Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

Chapter No.3 Biodiversity

Biodiversity Importance of biodiversity:

Meaning:-

The term biodiversity has been derived from tow Greek words.

Bios mean life.

Diversity mean variety within a species or among a specie

Definition:-

The different kind of organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms present in different
ecosystems of the world is called biodiversity.

Explanation:-

There are two millions organisms which have been identified. Out of these two millions 1.5 million are
animals and 0.5 million are plants. In Pakistan, there are about 6000 kinds of plants and 23,00,0 types of
animals.

Biologist estimated that today’s global biodiversity may consist of more than 100 million kinds of
organisms. The biodiversity of an area depends on climate; altitude and composition of soils etc.
Tropical regions of the earth have richer biodiversity while Polar Regions have fewer species.

Importance of biodiversity:-

1. Food for human beings:

Biodiversity provides high variety of food for human in the form of different crops, fruits, meat, eggs,
milk, fish and forestry etc.

2. Production of drugs:

Biodiversity plays a vital role in human and animal’s health. A wide variety of plants, animals and fungi
are used as medicine and essential vitamins. Drugs such as streptomycin and Erythromycin are derived
from fungi. Drugs like caffeine, morphine and quinine are produced by other plants.
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

3. Industrial benefits of biodiversity:

Biodiversity plays an important role in the production of industrial materials. Building materials, Building
materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums, rubber and oil are some of the industrial materials derived from the
plants.

4. Relation with ecosystem:

Biodiversity play important role in making and maintaining ecosystem. It is directly involved in recycling
of nutrients and providing fertile soil. Loss of species makes the ecosystem less productive.

Classification of Organisms:-

The arrangement of organisms into group and sub group on the basis of their similarities and differences
is called classification.

Biologist have identified or described about 2 million kinds of organism (0.5 million type of plants & 1.5
million of animals). These are only a small percentage of the total Kinds estimated to live on the earth.

Basis of classification:-

Aristotle Classification:-

He classifies the organisms on the basis of Habitat i-e Air, Water and land.

However, it was not justified as animals in one group may have nothing in common except their habitat.

Example:-

Fish and turtle cannot be placed in one group.

Other Biologists Classification:-

Biologist began to classify organisms on the basis of physical characteristics. Some of the characteristics
given below on which they classify the Organisms.

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell

Unicellular or Multicellular organisms.

Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Organisms.

Modern Classification.

This system of classification is based on the habitat and physical characteristics but also on
genetics, Anatomy, physiology and evolution theory.
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

Aims of classification:-

Classification is the arrangement of organisms on the basis of certain groups these are:

1. To determine the similarities and differences among organisms.

2. It makes easier to study the number of species.

3. To find inter relationship among organisms

4. To provide idea about the sequence of evolution of organism from simple to complex.

5. To name and place the organism in a proper place.

6. To study an organism systematically.

Principles of Classification:-
Biologist follows certain principles for classification. A few of the principles are:

1. Organisms are classified on the basis of their apparent similarities such as color, height, weight etc.

2. Organisms are classified in one group or in closer group if they have more homologous

Structures.

3. The anatomical features and evolutionary history is also considered principle during classification.

4. Genetics and Biochemistry of different organism are also considered as principle for classification

Hierarchy of taxonomy? Discuss various categories of hierarchy.

Ans:-Hierarchy Of Taxonomy:-

Swedish naturalist Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778) proposed a system of different ranks or levels for the
classification of organisms.

The arrangement of different organisms in their respective group called taxa. The taxa form a ladder
called taxonomic hierarchy.

Various categories:-

All organisms are divided into five kingdoms. So kingdom is the largest taxon. On the basis of similarities,
each kingdom is further divided into smaller taxa in the following way.

1) Species:-
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
It is the basic and smallest unit of classification. A species contain similar organisms.

Def:

A group of organisms that can naturally interbreed and produce fertile off springs are known as species.
The members of the species have same number of chromosomes.

Example: Parrdus

2) Genus:-

A genus is a group of related species.

Example: Panthera

3) Family:-

A family is a group of related genera.

Example: felidae

4) Order:-

An order is a group of related families.

Example: Carnivora

5) Class:-

A group of similar order makes up a class.

Example:- Mammalia

6) Phylum:-

it is a group of related classes.

Examle:- Chordata

7) Kingdom:-

The related phyla group together to form kingdom.

Example: Animalia

Each category is called taxon. Members of the lower taxon resemble one another more than the
members of a higher taxon.
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

Write the taxonomies hierarchy of Amoeba, mustard, mushroom. Man and panther?

Ans: Taxonomic hierarchy:

The arrangement of different organisms in their respective group called taxa. The taxa form a ladder
called taxonomic hierarchy.

Taxa Ameoba Mustard Mushroom Man Panther

Kingdom Protista Plantar Fungi Animalia Animalia
Phylum Prolozoa Tracheophyta Mycota Chordate Chordate
Class Sarcodina Ang:ospermae Basidiomycota Mammalian Mammalian
Order Ameobidales Brasicales Agaricales Primates Carnivore
Family Ameobidae Brassicaceae Agaricaceae Hominidae Felidae
Genus Amoeba Brassica Agaricus Homo Panther
Species Amoeba Brassica Agaricuscamp Homo pantherapardus
proteus campestris estris sapiens

History of classification:

1) Aristotle classification:

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist in 4th BC. He classified plants and animals on the basis of
similarities. He listed only few hundred plants and animals.

Plant classification:

Aristotle classified plants into

i) Herb ii)Shrub iii) trees (or) i) Grasses ii) Bushes iii)trees.

B. Animal classification:

Aristotle classified animals into

i) Aquatic animals ii) Terrestrial animals.

2) Abu Usman Umer Al-Jahiz:

Date of Birth:

He was born in Basra in 776 AD.

Contribution:

He described the life system of ants and his own observations on seasonal migration of fishes in river
Tigris.
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

Books:

Al-Jahiz wrote a book Kitab-Al-Hayawan on animals. This book is consist of seven volumes in printed
edition. He described the characteristics of 350 species of animals.

He knew that some insect are responsive to light and he used this information for getting rid of
mosquitoes and files.

In this book he also discusses animal mimicry, communication, physiology, degree of intelligence and
their geographical region etc.

Two kingdom system of classification? Write the reason of its failure.

Ans:- Historical background:-

The two kingdom system of classification was presented by a Swiss scientist Carolus Linnaeus in 1753.
According to two kingdom system of classification all living organisms are classified into:

1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Kingdom Animalia

1). Kingdom Plantae:-

Kingdom Plantae included all green plants, algae, fungi and bacteria.

2). Kingdom Animalia:-

Kingdom animalia included all unicellular and multicellular Animals.

Failure / Limitations:-

Draw backs or Limitation of two kingdom system:-

1). Euglena is placed in kingdom planate. Euglena have plant like character i-e chlorophyll but it have
also animal like characters as well i-e engulf food in darkness and lack cell wall.

This type of Organism should placed in separate kingdom.

2). This system did not clear the difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

3). New discoveries also that Fungi is different from plants. Plants are Autotrophic and fungi are
heterotrophic. Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose but fungi cell wall is made up of chitin.
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Five Kingdom System Of Classification.

According to “Five kingdom system of classification all living organisms are classified into five kingdoms.
In 1968 Robert Whittaker introduced this system. These five kingdoms are.

1). Kingdom Monera:-

Characteristics:-

i. They contain prokaryotic organisms and also known as prokaryotes.

ii. All these organisms are unicellular, microscopic and colonial.
iii. Nuclear membrane and membrane bounded organelles are also absent.
iv. While some organisms are heterotrophic and cannot prepare their own food.
v. Some of organisms are autotrophic and prepare their food by photosynthesis and chemo
synthesis.
vi. their cell is made up of murein ( sugar + amino acid also called peptide glycan)
vii. They are simplest of all living organisms.

Examples:-

Bacteria, blue green Algae (cyanobacteria)

2). Kingdom Protista (Gr: Protista-very first):-

Characteristics:-

i. It includes eukaryotic unicellular and simple multicellular organisms

ii. they are unicellular colonial but they didn’t form tissue.
iii. Usually live in aquatic habitat.
iv. Some contain chlorophyll and prepare their own food and called autotrophies.
v. Some lack chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food and called as heterotrophic.
vi. Some organisms are plant like, some are animal like and some are fungus like.

Examples:-

Plant like –––––––––––––––––––––––> Chlyamodomonas.

Fungus like ––––––––––––––––––––––> Slime molds.

Animal like ––––––––––––––––––––––> Amoeba etc.

