Table A-01 - Conversion Factors from the Foot-Pound— Length Area Volume Weight Force Boe Pee Pee Second System to S.I. and Metric Units in. = 2.54 cm = 25.4 mm ft. = 304.8 mm = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m mile 1,609.344 m = 1.609 344 km in.? = 645.16 mm2 = 6.4516 cm2 £t.2 = 0.092 903 m2 in.3 = 16,387.064 mm3 = 16.387 064 cm3 ft.3 = 0.028 316 8 m3 gallon = 3.785 liters = 0.003 785 m3 liter = 1,000 cm3 = 0.001 m3 quart = 0.908 liter kg = 2.2046 1b lb = 0.4536 kg = 448 222 N short ton = 2, * 1b = 907.20 kg long ton = 2,2 = 1,016.05 kg metric ton = 2,204.6 1b = 1,000 kg kg force = 9.806 65 N kg mass = 9.806 65 N 1b mass = 0.453 592 4 kg massPressure or Stress L Ree Mass per Unit™ 1 Inertia 1 Bending Moment or Torque ‘1 il 1 Prefixes Most 103 kilo x 1 Pascal = 106 Mega M 109 Giga G lb/in.? = 6,894.757 N/m2 = 0.070 31 kg/cm? kip/ft.2 = 47.880 257 kN/m2 kg/m2 = 9.806 65 N/m2 kg/cm2 = 98.066 5 kN/m2 [Volume lb/£t.3 = 157.087 616 N/m3 = 16.018 45 kg/m3 kip/£t.3 = 157.087 616 kN/m3 . g/cm3 = 62.4279 1b/ft.3 9.807 kN/m3 in.4 = 41.623 14 cm4 ft.4 = 0.008 360 97 m4 cmt = 1 x 1078 m4 mm4 = 1 x 10-12 4 in.-1b = 0.0152 kgsm = 0.112 985 Nem ft.-1b = 0.138 255 kg.m = 1.355 818 Nem ft.-kip = 1.355 818 kN.m Often Used with S.I. Units Pa 1 N/m2 1 kilo Pascal-= 1 KPa = 103 N/m2 1 Mega Pascal = 1 wpa = 106 N/m2 1 Giga Pascal = 1 gpa = 109 N/m2FORMULAS OF PLANE TRIGONOMETRY 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. sin2a + cos2a ese2a - cot2a cos (-A) cot (-A) csc (-A) sin (A + sin (A - cos (A + cos (A - tan (A + tan (A - cot (A + cot (A - sin 2A = cos 2A = = 2. sec2a - tan2a = 1 =l 4. sin (-A) = - sina = cosA 6. tan (-A) = - tana = - cota 8. sec (-A) = sec A = - cscA B) = sinAcosB + cos AsinB B) = sinAcosB - cos AsinB B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB B) = tan A + tanB 1 - tanAtanB tanA - tanB ee 1 + tanA tanB B) = cotAcotB -1 cotB + cota B) = cot A cotB +1 cot B - cotA 2sinAcosA cos2a ~ sin2a 1 - 2sin2a tan 2A = —=-——— cot 2A = 2cotaAFORMULAS OF HYPERBOLIC TRIGONOMETRY 1. cosh2u - sinh2u = 1 2. sech2u + tanh2u = 1 3. csch2u - coth2u = -1 4. sinh (-u) = -sinhu 5. cosh (-u) = coshu 6. tanh (-u) =-tanhu 7. coth (-u) = -cothu 8. sech (-u) = sechu 9. cesch (-u) = - cschu 10. sinh (u + v) = sinhucoshv + cosh usinhv 11. sinh (u - v) = sinhucoshv - coshusinhv 12. cosh (u + v) = coshucoshv + sinhusinhv 13. cosh (u - v) = coshucoshv - sinhusinhv 14. sinh 2u = 2sinhucoshu 15. cosh 2u = cosh2u + sinh2u 16. sinh (iu) = isinu (i = NTT) 17. cosh (iu) = cosu 18. sinus u+ 2s + ~ we, 19. coshu=1+¥2, ut, v6, 2! a é! FORMULAS FOR DIFFERENTIATION In the following formulas, u, v, and w denote functions of x; a, b, and c are arbitrary constants, and e is a constant equal to the base of the natural logarithms, whose value is given by the formula lim = (1 +4)? = e=, © z) = 2.71828 18285... I. Derivatives of Algebraic Functions 1. 92=0 7, 92-1 ax ax 3. Stutvew) = 4 Vy GW ax 9 = Y= dx — ax — ax d (ev) = cv 4. a v) Sa (uy) = uf¥ + vO 2 yy (de duy Le av 5 oa dc RM ax ii we cM axl Milas)It. = a (uvw) = uv dw 4 dx ax = uvw(b. 98 4 Lb ui ax A (u see = axe? un) a. 2 (xm) = nxt ax 3 d n-1 du 9. =~ (ur) = — a )=nu = au vo. (ND) = 2H * 2au du dv Vine = ee le ax dx v2 : 1 du i2. a ax 2 ov 13. - v va. GY _ dy.du [y is a function of u, and dx ~ du ax u is a function of x] i. oy 21 i ax ae {x is a function of y] dy Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 16. 4 (sinu) = cosudt dx dx 4 = eleintae 17. an (cosu) = - sin Wax 4 (tanu) = 2y ou 18. ake ) = sec2u F 19. 4 (cotu) = - csc2y a dx dx 20. (secu) = secutan ud? dx dx 4 =- ce 21. (ese u) escu cotu gy dxIII. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions du 4 (arésin wu) ax fis is Arcsinu © 3 —\Arcsin u) = = - 22. (ar oar i “4 (arecos u) = — 0u/dx__f gy < arccosu < 1 23a = = l1-u 2a. 4 (arctanu) = S48 ¢_ ® ¢ protana < %y ax 1 + u2 2 25. & (are cot uy = ~ 8% 9 ¢ arccotuc ae 1 + u2 : Qa 26. 2 (aresecu) = S242 [06 -arcsecu~ x ax wAfu2 ~ 1 we 27. 4 (Arcesc u) = — —4u/ax__ [-E< Arccse » < ere ax uvu2 - 1 z IV. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions du 28. = (loggu) = logae mae [a=a positive du constant } 29. 4 (inu) = & ax u au 30. 2 (logy u) = Me se [M = logyge = 0.43429] Vv. Derivatives of Exponential Functions A (at) = atin ad 31. ax ) ax 32 a (ev) = eu au "dx dx = dv 2 (uv) 2 vu) Bs av any & 33. a dev az ax WI. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions 34. 4 (sinhu) = coshu 2 ax dx du dx A (coshu) = sinhu 35. esa 36. 2 (tanhu) = sech2y dx dx37. 2 (cothu) = - esch?y 2 dx ax -4 (sech u) = - sechu tannu 32 38. 3, = 39. 4 (cschu) = - eschu cothu 2 "ax ax oo eve u -u sinhu = ———— ; coshu = 2° + et 2 : 2 t econ cothu = —L— anhu = aaanes ‘O aan sechu = r eschu = —_1_ cosh u sinhu VII. Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions sinh-ly = in(u + Vu2 +1) cosh! u = in(u+ W u2-1) tanh-1y = Lin LB [lay<1q 2 1- coth-! y= tin wtl Cluld1) 2 u- 1 = u2 < sech-ly = yp +> foo] u 40. 2 (sinh-}u) = Suede dx 1+ u2 4 (cosh-1 y) = —2UZax tax a2 a2, 4 (tann-ly) = SU4ee dx ltu 43. 2 (coth-lu) = aude ax 1 - u2 44. (sech-ly = du/ax | ax uM - uw d ( -1 -- du/dx 45. — (csch-ly) = ax ui + w2 | a a et " = gudermanian of u du 46. — (gdu) = sechu— dx Arctan (sinhu)] 2. x 0VIII. Derivatives of Parametric Equations Let x = f(t) and y = g(t) be the parametric equa- tions of a certain curve, where t is the parame- ter. Then IX. Derivatives of Implicit Functions a To find the derivative a for an implicit func- tion £ (x,y) = 0 differentiate the terms of the given equation with respect to x, and then solve for dy/dx. X. Logarithmic Differentiation In many cases, such as in differentiating a varia- ble with a variable exponent or in certain compli- pated products, it is best to take first the natu- ral logarithm of the function.Then. differentiate the result. STANDARD INTEGRATION FORMULAS In the following formulas for integration, u, v, w denote functions of x or other independent variable; a and C denote constants; e is the base of the natural or Napierian logarithm whose value’is given by the formula: lim 1,2 lim l/z @=5 oi +7) i O07 wo! * 2) e = 2.71828 18285 ... du=u+c adu=a fa f J 3. Jcev + av - aw) = favs fav - fav j J n+l allan +c In #-1] n+1 u-l qu = i [u> 0] u10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. iv. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. au aY du = +c [a> 0] Ina f evan = ev+c J cos wau = sinu+cC f sinuaa =-cosu+cC f sec? wau = tanu+c f esc? wau =-cotu+c secutanudu = secu +C esc ucot udu = - cscu+C tanudu = - Incosu +C = Insecu+C du ea In + a2 cot udu = Insinu+C = - Inecscu+cC sec udu = In (secu + tanu) +C = - In (secu - tanu) +C esc udu = In (csc - cot u) + C In (cscu + cotu) +C Arcsin# +c a 1 a Arcsec Larctan 24+ ¢ a a Xac a +c {u2 > a2] aa +c [u2 ¢a2]24. ficosh wau = sinhu+cC 25. fei van = coshu +c 26. f secu? udu = tanhu+c¢ 27. fiesen2 udu = - cothu +c 28. Jf cech utamn udu = - sechu+c 29. foesen ucothudu = ~ cschu+c 30. fe dv =uv - fva (Integration BY Parts)1. Some Trigonometric Identities Pythagorean Relations (a) sin2a + cosa = 1 (b) 1+ tan2a = sec2a (c) 1+ cot2 a = csc2a Functions of Sum of Two Angles (a) sin (A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsiaB (b) cos (A + B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB (c) tan(a +p) = tana + tan B 1 - tanaAtang (4) cot (a + p) = SOA COEB - 1 cot B+ cota Functions of Difference of Two Angles (a) sin (A - B) = sinAcosB - cos AsinB (b) cos (A - B) = cosAcosB + sinA sinB (c) tan(a-— p) = tan A- tanB 1+ tanAtanB (4) cot (a - B) = SObACOEB+ 1 cot B -cotaA Double Angle Formulas (a) sin 2A = 2sinAcosa (b) cos 2A = cos?.a - sin2a = 1 - 2sin2, = 2cos?a -1 (c) tan2a = —2tana 1 - tan2q 2 (4) cot 2a = SOtS A= 1 2cot APowers of Functions (a) sin?a = 3(1 - cos 2a) 1 (pb) cos? A = 5 (1 + cos 2a) (ec) tan2q = J-=-cos 2A 1+ cos 2A 1 + cos 2a 1 - cos 2a Prodect of Two Functions " “(ay cot2a (a) sinAcosB = {sin (A +B) + sin(A - B)] (b) cos AcosB = $ [cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)] (c) sin Asin B = [cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)] Sum of Functions With Tecreasing Angles sin S4acin 2a (a) sinA + sin 2A +... + sinnA = fi sinsa cos™t asin 5A (>) cosa + cos 2A + «2. + cosna = —_2 z 1 einga eee sin? na (c) sina + sin3a +... + sin(2n-1)a = S22 2 (4) cosa + cos3A +... +-cos(zn-1)a = Sit’ nk 2sinaA Euler's Formula: eix = cosx + isinx. (i = V-i).‘TABLE A-03 * A SHORT TABLE OF INTEGRALS Integrals Involving (ax +b): z. fax +b)Fax = (ax+n)™*! 4g (n # 1) 1 a(n +1) 2. fox +b)-lax = 2 In (ax+b) + ¢ 3. fxcox +pyMax = —>— (axe ny? tar any, g a2(n +2) sama #-1or -2) xax__ x ob , 4. {RS = a7 Gz in (ax +b) +c Ox b 1 Ce Se a enter te (ax+b)2 a2(ax+p) 2? 6. fx2(ax+pymax = 1 [lexan _ (ax spy? = n+3 242 nel + b2 xs] +c (n#-1, -2, -3) 7 [weet 2 2 + [Re lax +b)? ~ av(axee) + p2in(ax sy] +c x2ax 1 2 8. fe Saxe - - min(axenyi tc (ax+p)2 a3 ax+b 9. (xan. ee ant +b] +c (ax +b)3 +P 2axep)2 ax 1 x wo. f——*— - 1 4, —X_ Sitax +b) b ™ axen* ° ox 1 a ax+b y. [—t— = - — + Bip BEE Paes bre 52 * . ax 1 1 ax+b 12. —_————— = SS 1 [ian <2” Saxvey BPA Sc ek ae cie= rec e ae x2(ax +b)2 b2x(ax+b) x Integrals Involving fax+b=: 14. J faxte ox = Ztax+ey?/? 46fax+b- 4b , 2 fax+b + ¥bin Vee fe * (b> 0) * 15. 2M4ax+b - Vp arctan =*® fc (b<0) n 2 n/2 5-1 16 = 2 (ax+b) ” a pf xt)? x (n odd and positive) ~ he in Wee me (b> 0) 1s = Vax+b+ Vb xfax+b : Jax+b Arctan +c (b<0) Nb 18. Se = 2 ai ax n, r b 7 (ora) b(n =2)(ax+b)2~! x(ax+b)Z7! (n odd and positive) _ Naxtb a in ax -%B Ly (b>0) [ ax bx 2o Nb vax b+ VD 19. SS = ror x2 fax +b - TREFE 8 arctan [=P ve (wK arcsin= + a: 30. aS = aresin¥ + ¢ or - arccos* + Va2 x2 a a 4a2- x2 ax 1 at 31. aS = - ete), mr iazimee a x ac 32. ede Reel Va2 x2 . EE eS tatagty/? g2aca igs ¢ 34. a Se ee (a2ne2 3/20 Vazmee a2 x +7 Arcsing +c 35. —xtax Wazae2 36. are x x2 a2 af. [ee pe =e a (a2 ~x2)3/2 fata? res avec Integrals Involving ¥ x2 + a2 : 38. i azeee ox = 5(x4x24 a2 + a2in(x+ Vx2ea2)] +0 *3/2 L— 39. fx 40297? ax = Lpx(x? 4 02)/? + Se Saha? 4 + 2° an (x+V¥x24a2J 40 a0. fx WxPeatax = 4 (x2402)7/? 46 41. fe (x2 #.02)°/? ax = 2 (52 4 92)5/2 ae 2 42. fe x24a2 ax = E(x24a2)3/? 2 Be xd x? 402 in (x + ¥x?2 +a2)+ Gone 44. x? aa (ee aes yet - aarccos= +c 45. (ee ax = — Vx2+ 0? x x + In(x+ x2 +2) #c 46. les = in(x+x@ee2yic Nx2 + a2 a7. ee oo hay et Nate? x Vx24 a2 " x ye a i ax +x S(t ee 3/2 (2 402997? arg? aa? 50. as (x2 4.02)3/2 x?4x ils Vat vat tat &= + in (x+Wx2sa2)+0 5 x? ax (x2 4.a2)3/? Integrals Involving Algebraic and Trigonosetric Functions: 54. Jfxeinax ax = Lcinax - 1 xcos ax +c a2 a 1 55. [ot sinaxox = - Lim copax + 2 fx" cow ar or 3 5 =o f= axdx _ 4, _ (ax) » HE cee = 33! 5-5! 57. [xcosaxax = Leosax +} xsinax +c a2 a 1 = 58. f= cos ax dx = $x" sinax - Bie 1 sinax ax (n> 0) 2 4 noe [get zesz = inax - 2x)? , fax)4 gg x 2° 4-4! 2 2 = x2 _ xsin2x_ cos 2x 60. fx sin xéx = 3 : ae 3 2 ie Dre in2 ear ai =n ze et _ cos 2x 6 fre x dx e (FZ g ) sin 2x 4 +#c x cos 3x sin3x 3 3 62. fx sin? x ax = 229838 S103" _ 3 ycosx + 3 sinx +c 2 63. Jxcostxex = 22, xain2s , sostx , 3 2 64. fx? cos? xax = 2 622-3) gin ae + HEEL 65. Jxcostx ax = 2#iR3E , S98 43 yainx s Zeosx +c Integrals Involving Inverse-Trigomometric Fuactions V1 - a2x2 40 V1 - a2x2 4 in(1 + a2x2) +¢ 66. faxcsin ax dx = x Arcsinax + Di mp 67. farccos ax dx = x Arccosax - 68. farctan axdx = x Arctanax - + 69. forecot ax dx = x Arccot ax + x in (1 + a2x2) + 1 70. foaxceec axdx = x Arcsecax ~ 5 In (ax+ fatx2-1) +¢1 [asm 1. Jrrcese axdx = x Arccscax + >in (ax + Va2x2-1) +¢ 26 farcein? xdx = xArcsin2?x - 2x + 2/1-x2arcsinx +C 73 farccos? xdx = x Arccos?x - 2x - 2¥1-x? arccosx +c 74. frarceinx ax = £[ (2x2 -1)aresinx + xVi-x2]+¢ n+l ntl 7. fot arceinx ax 2 xitiarcsinx __1_ xttlax nti net) poy? ve foe ne ax = xetlarccos x pees xOtl ay I ccos x dx = ~——AZGCOS x ml n41 Ne ae n 71. fn Arctanx dx = X__Arctanx __1_ x0*lax nei ni) aa x2 78. Sresin xx = an(1 - #1 -92) — ink - Arcsinx +c x yo, fAzctanxdx oy. | Fan (1+x2) - Aestamx , x2 sd Integrals Involving Exponential Functions: = atloggé + ¢ +c bx 82. fx sae oes ese b2(ina)2 bx 83. froP%ax = (ox-1) + b2 xf_gbx n n-1 84. ft ab®ax = - f* abx 4. bina bina 7 taco) n : 85. [ealcee ae = = xM ebx Be 1 ox ax (n> 0) Dx 86. +b [= *| (nan integer > x a E ax ap [ax - In (b+ceaX%)] +cb ss. f——S%—_ = —1— arctan (0ax,/ +c (b>0, c>0) pea® + ce~ax awWbe eo. fer inxax = Leaxinx - 2 ite a x ax 90. fer inex ex = 22% (asinbx - bcosbx) +c a2 +b? ax g1. [e2* cos px ax = ——(acosbx + bsinbx) +c a24p2 ax 92. fx e8% sin bxdx = —*2 (a sinbx - bcos bx) a2+p2 ax . — ———~ [ (a2 - b2)sinbx - 2ab cosbx} + ¢ (a2 +2)? ax 93. fro cos bx dx = 5 (a cosbx + bsinbx) af+b eax ~ Ty (la? - b?)cos bx + 2ab sinbx] +c (a2 +p2) Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions: 94. fon axax = x1max - x40 95. fre? axax = xin2ax - 2x 1nax + 2x 4c 96. fon axdx = xinMax-n fianrt ax ax (n> 0) 97. xanax ax = x2 (imax _1y ere 2 98. fe inax dx = x3 Bax _ 1) yg © 3 9 99. fn Imax ax = x"tlpimax 41 44 (Coe) i a (nie) 2 +1 An? ax in® 100. jfpatiexts ree x nein 101. ff $x = in (inax) +¢ xinaxvoz. fosin (1m axyax = ¥ {sin (1nax): = cos (inax)] +c 103. fos (1nax) ax = X{sin (1nax) + cos (1nax)] +c Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions: 104. fsinhaxax = } cosh ax +c 105. foosn axdx = } sinhax +c 106. feann ax dx = 1 incosh ax + 107. feotn axdx = = insinhax + Cc a In tanh 4 ¢ Bt a 2 108. foecr axdx = 2 aArctane@* + c 1 a 2 109. fesen axdx = 110. fe sinhxdx = xcoshx - sinhx + C lil. Jxcoshxax = xsinhx - coanx +c 112. foecn xtanh xdx = - sech x +C 113. foscr xcoth xdx = - cschx + CTable A-04 — BASIC PROPERTIES OF GEOWETRIC FIGURES Notations: A = area; V = volume; S = total surface area s = arc length; g-g = centroidal axis. ‘g nh Rectangle Triangle A bl 1 a.= doh Tg = yy be? 2 apn P 36 g g g t5- Ellipse Circie | A = ab a Tg = © 4,3 eral naka Ig = Gr Ln Semi-Circular Area’ 3— Circular sector ae rear 2: aA>3r B 3420 Ig = 0.1098 r4 s=ro a cD r Parallelepiped Sphere v = abe 43 S = 2(ab + ac + be) ¥ geeHemisphere v = Zetr3 Curved, surface = 2ftr2 Right Circular Cylinder v= €r2y Curved surface = 2rh Right Circular Cone Vs iw r2p Lateral surface = mrs * wr r2+h?, El General Cylinder V = (Area of Base)b Frustrum of a Right Circular Cone v = dith(e? + Re + r2) Lateral surface = W(R+r)s iA General Cone v = (area of Pase)h