is limited by using a three-phase autotransformer to reduce the initial stator applied voltage. Autotransformer Starter •Ze10 is the equivalent standstill impedance per phase of the motor referred to the stator side •V1 is the supply voltage per phase. When the full voltage V1 per phase is applied to the direct switching, the starting current drawn from the supply is given by the equation shown below:
if tapping of the transformer ratio x is used, then
the voltage per phase across the motor is xV1. Therefore, at the starting, the motor current is given by the equation: Autotransformer Starter
with an autotransformer, the starting current I’stl from the main
supply and the starting torque is reduced to the x2 times to the corresponding values with the direct online starting. advantages of an autotransformer starter The advantages of an autotransformer starter include the following. The inrush current can be restricted by using this transformer The starting voltage adjustment can be done through the choice of an appropriate tap on the transformer. The supply current is less as compared to the motor current The usage of excitation current is less This motor is applicable for large motors, where the motor start through direct connection toward the network cannot be possible. The star-delta also cannot be used for large motors, particularly if they are activated through a significant load. This technique is appropriate for long starting phases. This transformer ratio ranges from 65% to 80% For each ampere of current supply, the highest torque will be there While designing this transformer, less copper is required. Its efficiency is high as compared to the conventional one. Voltage regulation is much better. Disadvantages of autotransformer • The disadvantages of autotransformer starter include the following. • Less power factor • The circuit is fairly complex & involves a comparatively expensive autotransformer. • Because of the big size of the device, the Korndorfer starter cannot be added to an accessible machine if the gap is limited. Applications • The applications of autotransformer include the following. • It is used to reduce voltage starter in induction motor • Used like booster at the finish of long transmission line to pay off for line losses • Used as starting device for particular kinds of fluorescent light fixtures • Autotransformer is used in electrical devices within the testing labs • Used to increase the incoming voltages • Used in AC feeders like boosters to enhance the required voltage level. • This transformer is used in induction & synchronous motors like a part for triggering purposes. • Used to activate squirrel cage & slip-ring induction motors. • Used to interconnect systems that operate in threshold voltages. Soft Starter • Motors often require large amounts of energy when quickly accelerating to full speed. Soft starters and variable frequency drives can both be used to reduce inrush currents and limit torque—protecting your valuable equipment and extending the life of your motor by reducing motor heating caused by frequent starts and stops. • Soft starter is an electronic starter designed to accelerate or de-accelerate the three phase induction motor and to control the voltage applied to the motor during start and stop Starting of Induction Motor • The starting torque is approximately proportional to the square of starting current LRT α I2 • This starting current is proportional to the applied voltage V. • Torque is also approximately proportional to the square of applied voltage LRT α V2 • The induction motor will develop far too much torque when connected directly to the supply. Effects of DOL Starting Function of Starter • Start and stop the motor. • Limit inrush current where necessary • Protect motor and other connected equipment from over voltage, under voltage , single phasing etc. • Permit automatic control when required Construction of Soft Starter Starting Principle of Soft Starter Characteristic of soft starter Feature of Soft Starter Working of Soft Stopping Advatages Disadvantages • Produces harmonic (less than inverter) • Operating speed of motor fixed • Speed regulation is not possible (only starting an stopping) • Acceleration and deacceleration time more depend on load. Some Applications • Vacuum Pump • Centrifugal pump • Compressors • Fans/ Exhaust • Mixers • Conveyers • Properler fans • Escalators • https://www.slideshare.net/sbpatel199688/st arter-of-an-induction-motor