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

3). Kingdom fungi:-

Chracteristics:-

i. They are eukaryotic multicellular organisms.

ii. They are heterotrophic because they cannot synthesize their own food.
iii. They live as saprophytes ( get food from dead organic matter )
iv. They also live as parasite ( get food from living cells of the host).
v. The food is stored inside the body in the form of glycogen.
vi. Their cell wall is made from chitin.
vii. They take their food by absorption.

Example:- Bread mold, mushroom, puffballs and yeast etc.

Kingdom Plantae:-

Characteristics:-

i. They include eukaryotic multicellular organisms.

ii. They are autotrophic and can prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
iii. Their cell wall is made of cellulose.
iv. Mostly lack centriols inside their cells.
v. The reserve food is in the form of starch.

Examples:-

Wheat, Pinus, Mango, Mulberry, ferns, etc.

5) Kingdom Animalia:-

Characteristic s:-

i. They Include eukaryotic multicellular animals.

ii. Centriols are present in the cells.
iii. They are heterotrophic in nature.
iv. They have no chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food.
v. Animals ingest food and digest it within their bodies.
vi. This kingdom contains both vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

Example:-

Vertebrates: They have back bone e.g fish, birds, mammalsetc.

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
Invertebrates:- They have no back bone e.g insect , Ant, Jellyfish, worm etc.

Comparison between Two Kingdom And Five Kingdom System Of Classification?

S/No Two Kingdom system Five kingdom system

1 It was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in It was proposed by Robert Whttakar in 1959.
1751
2 Organisms are classified into two Organisms are classified into five Kingdoms.
kingdoms
3 It is based on nutrition and motility It is based on the cell structure, complexity of
body, mode of nutrition and evolution
4 The placement of organisms like Organisms are better placed on the basis of
Euglena, bacteria, fungi in plantae is body cell structure and evolution.
questionable due to certain reasons.

Distinguishing characteristics of the five kingdoms:

Kingdom Cell Type Nuclear Cell wall Mode of Multicellul

Envelope Nutrition arity
Monera Prokaryotic Absent Non-cellulose Autotrophie of Absent
heterotrophic
Potista Eukaryotic Present Present in Photosynthetic Absent in
some forms, or most form
various types heterotrophic,or
combination
Fungi Eukaryotic Present Chitin Absorption Present in all
forms
Plantae Eukaryotic Present Cellulose and Photosynthesis Present in all
other forms
polysaccharide
es
Animalia Eukaryotic Present Absent Ingestion Present in all
forms

Virus:-

Discovery:-

It was discovered by a Russian Biologist Iwanowasky in 1892.

Meaning:-

The Word virus is derived from Latin word “Venome” which mean “Poisonous fluid”.
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

Definition:-

Virus is A cellular (non cellular) Infectious particle contain DNA or RNA in envelope of protein called
capsid.

The study of virus is called virology.

Shapes:-

Rod shape (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

Round or spherical shape ( Polio virus)

Tad pole shape ( Bacteriophage)

Poly hedral shape ( Plant and Animal Virus)

Structure or Nature of virus:-

 Virus are unique particles, they do not considered as living organisms and not included in
classification system.
 They live as parasite in all types of organisms and cause disease in them.
 The use metabolism of the cell in which they live.
 They are not affected by Antibiotics but it can be affected by radiation, high temperature and pH
etc.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIVING AND NON LIVING CHARACTERS OF VIRUS:

Living characteristics:

1. They can reproduce inside the host cell (obligate parasite).

2. They contain nucleic acid either DNA or RNA as hereditary materials.

3. They can grow inside the host cell.

4. They cause diseases in living organisms.

Non-Living characteristics:

1. Viruses cannot live without a host cell and can be crystallized.

2. They can be crystallized outside the host cell.

3. They cannot respire.

4. They cannot excrete.

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE AND ITS RULES? DISCUSS ITS IMPORTANCE.

Ans:- Meaning:-

 Bi meaning two.
 Nominal means names.

Definition:

So binomial nomenclature is the method of giving scientific manes to living organisms.

Introduction:-

 Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) introduced the system of binomial Nomenclature.

 Linnaeus listed about 4000 different species of Animals and plants and gave a concise
description to each of them.

Rules Of Binomial Nomenclature:-

1) According to this system every plant and animal name consisting of two parts (words).

2) The first word is the name of genus while second word is the name of species.

3) The generic (genus) name begins with a capital latter and specific (species) name begins with small
letter.

4) When a scientific name is typed, It is Italicized.

5) When it is hand written, they are separately underlined.

Importance of Binomial Nomenclature:-

A single scientific name is used in the whole world.

