NEET-Biology

CHAPTER - 02
ANIMAL KINGDOM - NON-CHORDATA

♦ In our earth the number of species that are known and described range between 1.7 - 1.8
million
♦ Over a million species of them are Animals ie, approximately 1.2 million
♦ All these animal species are classified into different categories, based on some criteria
♦ The classification also helps in assigning a systematic position to newly described species.
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
♦ Based on the differences in structure and form of different animals they can be classified into
many categories on the basis of some criteria. They are :
A) PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF NOTOCHORD
♦ Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod like structure formed on the dorsal side of the body
of embryo in some animals.
♦ It lying between nerve cord and alimentary canal of embryo ie, ventral to nerve cord but dorsal
to alimentary canal.
♦ Animals without notochord are called Non-chordata and those animals with notochord are
called Chordata.
♦ Non chordates are again classified into 10 different phylums : Such as ;
PHYLUM : PORIFERA, COELENTERATA [CNIDARIA], CTENOPHORA, PLATYHELMINTHES,
ASCHELMINTHES, ANNELIDA, ARTHROPODA, MOLLUSCA, ECHINODERMATA
AND HEMICHORDATA
B) LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
♦ Though all members of Animalia are multicellular Eukaryotic and Heterotrophic animals.
♦ All of them do not exhibit the same pattern of organization of cells. So it classified into four
types.
1. Cellular Level of Organisation
♦ Here body is formed by the organisation of structurally and functionally different types of cells.
They do not together formed as tissues.
♦ Some division of labour occur among the cells.
Eg. Sponges (Poriferans)
2. Tissue Grade of Organisation
♦ Here body is formed with structurally and functionally similar type of cells organised to form
as Tissues. But tissues do not together form as organs.
Eg. Coelenterata [Cnidaria] and Ctenophora
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3. Organ Level
♦ In this, similar type of tissues organised to form as an organ.
Eg. Platyhelminthes
♦ Flame cells / protonephridia are the firstly formed organ in flatworms for excretion and
osmoregulation.
♦ But some flatworms posses an organ system level of organisation.
4. Organ system Level
♦ Here body contains several organs and they associated to form functional systems, each
system concerned with a specific physiological function.
Eg. Platyhelminthes → Chordata
♦ Most animal species exhibit organ system level of organisation.
C) TYPE OF SYMMETRY
♦ Symmetry is the arrangement / distribution of organs or body parts around the central axis of
the body of an organism. It is of mainly two types.
i) Asymmetry : Here body of organism do not have a specific pattern of arrangement. So any
plane that passes through the central axis of body it does not divide them into equal halves.
♦ It found in most Sponges and adult Gastropod Molluscans.
ii) Symmetry : Here body has a specific / regular pattern of arrangement. But it is of different
types.
1. Radial Symmetry
♦ Here body parts are equally distributed around the central axis. Hence, when any plane passing
through the central axis of body of organism it can divides into two identical halves.
♦ It found in Cnidarians, Ctenophores [Biradial] and Adult Echinoderms [Pentamerous
radial system]

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2. Bilateral Symmetry
♦ Here body parts are equally distributed on lateral sides of central axis of the body. So body
can be divisible two identical halves only through a single longitudinal plane of central axis.
Eg. Platyhelminthes → Chordata
Larva of Echinoderms, Sycon (Scypha)
♦ Most animal species exhibit Bilateral symmetry

D) NUMBER OF GERM LAYERS

♦ Germ layers are the embryonic cell layers formed around the embryonic gut at the
‘GASTRULA’ stage of an embryo.
♦ Various organs and organ systems are derived from these germ layers. Based on the number
of germ layers animals are classified into two types.
1. Diploblastic Animals
♦ Cells are arranged as two embryonic layers such as an outer Ectoderm and an inner
Endoderm.
♦ An undifferentiated layer present between these two germ layers are called MESOGLEA.
Eg. Sponges, Cnidaria and Ctenophora

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2. Triploblastic Animals
♦ These animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer ie, MESODERM
formed between ectoderm and endoderm.
Eg. Platyhelminthes Chordata

♦ Most animal species are Triploblastic in nature.

