CE REVIEW NOV 2021

FLUID MECHANICS AND CAPILLARITY HYDROSTATIC FORCES

𝐹 = √𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2
HYDRAULICS FORMULAS 1. Plane Surfaces

Where:F- resultant force

PROPERTIES OF FLUID Pcv-pressure at the center of gravity of
1. Specific Weight the vertical projection of the
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 plane
𝛾= Av- cross sectional area of the vertical
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2. Mass Density projection of the plane
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 V-volume of the liquid above the curved
𝜌= surface
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3. Density Of Gases 1. Capillary Rise 𝐹 = 𝑝𝑐 𝐴
𝑃 4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝛾𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝜌= ℎ= 𝑒=
𝑅𝑇 𝛾𝑑 𝐹 DAMS
Where: P- absolute pressure where: 𝜎-surface tension Where: F- hydrostatic pressure 1. Factor Of Safety Against Sliding
R- Gas constant (for air, R=287 J/kg-K) 𝛽=0 for water pc=pressure at the center of gravity of 𝜇𝑅𝑌
T- Absolute temperature the plane 𝐹𝑆𝑆 =
𝛽=140 for mercury 𝑅𝑋
4. Specific Volume 2. Pressure Inside A Bubble A- cross-sectional area of the plane 2. Factor Of Safety Against
1 8𝜎 e- distance from center of gravity to the Overturning
𝑣= 𝑃= center of pressure
𝜌 𝑑 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛼-angle from the horizontal surface 𝐹𝑆𝑂 =
5. Specific Gravity 3. Pressure Inside A Droplet 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 4𝜎 I-centroidal moment of inertia of the 3. Location Of R
𝑠. 𝑔. = 𝑃= plane
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑 𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
𝑥̅ =
𝑅𝑌
VISCOSITY PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 2. Curved Surfaces 𝐵
𝑒 = − 𝑥̅
1.Dynamic/ Absolute Viscosity,  2
𝜏 4. Foundation Pressure
𝜇=
𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑦  eB/6
Where: -shear stress −𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞= (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵
2. Kinematic Viscosity,   eB/6
𝜇 2𝑅𝑌
= 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ 𝑞=
𝜌  Converting Height Of Liquid 3𝑥̅
𝑠. 𝑔.2 ℎ2
ℎ1 =
𝑠. 𝑔.1 𝐹𝐻 = 𝑝𝑐𝑣 𝐴𝑣
 Absolute Pressure 𝐹𝑉 = 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

CE REVIEW NOV 2021

STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES 2. Vertical Translation ENERGY EQUATION

FLUID FLOW

1. Flow Rate
 Volume Flow Rate
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
 Mass Flow Rate
𝑀 = 𝜌𝑄
𝑎 2. Continuity Equation
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝛾ℎ(1 ± )
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵𝑂 ± 𝐺𝐵𝑂 𝑔  Incompressible Fluid
𝑅𝑀 𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑊(𝑀𝐺𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 3. Inclined Acceleration 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝐼 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 1. Total Energy Flow
𝑀𝐵𝑂 =  Compressible Fluid
𝑉𝐷 𝑝 𝑣2
𝜌1 𝑄1 = 𝜌2 𝑄2 = 𝜌3 𝑄3 𝐸 =𝑧+ +
For rectangular section 𝛾 2𝑔
𝐵2 tan2 𝜃 2. Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
𝑀𝐵𝑂 = (1 + ) 3. Reynold’s Number 𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 = 𝐸2 + 𝐻𝐸 + 𝐻𝐿
12𝐷 2 𝑣𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = Where:
 HA-head or energy delivered to the
BUOYANCY  R2100 Laminar
𝑊 = 𝐵𝐹 water by pump
𝑎ℎ  R>2100 Turbulent
𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝐿𝐼𝑄𝑈𝐼𝐷 𝑉𝑆𝑈𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = HE- head extracted from the turbine
𝑔 ± 𝑎𝑣 HL- head lost
NOTE: Formula is applicable only when 4. Hydraulic Radius 3. Power Generated By Pump Or
there is liquid under the body. If not, ROTATING VESSEL 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅= Turbine
use summation of forces. 𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸
5. Friction Factor Where :Q –flow rate
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM  Laminar Flow E- head added by pump or head
64 extracted by turbine
1. Horizontal Acceleration 𝑓=
𝑅𝑒 4. Efficiency
32𝜇𝐿𝑉 𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇
ℎ𝑓 = ƞ=
𝜌𝑔𝐷 2 𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇
 Turbulent Flow P-PUMP
1 𝜀 2.51 O-OUTPUT
= −2log( + ) T-TURBINE
√𝑓 3.7𝐷ℎ 𝑅√𝑓
𝜔2 𝑥 2 I-INPUT
𝑦=
𝑎 2𝑔
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑑𝑦 𝜔2 𝑥
𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

CE REVIEW NOV 2021

HEADLOSS IN PIPE FLOW MINOR HEAD LOST  CASE 2 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑐𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ

 MAJOR HEADLOSSES 𝑘𝑣 2 3. Orifice At The End Of Pipe
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = , for SI and English PIPE NETWORKS
𝐷2𝑔
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2 1. Pipes In Series
ℎ𝑓 = ,for circular pipes and SI
𝐷5
2. Manning’s Formula
 SI
6.35 𝑛2 𝐿 𝑣 2 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 𝑄1 = 𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐻𝐿 = ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 4. Headloss In the Orifice
𝐷 4/3 𝑄3 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄1
ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑙𝐴 − 𝑒𝑙 𝐵
For circular ℎ3 + ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑙𝐵 − 𝑒𝑙 𝐶
10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2 2. Pipes In Parallel
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷16/3 ORIFICE
 English
𝑣𝑎 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑣𝑡 (cv 1)
2.87 𝑛2 𝐿 𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐴𝑎 = 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑜 (cc 1)
𝐷 4/3 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑄𝑡 (c1) 𝑣2 1
For circular 𝐻𝐿 = ( − 1)
4.65𝑛2 𝐿𝑄 2 2𝑔 𝑐𝑣2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3  ORIFICE WITH CONSTANT HEAD  ORIFICE WITH FALLING HEAD
𝐷16/3 𝐻𝐿 = ℎ1 = ℎ2 = ℎ3 1. Flow Under Atmospheric Pressure ℎ2
𝐴𝑠 𝑑ℎ
𝑡=∫
3. Hazen-Williams Formula ℎ1 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
THREE RESERVOIR PROBLEMS
 SI 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85  CASE 1
ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
𝐶 𝐷 1. Container With Constant Cross
𝑣 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54 Section And With Liquids Of
For circular Different Specific Gravity
𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑐𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ
2𝐴𝑠 (√𝑃𝑖 − √𝑃𝑓 )
 ENGLISH 2. Submerged Orifice 𝑡=
4.72𝐿𝑄1.85 𝐶𝐴𝑂 √2𝑔𝛾
ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87 2. Connected Containers
𝐶 𝐷
𝑣 = 1.318𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54 2𝐴1 𝐴2 (√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 )
For circular 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 𝑡=
(𝐴1 + 𝐴2 )𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔
𝑄 = 0.4322𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54 ℎ1 + ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑙𝐴 − 𝑒𝑙 𝐵
ℎ3 − ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑙𝐵 − 𝑒𝑙 𝐶
PITOT TUBES

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

CE REVIEW NOV 2021

0.075𝐻 𝑄 = 1.4 𝐻 2.5

𝐶 = 0.611 +
𝑃 3. Contracted Rectangular Weirs NOTE: for 𝜃 = 22.5𝑜 − 120𝑜 , C=0.58
 USING FRANCIS FORMULA 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿′𝐻 3/2
Considering velocity of approach: 6. Cipolletti Weir
3
𝑣𝑎2 3/2 𝑣𝑎2 2
𝑄 = 1.84 𝐿((𝐻 + ) −( ) )
2𝑔 2𝑔
Neglecting velocity of approach:
1
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿𝐻 3/2 When 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
4
𝑣 = √2𝑔
𝛾 𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.2𝐻 3
2. Broad Crested Weirs 𝑄 = 1.859 𝐿𝐻 2
𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑣𝑎 = 𝑐𝑡 √2𝑔 7. Submerged Weirs
𝛾
Where :ct-coefficient of pitot tube

2 𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.1𝐻
WEIRS 𝑄 = 𝐶 √2𝑔𝐿𝐻 3/2 0.385
1. Sharp Crested Weirs 3 4. Suppressed Weir 𝑄𝑆 𝐻2 1.5
0.65 = (1 − ( ) )
𝐶= 𝑄 𝐻1
𝐻 0.5
(1 + ) 8. Suttro Weir
𝑃
 FOR SHARP UPSTREAM CORNER

Considering velocity of approach: 𝑄 = 1.84𝐿𝐻 3/2

2 𝑣𝑎2 𝑄= 1.71𝐿𝐻 3/2
𝑄 = 𝐶 √2𝑔𝐿((𝐻 + )3/2 5. Triangular Weir
3 2𝑔 𝑄 = 𝐶KH√2𝑔
3  FOR WELL-ROUNDED
𝐾 = 𝑥 √𝑦
𝑣𝑎2 2 UPSTREAM CORNER
−( ) )
2𝑔 UNSTEADY FLOW WEIR
Neglecting velocity of approach: 𝐻1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
2 𝑡=∫
𝑄 = 𝐶 √2𝑔𝐿𝐻 3/2 8 𝜃
𝑄 = 𝐶 √2𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐻 2.5 𝐻2 𝑄𝑜
3 15 2
𝑄 = 1.67𝐿𝐻 3/2 When 𝜃 = 90