It simplifies the study of species.

These names are more definite and precise than common names. Common names have no scientific
basis.

Being generally in latin, they have a universal acceptance by people of all languages.

They indicate the generic and evolutionary relationships of individual plant and animals.

Examples:

English Name Common name Scientific name

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
Rubber Rubber Ficus elastic
Housefly Makkhi Musca domestica

List down the biological Names of some plants and animals.

Ans:- Biological names:-

Botanical names of some plants:-

Local Name English Name Botanical Name

Nilofar Blue water lily Nymphaea lotus
Tambaku Tobacco Nicotianatabacum
Dharek Neem Meliaazedarach
Surajmukhi Sun Flower Helianthus annus
Lehsan Garlic Allium sativum
Phoolmatar Sweet pea Lathyrusodoratus
Sharsham Mustard Brassica Campestris
Rubber Rubber Ficuselastic
Pepal Sacred fig Ficusreligiosa
Banyan Banyan Ficusbengalensis

Q (13): What do you know about conservation of biodiversity? Why conservation of biodiversity is
important?

Ans: Conservation of Biodiversity:-

Definition:-

The use of natural resources such as plants, animals, minerals and water in a wiseful manner is called
conservation of biodiversity.

Explanation:-

Nature has gifted us with natural resources. We need to make wise use of these resources so that their
balanced state will not be disrupted.

Importance:

Conservation of resources is necessary to fulfill the needs for the present generation, as well as for the
future generation.

Q (14): What do you meant by extinct, threatened and endangered species? Write examples with
references to Pakistan?

Ans: Extinct species:

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
A Species that no longer lives in an ecosystem is said to be extinct in that ecosystem.

Extinct Animals in Pakistan:

Asiatic cheetah, tiger, lion, Wild ass, Indian one horn rhinoceros. Swamp deer, black buck and Hangul
etc.

Endangered species:

Specie that is at risk of extinction in near future is called endangered species. In Pakistan 31 species of
mammals, 20 species of birds and 5 species of reptiles are endangered.

Endangered species of plants:

Rafflesia, yaw,chilghozae and sanobar.

Endangered species of animals:

Houbara bustard(talor), Capra falconeri (markhor)

Threatened species:

A species which are likely to become endangered in the near future are called threatened species.

Threatened species of animals:

Fishing Cat, Pallas Cat, Otter, Snow leopard, Brown bear.

Q (15): Write the impact of human being on biodiversity?

Ans: Negative impact of Human being on Biodiversity:

1.Habitat loss and Deforestation:

Habitat loss means destruction of natural habitat of species.

All species have specific food and habitat. Human Population increase day by day, in order to fulfill the
demands of food people are clearing forests and developing agricultural lands and residential colonies.

Deforestation mean cutting down of trees without proper planning is called deforestation.

In Pakistan, forests cover only 2.5% of the land. Pakistan has the highest annual deforestation rate in
Asia. According to a report of WWF, since 1947 more than 151,500 acres of forest land have been
converted to non forest land.

2. Over-hunting:
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
Illegal hunting of animals causes loss biodiversity. Pakistan various lizards, snakes, crocodiles and larger
mammals are hunted for various purposes. Large number of migratory birds is hunter and killed during
their seasonal migration.

3. Introduction of Removal lf species:

When new specie is introduced in an ecosystem. It may prove harmful for the existence of other species
living there.

a) Introduction of species:

Eucalyptus trees were imported to Pakistan from Australia. These trees consume more water and have
disturbed the level of underground water so other smaller plants cannot grow near these trees.

b) Removal of species:

Starfish eats mussels which are harmful to many other species. If starfish is removed form that
ecosystem, the mussels will increase in number and they will harm to other species.

4. Rapid industrialization:

The chemical pollutants released from industries are harmful for species and ecosystem. Pollution is not
recognized as a cause of extinction, but it usually harms species which line in small areas.

Q (16) : Define wild life. Describe the conservation of wild life.

Ans:- Wild life:-

Definition:-

The non-domesticated animals and non-cultivated plant present naturally in an area is called wild life.

Conservation of wild life:-

We should conserve our wild life by controlling the following dangerous issues.

1. Over population

2. Deforestation

3. Over grazing

4. Urbanization etc.

Q (17): List down the endangered species of Pakistan? And what are the reasons behind their
population decrease?

Ans: Endangered Species:

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
Definition:-

The species which are near to extinct is called endangered species.