E) NATURE OF COELOM
♦ Coelom is a mesodermally lined cavity formed between body wall and gut wall in some
animals. Most of the internal body organs present in this coelom.
i) Acoelom
♦ Here coelom is absent, between body wall and gut wall. Such animals are called
Acoelomates.
Eg. Platyhelminthes, Sponges, Cnidaria and Ctenophora

ii) Pseudocoelom [False coelom]

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♦ In this type, a body cavity present, but it is not lined with mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm
is present as scattered pouches between Ectoderm and Endoderm
♦ It appearing like that of coelom but not considered as a true coelom.
♦ Such animals are termed as Pseudocoelomates
Eg. Aschelminthes (Round worms)

iii) Eucoelom [Coelom]

♦ Here a true coelom present between ectoderm and endoderm. Such animals are coelomates.
Eg. Annelida → Chordata
a

♦ Coelomates are again classified into two types based on the origin of coelom.
1. Schizocoelomates

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♦ Here a true coelom formed by the splitting of mesoderm / coelom formed from mesodermal
clefts.
Eg. Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca
2. Enterocoelomates
♦ Here coelom formed from the archenteron of embryonic gut.
♦ It found in Echinodermata, Hemichordates & Chordates
Schizocoelom and Protostome

Enterocoelom and Deuterostome

♦ Most of the triploblastic animals are Schizocoelomates.

F) SEGMENTATION
♦ It is the serial repetition of body organs in some animals externally or internally.
♦ Metamerism is the most common type of segmentation in animals. Such segments are
called Metameres.
♦ These metamerism are of three types.
i) No metamerism : Here body of animals do not divisible into any segments. Hence such
animals have an unsegmented body.
Eg. Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Ashelminthes, Mollusca,
Echinodermata and Hemichordata

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ii) Pseudometamerism : In some animals body is formed with metamere like segments. But
they are not considered as true metameres. It found in Taenia solium
iii) True Metamerism : Here body is formed with repeated structures. It found in :
1. Annelids → External and internal metamerism
2. Arthropods → External segmentation
3. Chordates → Internal segments (somites)
G) TYPE OF BODY PLAN : It is of 3 types.
1. Cell Aggregate Body Plan
♦ In this, body of organisms are formed by the loose aggregation of a group of cells only.
♦ It found in Sponges.
2. Blind Sac Body Plan
♦ Here body is like that of a sac with only a single opening at one region that considered as
both mouth and Anus.
Eg. Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes
3. Tube within a Tube Body Plan
♦ Body is like that of a tube another tubular alimentary canal present in it with two separate
openings such as Mouth and Anus.
Eg. Aschelminthes → Chordata
a
H) TYPE OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Incomplete Digestive System
♦ Here an alimentary canal formed with a single opening.
Eg. Some flatworms.
2. Complete Digestive System
♦ Alimentary canal formed with separate mouth and Anus; between these two openings other
structures are also present.
♦ It found in Aschelminthes → Chordata
a
♦ Based on the origin of mouth and Anus in alimentary canal animals are classified into two
types.
1. Protostomes : Here blastopore of embryo is firstly developed into mouth and anus formed
finally. Eg. Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca
♦ Most of the triploblastic animals are Protostomes.
2. Deuterostomes : Blastopore of embryo firstly developed into Anus, But mouth formed
finally.
Eg. Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata.

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I) TYPES OF CIRCULATION
1. Open Type : A dorsal heart pumps colourless blood directly into the open cavity called sinuses
/ Lacunae
♦ Closed blood vessels are absent in it, only a dorsal / Anterior aorta is present.
♦ Blood flows slowly with low pressure and low velocity
♦ It takes long time to complete their circulation
♦ Here blood flow cannot be regulated
♦ Internal organs bathed in blood
♦ Blood have a direct contact with the cells
♦ Respiratory pigments absent in it, so blood do not transport respiratory gases.
Eg. Some Annelids like Leeches [Haemocoelic circulation]
All Arthropods and Hemichordates
Most Molluscs and some Urochordates
2. Closed C.S
♦ Here coloured blood flows through closed blood vessels like arteries, veins capillaries etc.
♦ Blood flows forcefully with high pressure and high velocity
♦ So it takes little time to complete their circulation
♦ Blood flow can be regulated
♦ Internal organs not bathed in blood, so blood do not have a direct contact with the cells.
♦ Respiratory pigment present that transport respiratory gases.
Eg. Most Annelids, Cephalopod Molluscs and Most of the Chordates
Other criteria for the classification of animals are :
i) Mode of Nutrition
ii) Type of food eating
iii) Mode of Habitat
iv) Type of Digestion
v) Type of Respiration
vi) Type of excretion
vii) Type of sex
viii) Type of Reproduction
ix) Mode of production
x) Type of fertilization

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xi) Type of Development

xii) Nature of regulation of body temperature
xiii) Type of metamorphosis
xiv) Type of endoskeleton etc.
PHYLUM : PORIFERA [Sponges]
♦ Study of sponges called ‘PARAZOOLOGY’
♦ These are the most primitive multicellular animals evolved from Protozoans.
♦ Proterospongia is a connecting link between protozoa to sponges.
♦ Mostly marine but some are freshwater. eg. Spongilla
♦ All of them are sessile / sedentary and leaded solitary / colonial mode of life.
♦ Exhibit cellular level of organisation, Diploblastic condition, Acoelomates, No metamerism
and cell aggregate body plan.
♦ Mostly Asymmetrical except Sycon / Scypha. It has Radial symmetry.
♦ Body has minute pores called Ostia / Inlets hence they named as pore bearing animals.
♦ Ostia opens into a central paragastric cavity called spongocoel
♦ Spongocoel opens to exterior through a single opening called Osculum (outlet)
♦ Its most diagnostic feature is the presence of water canal system.
♦ Path of canal system is OSTIA → SPONGOCOEL → OSCULUM → OUTSIDE
♦ It helps for food gathering, Respiratory exchange, Reproduction and Removal of
nitrogenous wastes.
♦ Walls of spongocoel and canals are internally lined with specialised flagellated cells called
COLLAR CELLS / Choanocytes.
♦ That layer is called Choanoderm.
♦ It creates a water current for the entry of water into it and helps for partial digestion of
food.
♦ Sponges exhibit Intracellular digestion only
♦ Body wall is externally lined with PINACOCYTES that layer is called Pinacoderm.
♦ A gelatinous non-cellular layer present between Choanoderm and Pinacoderm,
MESENCHYME / Mesohyl
♦ Mesenchyme / Mesohyl contains specialised cells called Amoebocytes. For eg. Thesocytes
(store food), Trophocytes (Nurse cells), Archaeocytes (Totipotent), Collencytes (Spongin
fibres), Sclerocytes (spicules), Myocytes, Gland cells (Slimy substance), Phagocytes etc.
♦ Body is supported by a skeleton made up of SPICULES and SPONGIN FIBRES

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♦ Spicules are of two types.

i) Calcareous spicules (CaCO3)
ii) Silicious spicules (SiO2)
♦ Sponges have great power of regeneration.
♦ These are Hermaphrodites / Monoecious / Bisexual.
♦ Exhibit Asexual and sexual reproduction
♦ Asexually reproduced by Fragmentation and Budding.
i) External budding → Gemmation
ii) Internal budding → Gemmulation
♦ Fertilization is internal, development is indirect with larval forms → Parenchymula,
Amphiblastula
Eg.Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (F W sponge), Euspongia (Bath sponge), Euplectella (Venus
flower basket), Leucosolenia (simple / Ascon sponge), Hyalonema (Glass rope sponge)
Cliona (Boring sponge)
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A SIMPLE SPONGE (Leucosolenia)

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PHYLUM : COELENTERATA [CNIDARIA]