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

CE REVIEW NOV 2021

MOST EFFICIENT SECTION ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW

UNIFORM FLOW (OPEN CHANNEL) 1. Rectangular Section  SECTION FACTOR, Z

1. Chezy’s Formula 𝐴
𝑍 = 𝐴√
𝑣 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆 𝐵
 FROUDE NUMBER
2. Kutter’s Formula 𝑣
𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝐹=
a. METRIC 2. Trapezoidal Section √𝑔𝑑
1 0.00155
23 + +
𝐶= 𝑛 𝑆 Note: Critical flow is unstable and often NON UNIFORM FLOW
𝑛 0.00155 sets up standing waves between super
1+ (23 + )
√𝑅 𝑆 and subcritical flow. When the actual
b. ENGLISH water depth is below critical depth it is
1.811 0.00281 called supercritical because it is in a
41.65 + 𝑛 +
𝐶= 𝑆
𝑛 0.00281 𝑥 = 2𝑦 higher energy state. Likewise actual
1+ (41.65 + ) depth above critical depth is called
√𝑅 𝑆 𝜃 = 30𝑜
subcritical because it is in a lower
3. Manning’s Formula 3. Triangular Section energy state.
a. METRIC 1. Specific Energy
1 2 1 𝑣2
𝑣 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2 𝐸= +𝑑
𝑛 2𝑔 ℎ1
2. Critical Depth Equation 𝑆𝑂 =
𝐿
b. ENGLISH 𝑄 2 𝐴3 ℎ2
1.486 2 1 = 𝑆=
𝑣= 𝑅3𝑆 2 𝑔 𝐵 𝐿
𝑛 𝜃 = 90𝑜 𝑉22 𝑉12
3. Critical Velocity (2𝑔 + 𝑑2 ) − (2𝑔 + 𝑑1 )
4. Semi-circular Section
4. Bazin’s Formula 𝑔𝐴 𝐿=
𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆
𝑣=√
a. METRIC 𝐵 Where L –length of reach
87  Take mean values from pts 1 and 2
𝐶= 𝑚
1+  AVERAGE DEPTH 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
√𝑅 𝑉𝑚 =
𝐴 2
b. ENGLISH 𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝑉𝐸 𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
157.6 5. Max Discharge For Circular 𝐵 𝑅𝑚 =
𝐶= 2
𝑚 Channel 1 2/3 1
1+  HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH/ 𝑣𝑚 = 𝑅𝑚 𝑆 2
√𝑅 ℎ = 0.938𝐷 𝑛
6. Max Velocity For Circular Channel HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R
ℎ = 0.81𝐷 𝐴
𝑅=
𝑃

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

CE REVIEW NOV 2021

HYDRAULIC JUMP 2. Length Of Pipe Subject To Peak 𝑄𝛾

𝛴𝐹𝑋 = (𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑣)
Pressure 𝑔
𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝛾 5. Force Acting On A Reducer
𝑥=𝐿− 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = (𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0)
2 𝑔
3. Time For Pressure Wave To Travel
From A To B And Back 3. Force Acting On Curved Plates In
2𝐿
𝑇= Motion
𝐶 a. 𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑋 − 𝑉1𝑋 )
4. Pressure b. 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑋 − 𝑉1𝑋 )
a. 𝑈 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
GENERAL EQUATION FOR NON 𝑝 = 𝜌𝐶∆𝑉
b. 𝑉2𝑥 = 𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑉2
RECTANGULAR CHANNELS c. 𝑉2𝑌 = 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑄2 1 1 HYDRODYNAMICS FLOW AROUND IMMERSED BODIES
𝐴1 ℎ1 − 𝐴2 ℎ2 = ( − ) d. 𝑉1𝑋 = 𝑉1
1. Force Acting On Flat Plate 1. Drag Force
𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1 e. 𝑉1𝑌 = 0
𝑉22 𝑉12 f. 𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑋 − 𝑉1𝑋 ) 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐶𝐷
𝐻𝐿 = ( + 𝑑2 ) − ( + 𝑑1 ) 𝐹𝐷 =
2𝑔 2𝑔 g. 𝛴𝐹𝑌 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑌 − 𝑉1𝑌 ) 2
24
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐶𝐷 =
WATER HAMMER 4. Curved Plates In Motion 𝑅

2. Drag Force On Sphere

𝑄𝛾𝑣 𝐹𝐷 = 3𝜇𝑉𝑑
𝐹= = 𝜌𝑄𝑣
𝑔
3. Lift Force
NOTE: If v 20
𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐶𝐿
𝑣 = 𝑣1 ± 𝑣2 𝐹𝐿 =
+𝑣2 ← 2
−𝑣2 → 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐶𝐿 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑄𝛾𝑣 4. Terminal Velocity Of Sphere
𝐹= a. 𝑈 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑊 = 𝐵𝐹 + 𝐷𝐹
𝑔 4
1. Celerity 2. Forced Acting On Fixed Curved b. 𝑉2𝑥 = 𝑉2 − 𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑊 = 𝑟 3 𝛾𝑤 + 3𝜇𝑉𝑑
a. FOR RIGID PIPES Vane c. 𝑉2𝑌 = 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3
d. 𝑉1𝑋 = 𝑉1
𝐸𝐵
𝐶=√ e. 𝑉1𝑌 = 0
𝜌 f. 𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑋 − 𝑉1𝑋 )
b. FOR NON RIGID PIPES g. 𝛴𝐹𝑌 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑌 − 𝑉1𝑌 )
𝐸𝐵
𝐶=√
𝐸 𝑑
𝜌(1 + 𝐵 )
𝐸𝑡

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN