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1st Generation 1945 - 1955 Evolution of Operating System

Type None Programmers operated the machine themselves

Including a list of the different types of OS arranged according to the time they were introduced

2nd Generation 1955 - 1965

Type: Batch OS A type of system developed for the earliest computers that

2nd Generation 1955 - 1965

Type: Single user OS An OS controlled by a single user at a time who dealt with

uses punched cards or paper tapes as input and entered in batches Jobs were processed serially without use interaction Efficiency of system was measured in throughput (the number of jobs completed in a given period) and turnaround time (measured in hours or days)

one set of input devices. computers and personal computer maybe categorized for single user. Examples : DOS, Palm OS, Windows CE, Inferno, Newton OS, Internet tablet OS
Handheld

3rd Generation 1965 - 1985

Type: Multi-user OS Allowed a single computer often mainframe to deal with

3rd Generation 1965 - 1985

Type: Multi-programming OS An OS that allows multiple software processes to run

simultaneous input, output, and processing request from many users. The most difficult responsibility was to schedule all the processing request that a centralized computer must perform. Examples: Linux, UNIX,Windows 2000,Windows XP

simultaneously.
Also called multi-tasking OS which can either be cooperative

multitasking (hands over control to a program, sits back and waits for the program to hand control back to the OS) or preemptive multitasking (OS is in control of the computer at all times). Examples: UNIX, Windows NT, Mac OS, Windows 95, Windows 9X

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3rd Generation 1965 - 1985

Type:Time Sharing OS Also called interactive systems A system that allows each user to interact directly with the

3rd Generation 1965 - 1985

Type: Personal Computer OS OS used for personal computers which supports single user

environment.
OS is less complicated than mainframe operating system. Main

operating system via commands entered from the keyboard. Services of the computer delivered directly to the user via terminal. Security and access control became a problem Provides immediate feedback to the user and response time can be measured in minutes or seconds.

goal is user-friendliness rather than resource optimization. Operating system designed for desktop, notebook, or tablet computer and usually used by a single user. Examples: Linux, Macintosh, MS-DOS, Windows 2000, Windows XP

4th Generation 1985

Type: Real time OS (RTOS) OS that uses time as a key parameter for its operation. Also considered to be multitasking OS intended for real-time

4th Generation 1985

Type: Network OS (NOS) Also known as server OS, distributed OS or loosely coupled systems Enables a computer to communicate with other computers through

application such as programmable thermostat, household appliance controllers, mobile phones. It may be hard real time OS (requires 100% compliance with the time requirement) or soft real time OS (where in time to complete the task can deviate from the original time constraint or is more flexible in terms of the response time. Examples: JavaFx Mobile, BeRTOS, Intime RTOS by Windows, iRMX (originally developed by Intel), OS-9 by Microware

network cable or wireless transmission printers to sending email.

Enables coordination of network communications from sharing files and Network OS creates a virtual machine that extends beyond the

boundaries of the local system on which the user is working.

It hides the underlying details of telecommunications and let the user see

a huge pool of resources accessible as though they are connected to the computer. Examples: Novell Netware, Windows NT, 2000, 2003, 2008 Server, Sun Solaris and IBM OS/2

4th Generation 1985

Type: Embedded OS An OS implanted or rooted inside other pieces of equipment

5th Generation
Type: Parallel OS An OS which manages systems containing hundreds or even

to control the operation. Usually performs dedicated functions. Examples: Blackberry OS, embedded Linux, iphone OS

thousands of processors.
Recognized opportunities for parallel execution, sent the

separate tasks to appropriate processor, and coordinated their concurrent execution, all in a transparent way. Also known as Multi-processor OS or tightly coupled system. Processors in multiprocessing system can share a common memory, peripheral devices, etc.

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5th Generation - Parallel OS

2 types: (a) Asymmetric one processor is assigned as master

OPERATING SYSTEM PLATFORM

Description of the overall standard of a computers hardware

and the rest become slaves; assignment of task emanates from the master for the slaves to execute. (b) Symmetric uses multiple processors wherein each of the processor runs a copy of the OS. Advantages are: fault tolerant (fail soft or graceful degradation), increased throughput, cost efficient, enhanced reliability. Graceful degradation - is the ability to provide continuous services proportional to the number of existing hardware. Examples: Linux, UNIX,Windows NT

(describes set of hardware components that make up the computer itself and where software is written referred to as hardware architecture) and/or software (it is an environment or a venue where other software are launched.

Microsoft Windows
Windows collectively describes any or all of several

Linux
A Unix-like OS built around the Linux kernel written Linus

generations of Microsoft (MS) operating system (OS) products developed by Microsoft Corporation usually categorized as 16 bit OS environment, hybrid 16/32 bit OS, 32 bit OS environment, and 64 bit OS. Examples: Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 2000, Windows 98,Windows ME and Windows CE.

Torvalds.
Developed as open source and free software. Examples: BSD, GNU, MINIX, ReactOS, Haiku

Solaris
A UNIX based OS introduced by Sun Microsystem. Developed originally as proprietary software but now

MacOS
Graphical user interface based OS developed by Apple Inc.

For their Macintosh line of computer systems.

Compatible with both PowerPC and Intel Processors Considered a mixed closed source / open source. Its open

considered as mixed-closed source or open source. Its open source is OpenSolaris. Examples: Solaris 10, Solaris 9, Solaris 2.5

source software is Darwin.

Examples: Mac OS X, Apple DOS, A/UX, A/ROSE,

Rhapsody, MkLinux,Taligent, Lisa OS

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Assignment #2
Place your assignment in a short bond paper, computerized. Questions:

1. What is a computer resource? Give examples of computer resources. 2. Enumerate the hardware mechanism to help the operating system ensure correct operation of the computer system. 3. A timer is used for CPU protection. Discuss the mechanism on how the timer is used to compute the current time. 4. Enumerate the basic components of an operating system. Briefly discuss the functions of each component. 5. Differentiate a kernel from shell.