♦ Study of Cnidaria is “CNIDOLOGY”
♦ Exhibit Tissue level of organisation, Radial symmetry, Acoelom, Diploblastic condition, No
metamerism and Blind sac body plan with a single opening mouth on Hypostome.
♦ Mostly marine but some are Fresh water (Hydra)
♦ Mostly sessile (Sea anemone) but some are free swimming (Aurelia).
♦ Exhibit solitary or colonial mode of life.
♦ Body has a central gastrovascular cavity or COELENTERON opens out through a single
opening on Hypostome.
♦ Most diagnostic feature is the presence of poisonous stinging cells on Body wall and
Tentacles called Cnidoblasts or Cnidocytes, hence the phylum is named as Cnidaria.
♦ Cnidocytes contain a poison filled (Hypnotoxin) stinging capsule or Nematocysts.
♦ Cnidoblasts helps for Anchorage, Defence and for the Capture of prey.
♦ Two different body forms are present such as Polyp and Medusa.
♦ Polyps are sessile, cylindrical and with an upwardly directed mouth. Eg. Adamsia
♦ Medusa are umbrella shaped, free swimming and downwardly directed mouth. Eg. Aurelia
♦ Some are showing polymorphism, ie, different body forms living together as a colony.
Eg. Obelia, Physalia
♦ Each individuals in that colony are called zooids that exhibit Division of Labour.
♦ Those cnidarians which exists in both body forms exhibit Alternation of Generation
[Metagenesis] ie, polyp produce Medusa asexually while medusa forms polyp
sexually. Eg. Obelia
♦ Some cnidarians have a skeleton composed Calcium Carbonate, called corals. Eg.
Meandrina
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♦ Digestion is both Intracellular and Extracellular

♦ A primitive nerve network is present on body wall formed with apolar / non-polar neurons.
♦ Hermaphrodites / Monoecious.
♦ Asexual reproduction by budding (Hydra) and sexual reproduction by gamete
formation.
♦ Fertilization is external, development is indirect with Planula larva.
Eg. Physalia (Portuguese man of war), Hydra, Adamsia (sea anemone), Pennatula (sea
pen), Gorgonia (sea fan), Obelia (sea fur), Aurelia (Jelly fish), Meandrina (Brain coral)
Fungia (Mushroom coral), Madrepora (stag horn coral)

PHYLUM : CTENOPHORA
♦ These are commonly known as Sea Walnuts, or Combjellies / Seagooseberries.
♦ Exhibit Tissue grade, Radial symmetry [Biradial] Diploblastic, Acoelom, No metamerism
and Blind sac body plan.
♦ Mesoglea contains specialised cells. [Amoebocytes]
♦ Both intra and extracellular digestion.
♦ Hermaphrodites, External fertilization and Indirect development with CYDIPPID larva.
 Cnidoblasts absent in this phylum [Acnidaria]
 Exclusively marine
 Statocysts is a balancing organ present on the ventral side of body.

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 Ctenophores exhibit Bioluminiscence

 Exhibit sexual reproduction only
 Body bears eight external rows of ciliated plates called “COMBPLATES” which helps in
Locomotion.
♦ Two tentacles bears specialised adhesive cells called Lasso cells / Colloblast for food
capturing.
Examples : Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana, Beroe, Cestum, Hormiphora, etc.

PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES
♦ It commonly called as Flatworms, because their body is dorsoventrally flattened.
♦ These are Ist group of animals with Organ or organ system level of organisation, Bilateral
symmetry, Triploblastic condition and Acoelom.
♦ Exhibit blind sac body plan with incomplete digestive system and no metamerism
♦ Most of them are endoparasitic worms in man and other animals, but some are free living.
eg. Planaria.
♦ These are Digenetic endoparasites, because they completed their life cycle within 2 different
hosts. ie, primary host and an Intermediate host
♦ It cause diseases to primary host.
♦ Hooks and suckers are present in parasitic forms.
♦ Some of them absorb nutrients from host directly through their body surface. eg. Tapeworm
♦ Some have high power of regeneration. eg. Planaria

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 Specialised cells called Flame cells / Protonephridia / Solenocytes helps in