Endangered species in Pakistan:-

In Pakistan there are :

Mammals = 31 species

Birds = 20 species

Reptiles = 5 species

Examples:-

Some endangered plants species in Pakistan:

Taxusbaccata (yew)

Pinusgeradiana (chilghoza)

Juniperus macropoda (sanobar)

The above plants species have become endangered in Pakistan.

Some endangered animal species in Pakistan:

Capra falconeri (markhor)

Houbarabustard (talor)

Marcopolo sheep

Musk deer

Dolphin

Reason of population decrease:

Habitat loss and deforestation.

Introduction of new species.

Over-Hunting.

Pollution.

Climate change.
Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th

Q (18): Define deforestation? Discuss its causes and effects.

Ans: Deforestation:-

Definition:-The removal or cutting down of forests in an unwise and unplanned manner is called
deforestation (or) The cutting down of trees from land without proper planning is called deforestation.

Causes of deforestation:-

1. Extension of cities requires more land, thus forests are cut to build roads and houses etc.

2 . Over population need more land for agricultural activities thus forest are cut down.

3 . Trees are also removed to develop pastures for grazing.

4. Wood is used both as timber and as fuel wood.

5. Timer mafia cut the trees for easy cash.

Effects of deforestation :-

1. Deforestation leads to soil erosion.

2. Destruction of wild life habitat.

3. Flooding: with rain falls soil drain off into the rivers, which causes flooding.

4. Desertification:- formation of deserts.

5. Reduce source of rain: Deforestation decrease transpiration. This ultimately reduce source of rains.

Q (19) : Write the importance of forests?

Ans:- Importance of forests:

1. Forests are the source of timber and fuel wood.

2. Forest is the natural factories for the production of oxygen.

3. Forest control flood and prevent formation of desert.

4. Forest provide habitat to wildlife.

5. Forest also enhances the aesthetic value of ecosystem and a site for tourist attraction.

6 . Forest keeps the air clean by extracting carbon dioxide from air .
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7 . It provide habitat for some important animals and other organisms.

Q (20) : Explain the conservation issue in Pakistan.

Ans:- Pakistan is facing many problems related to conservation of natural resources, Deforestation and
hunting are most common issues.

 Due to deforestation many valuable species of plants have been lost.

 Similarly due to hunting many animals like. Houbara bustard ( Talor ), marcopolo sheep, Ibex (
wild goat), partridge, and falcons become end angered species.
 The dynamitic explosion and electro fishing has reduced many fish species like shermahi,
mahasher,
 Musk deer are killed for glands which are used for making perfumes.
 The most serious threat faced by Indus river dolphin is the release of heavily polluted water into
the sea, which is causing the blindness of these dolphin.

Major steps for conservation of biodiversity:

Following are a few examples of the steps taken in Pakistan to conserve biodiversity.

1. Conservation of biodiversity of Suleiman range:

Suleiman range chilzghoza forest is the largest chilghoza forest In the world. In 1992 the WWF-P started
its conservation program.

2. Northern areas conservation project:

The northern area of Pakistan serve as a habitat for a number of wildlife species. The survival of these
species in under theat. The NACP is a project of WWF-P which is successful in implementing a ban on the
hunting of these species.

3. Conservation of migratory birds in chitral, NWFP

Chitral lies on the migratory route of several important birdsspecies. The birdsface enormous pressure,
WWP-Pakistan initiated efforts to reduce the hunting pressure in 1992. The efforts proved successful.

4. Conservation of chiltanMarkhor:

Hazarganji national park is located close to Quatta and is the only remaining habitat of chiltanMarkhor
in the country. WWF-Pakistan developed the management plan of the park.

5. Bear baiting in Pakistan:

Biology notes Biodiversity class 9th
Bear baiting is an old game in the subcontinent that came with the Britishers. WWF-Pakistan has been
successful in imposing a ban on this illegal practice. The government of Pakistan played an active role in
putting and ends to this cruel sport.

6. Himalayan wildlife project to check the hunting of brown bears.

7. Indus Dolphin Project to save Indus Dolphin.

8. Protected areas management Project in Machiara in Azad Jammu Kashmir

9. marine turtle conservation Project.

10. Bane on the hunting of markhor and Urail in Balochistan.

11. Himalayan Jungle Project to protect the biodiversity in Himalayan region.

Importance of biodiversity:-

It provides us medicinal plants.

It gives us food.

It is a source of Recreation.

It saves endangered species.

It saves our land from soil erosion.