Osmoregulation and Excretion.
♦ It have a Ladder like Nervous system with two nerve cords.
♦ Mostly Monoecious but some are Dioecious. Eg. Schistosoma
♦ Male Schistosoma has a Gynaecophoric canal female present in it.
♦ Asexual reproduction through fragmentation, regeneration, binary fission etc.
♦ SR is also present with internal fertilization
♦ Development is Indirect through many larval forms.
♦ It classified into 3 different classes
Class : TURBELLARIA (Free living flat worm) Class : TREMATODA (Flukes)
Eg. Planaria Eg. Fasciola (Liver fluke)
Schistosoma (Blood fluke)
♦ Schistosoma cause schistosomiasis in man
♦ Primary host of Fasciola → Sheep / Goat
Intermediate host is → Pond snail (Planorbis, Limnaea)
♦ It cause a disease to sheep → Fascioliasis / Liver rott disease
♦ Larval form of fasciola are ;
Miracidium → Sporocyst → Redia → Cercaria → Metacercaria
♦ Fasciola infects its primary host in the form of METACERCARIA larva but it enters into the
body of snail in the form of MIRACIDIUM larva.
♦ Class : CESTODA [Tapeworms]
eg. Taenia solium [Pork tapeworm]
Taenia saginata [Beef tape worm]
Echinococcus [Dog tapeworm]
♦ Tania causes Taeniasis / Cysticercosis in man. Its primary host is man but intermediate
host is Pig.
♦ Its larval forms are :
ONCHOSPHERE → HEXACANTH → CYSTICERCUS → BLADDER WORM
♦ It infects man through uncooked measley pork in the form of Cysticercus larva.

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♦ Tape worm enters into the body of pig in the form of onchosphere larva

PHYLUM : ASCHELMINTHES [Nemathelminthes]

♦ These are commonly called as Round worms / Thread worms / Bag worms / Nematode
worms.
♦ Body is circular in cross section hence the name round worms.
♦ They may be free living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasites in plants and animals
♦ Most of them are Monogenetic endoparasites except Wuchereria and Trichinella.
♦ It exhibit organ system level of organisation, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic condition and
no metamerism.
♦ Its most Diagnostic feature is Pseudocoelom.
 These are the first group of animals have Tube within a tube body plan and
protostomous condition.
♦ Alimentary canal is complete with well developed muscular pharynx.
 An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through excretory
pore.
♦ Respiratory and circulatory systems absent
♦ Epidermis of body wall is Syncitial which secrete a resistant cuticle, which keeping their
body wall in slimy condition.
♦ Body wall is supported with longitudinal muscles below the epidermis, it helps for their
movement.
♦ Rennette cells / H-shaped cells are also helps for excretion.
♦ Mostly Ammonotelics
♦ Sensory organs like Papillae [Gustatory and Tactile], Amphids [Chemoreceptor and
Gustation], Phasmids [Glandulosensory organ] etc. are present.

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♦ Sexes are separate [Dioecious / Gonochorites / unisexual]

♦ Exhibit sexual dimorphism; often females are slightly longer than males.
♦ Sexual reproduction only, fertilization is internal and development may be Direct or Indirect.
♦ Mostly oviparous but some are viviparous (Wuchereria and Trichina worm)
♦ Endoparasitic round worms cause diseases to its host.
Examples :
1. Ascaris [Human Round Worm]
→ Present in small intestine of man
→ Cause diseases to man - ASCARIASIS
→ Larva is Rhabditiform
2. Wuchereria [Filarial worm]
→ Digenetic, viviparous endoparasite
→ Primary host is Man → It cause a disease to man → Filariasis / Elephantiasis
→ Intermediate host → Female culex mosquito
→ Its larva is Microfilariae
3. Ancylostoma [Hook worm]
→ Sanguivorous worm
→ Host is Man, it cause Ancylostomiasis.
→ Filariform larva is present
4. Enterobius [Pinworm / Seat worm]
→ Found in Large intestine of man.
→ Cause diseases to man - Enterobiasis / Oxyuriasis.

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PHYLUM : ANNELIDA
♦ These are commonly called Segmented worms or Ringed worms.
♦ Their body is formed with numerous segments or metameres or little rings called Annulus.
Hence the phylum is named as Annelida.
♦ Most of them are free living, Aquatic [Marine and Fresh water], Terrestrial and some are
Ectoparasites [Leech]
♦ They exhibit Organ system level, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblasty, True metamerism, Tube
within a Tube body plan and Protostomous condition.
♦ First group of animals with a True coelom [Schizocoelom] and closed circulation
with Red coloured blood due to Haemoglobin in plasma
♦ Body wall is Dermomuscular in nature.
♦ Body wall is formed with Epidermis, outer circular and inner longitudinal muscles, which
helps in Locomotion.
♦ Aquatic annelids like Neries possess lateral appendages called Parapodia that helps for
Swimming and Respiration.
♦ Respiration through moist skin, cuticle, parapodia, gills etc.
♦ Nephridia / Nephridium helps in Excretion and Osmoregulation.
♦ Locomotory organs are setae, muscles, parapodia, coelomic fluid etc.

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♦ Nervous system formed with ;

1. Paired Ganglia connected by lateral nerves
2. Double, ventral, solid, ganglionated Nerve cords.
♦ Sensory organs are Tactile receptors, Chemoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Statocysts
etc.
♦ Mostly monoecious [Earthworm and Leech] but some are Dioecious. Eg. Nereis
♦ Exhibit sexual reproduction only
♦ Fertilization is external, development is direct and Indirect with Trochophore larva
♦ Annelida is classified into 3 classes.
Class : POLYCHAETA Class : OLIGOCHAETA
→ Aquatic Annelids 1. PHERETIMA [Indian Earthworm]
eg. NEREIS [Sand worm] 2. LUMBRICUS
→ Trochophore larva present 3. TUBIFEX [Blood worm]
CHAETOPTERUS [Paddle worm]
APHRODITE [Sea mouse]
ARENICOLA [Hag worm]
Class : HIRUDINEA
HIRUDINARIA [Blood sucking leech]
→ Sanguivorous ectoparasite. Haemocoelic circulation
→ Fertilization is Internal
→ Hirudin - Anticoagulant present in Leech

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PHYLUM : ARTHROPODA
♦ It is the largest phylum under animal kingdom which includes Insects.
♦ It contributes over 2/3rd of all named animal species on earth.
♦ Mostly terrestrial but some are aquatic (crustacea)
♦ Exhibit Organ system level, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic condition, Schizocoelom, External
segmentation, Tube within a tube body plan and Protostomous condition.
♦ Body is covered with Chitinous (Chitin → N-acetyl glucosamine) exoskeleton.
♦ Cephalisation is present
♦ During growth they periodically removes their exoskeleton as skin cast. It is called Moulting
/ Ecdysis.
♦ Body is divisible into Head, Thorax and Abdomen. In some arthropods Head fused with
thorax to form as Cephalothorax. Eg. Prawn.
♦ Body is formed with many jointed appendages hence the phylum is named as Arthropoda.
♦ Insects have different types of mouth parts based on their feeding adaptation. For eg.
Cockroach - Biting and Chewing type
House fly - Sponging type mouth parts
Mosquito - Piercing and Sucking type
Honey bee - Chewing and Lapping type
Butter fly - Siphoning type
♦ Respiratory organs are Trachea [Insects], Gills [Prawn], Book lungs [Spider], Book Gills
[Limulus] etc.
♦ Circulatory system is of open type with an open cavity called Haemocoel, Haemolymph
(Blood) and a Dorsal heart.
♦ Excretion takes place through Malpighian tubules [Insects, Centipede, Millipede etc.] Coxal
glands (spider), Green / Antennal glands (Prawn).
♦ Neural System formed with paired ganglia and Double, Ventral, solid, ganglionated
nerve cord.
♦ Sense organs are ; A pair of compound eyes for mosaic vision, A pair of Antennae, A
pair of simple eyes, Statocyst or balancing organ etc.
♦ These are the first group of animals with an Endocrine system.
♦ They are mostly Dioecious / Gonochorites.
♦ Exhibit sexual reproduction, usually internal fertilization, Development is Direct / Indirect
and Mostly oviparous except Scorpion (Ovoviviparous)
♦ Phylum Arthropoda is classified into seven different classes.

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Class : INSECTA
Eg. Economically important insects
1. APIS [Honey bee] → Provide Wax and Honey
2. BOMBYX [Silk worm] → Silk
3. LACCIFER [Lac insect] → Shellacc
Vectors :
1. Anopheles female mosquito
It spread Malaria
2. Female Culex Mosquito
It spreading Filariasis / Elephantiasis
3. Aedes
Transmit Yellow fever / Dengue fever and Chikunguinea
4. Locusta (Locust)
It is a polyphagous gregareous pest
5. Lepisma (Silver fish)
Class : ARACHNIDA
Eg. ARANAEUS [Spider]
BUTHUS [Scorpion]
Class : CRUSTACEA
Eg. PENAEUS [Marine prawn], PALAEMON [Fresh water Prawn], EUPARAGUS [Hermit
crab], CANCER [Crab]
Class : MEROSTOMATA
LIMULUS [King Crab] : It is a living fossil
Class : DIPLOPODA
Eg. JULUS [Millipede]
Class : CHILOPODA
Eg. SCOLOPENDRA [Centipede]
Class : ONYCHOPHORA
Eg. PERIPATUS [Walking worm]

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♦ PERIPATUS is a connecting link between Annelida and Arthropoda.

PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA
♦ It is the second largest phylum under animal kingdom
♦ These are soft unsegmented bodied animals hence the phylum is named as Mollusca.
♦ Most of them have a Calcareous shell covering their body. Hence they named as shelled
organisms.
♦ Study of Molluscans called “MALACOLOGY”
♦ Study of their shell is called “CONCHOLOGY”
♦ Mostly Aquatic [Marine and Fresh water] but some are Terrestrial [Land snail]
♦ Exhibit organ system level, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblasty, Schizocoelom, No metamerism,
Tube within a tube body plan and Protostomes
♦ Body is divisible into Head, muscular foot and visceral hump. [Visceral mass]
♦ Anterior head bears stalked eyes and sensory tentacles
♦ Muscular foot helps for Locomotion.
♦ Mouth bears a file like Rasping organ called “RADULA” for feeding.
♦ A soft, spongy glandular layer of skin covering the visceral hump is called Mantle / Pallium.
It secrete calcareous shell.
♦ Space between Mantle and Visceral hump called Mantle cavity / Pallial cavity.
♦ Certain feather like gills present in mantle cavity called CTENIDIA
♦ It helps for Respiration and Excretion

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♦ Mostly an open circulation present

♦ Cephalopod molluscans exhibit closed circulation, with a blue coloured blood due to
the presence of a copper containing pigment called Haemocyanin.
♦ Excretory organs are one or two pairs of sac like kidneys / organs of Bojanus / Keber’s
organ.
♦ Mostly Ammonotelics but some are Uricotelics. Eg. Land Snail
♦ Nervous system comprises paired cerebral, pleural, pedal and visceral ganglia joined by the
nerve connectives and commissures.
♦ Sense organs are stalked eyes, statocysts, sensory tentacles and osphradium for
testing chemical and physical nature of surrounding water.
♦ Exhibit SR only, External fertilization, Indirect development with Veliger, Trochophore and
Glochidium larva.
♦ Mostly Dioecious but some are Monoecious.
♦ Mostly oviparous in nature
♦ Phylum Mollusca is subdivided into six classes
Class : MONOPLACOPHORA
Eg. NEOPILINA - Living fossil and connecting link between Annelida to Mollusca.
Class : AMPHINEURA
Eg. CHAETOPLEURA [Chiton]
Class : SCAPHOPODA
Eg. DENTALIUM [Tusk shell / Tooth shell]
Class : GASTROPODA
♦ Early embryo is symmetrical but during development body twists showing Torsion. So that
the body becomes Asymmetrical.
Eg. PILA [Apple snail], APLYSIA [sea hare]
Class : PELECYPODA [Bivalvia]
Eg. UNIO [Fresh water mussel]. TEREDO [Ship worm], PINCTADA [Pearl oyster] - Pearl
producing layer between shell and Mantle is called Mother of Pearl / Nacreous layer.

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Class : CEPHALOPODA
Eg. SEPIA [Cuttle fish]. LOLIGO [Squid], OCTOPUS [Devil fish]

PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA
♦ These are spiny skinned bodied animals hence the phylum is named as Echinodermata.
♦ Exclusively Marine and Benthoic [Deep sea] in nature
♦ Most of them are free swimming except Antedon.
♦ Exhibit organ system level, Triploblasty, No metamerism and tube within a tube body plan.

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♦ Larvae exhibit Bilateral symmetry, but adults show Radial symmetry [Pentamerous radial]
♦ These are the first group of animals with Enterocoelom and Deuterostomous condition.
♦ Digestive system is complete with mouth on the ventral / lower side and Anus on the upper /
dorsal side.
♦ Its most diagnostic feature is the presence of a Water vascular system / Ambulacral
system with terminal projections called Tube feet.
♦ It helps for Locomotion, Capture and Transport of food and Respiration.
♦ Excretory system is absent
♦ Head and Brain are absent
♦ They respiring through Tube feet (star fish) Dermal Branchiae (star fish), Respiratory tree
(sea cucumber).
♦ Excretion through general body surface, with the help of Amoebocytes / Coelomocytes.
Most of them are Ammonotelics.
♦ Calcareous ossicles as endoskeleton, so the phylum is named as Echinodermata.
♦ A perforated plate called MADREPORITE is present in Ambulacral system, the pores of the
madreporite allow water into the system.
♦ Water vascular system is coelomic in origin.
♦ Nervous system formed with Nerve ring and Radial nerve cords, so sense organs are
poorly developed. Such as Tactile organs, chemoreceptors, terminal tentacles etc.
♦ Sexes are separate, SR, External fertilization and Development is Indirect with free swimming
larva.
♦ Some showing well marked power of Regeneration.
♦ In between the spines certain Pincer like Pedicellariae present that helps to clean the body
from debris and minute organisms.
♦ Echinodermata is further divisible into five classes.
Class : ASTEROIDEA Class : OPHIUROIDEA
Eg. ASTERIAS [Star fish] Eg. OPHIURA [Brittle star]
ASTROPECTEN Larva is Ophioplutens
Its Larval forms are Brachiolaria and Biplunaria
Class : ECHINOIDEA
Eg. ECHINUS [Sea urchin]
♦ Biting and chewing apparatus with teeth called Aristotle’s lantern is present.
♦ Larval forms are Pluteus and Echinopluteus

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Class : HOLOTHUROIDEA
♦ Oral end has mouth surrounded by tentacles.
♦ Larval forms are Auricularia and Doliolaria.
Eg. HOLOTHURIA and CUCUMARIA [Sea cucumber]
♦ They show EVISCERATION, is a defence mechanism.
Class : CRINOIDEA
♦ Doliolaria is the larva.
♦ Body has a central disc which is attached to the substratum.
Eg. ANTEDON [Sea lilly / Feather star]

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PHYLUM : HEMICHORDATA
♦ Previously it considered as a subphylum under chordata.
♦ It is considered as connecting link between Nonchordata to Chordata.
♦ Exclusively Marine and Benthic group of animals
♦ Exhibit organ system level, Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic, Enterocoelom, No metamerism,
Tube within a tube body plan and Deuterostomes.
♦ Body is soft, elongated worm like and it is divisible into Anterior Proboscis, Middle Collar
and Posterior Trunk.
♦ A hollow outgrowth arises from the roof of buccal cavity called Buccal diverticulum /
Stomochord. It present in the collar region
♦ It is a rudimentary structure similar to Notochord.
♦ Dorsally opened pharyngeal gills for respiration.
♦ A dorsal nerve ganglia is present.
♦ Circulatory system is of open type with Dorsal heart.
♦ Proboscis gland / Glomerulus acts as their excretory organs.
♦ Sensory cells of epidermis acts as sensory organs.
♦ Sexes are separate, SR only, external fertilization and Indirect development with TORNARIA
larva.
Eg. Balanoglossus [Acorn worm / Tongue worm]
Sacchoglossus

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