OVERVIEW OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
An operating system is an essential component of the computer
system. It is a large collection of software that manage the
resources of the computer device. The main function of os is to
manage hardware and provide an interface for users to interact
with it.
Two Types:
GRAPH I CAL U SER CO MMAND LI NE
I NT ERFACE ( G U I ) I N T ERFACE ( CLI )
Popular OS:
• Windows: Developed by Microsoft, it's widely used in personal
computers and offers a graphical user interface.
• macOS: Apple's operating system for Mac computers, known for
its sleek design and integration with other Apple products.
• Linux: An open-source OS, popular for its flexibility, security, and
use in servers and supercomputers.
• Android: A Linux-based OS designed for mobile devices, primarily
smartphones and tablets.
• iOS: Apple's mobile operating system, used in iPhones and iPads,
known for its smooth performance and ecosystem.
Batch Operating System
Batch Operating System is
designed to manage and
execute a large number of jobs
efficiently by processing them
in groups.
Multi-Programming
Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating
Systems can be simply
illustrated as more than one
program is present in the main
memory and any one of them
can be kept in execution.
Multi-Processing
Operating System
Multi-Processing Operating
System is a type of Operating
System in which more than one
CPU is used for the execution of
resources.
Multi-Tasking
Operating System
Multitasking Operating System is
simply a multiprogramming
Operating System with having facility
of a Round-Robin Scheduling
Algorithm.
There are two types of Multi-Tasking
Systems which are listed below.
• Preemptive Multi-Tasking
• Cooperative Multi-Tasking
Time-Sharing
Operating Systems
Each task is given some time to
execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of
the CPU as they use a single system.
Distributed
Operating System
Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each
other using a shared communication network. Independent systems
possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely
coupled systems or distributed systems.
Network
Operating System
These systems run on a server and
provide the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and
other networking functions.
These types of operating systems allow
shared access to files, printers, security,
applications, and other networking
functions over a small private network.
Known as tightly coupled systems.
Main functions:
1. Program Execution
2. I/O Operation
3. File Management
4. Resource Allocation
5. User Interface
6. Security
7. Error Detection
8. Process Management
9. Memory Management
10.Task Scheduling
Program Execution
The OS manages the execution of programs,
ensuring that each application runs smoothly
by loading it into memory, executing
instructions, and handling the termination of
processes
I/O Operation
The OS handles input/output operations,
managing communication between hardware
devices (like keyboard, mouse, or printer) and
the computer system.
File Management
The OS manages files and directories on
storage devices, enabling tasks like creating,
deleting, reading, and writing files.
Resource Allocation
The OS allocates hardware resources (CPU,
memory, storage) to various programs and
users, ensuring efficient utilization of
resources.
User Interface
The OS provides interfaces for users to
interact with the system, including graphical
user interfaces (GUI) and command-line
interfaces (CLI).
Security
The OS protects data and resources from
unauthorized access, managing user
permissions, and ensuring data integrity.
Error Detection
The OS monitors the system for errors, such
as hardware malfunctions or software bugs,
and takes corrective actions.
Process Management
The OS manages processes, including their
creation, scheduling, and termination,
ensuring that multiple processes can run
concurrently without conflict.
Memory Management
The OS manages system memory, keeping
track of each byte in a computer’s memory
and managing the allocation and deallocation
of memory space.
Task Scheduling
The OS schedules tasks to optimize CPU
usage, deciding the order in which processes
are executed to ensure efficient operation.
First Generation
1945-1955
In this generation, operating systems
were not introduced therefore the
instruction was directly given to the
computer systems. All the code was
included to communicate with the
connected hardware and the system.
Technology: Vacuum Tubes
OS: not present
Language: Machine Language
Second Generation
1955-1965
Transistors
GMOS (General Motos operating system)
was the first operating system that came
into the picture in the 1950s which was
developed for IBM computers.
IBM was the first one that brought an
operating system into the world.
Technology: Transistors
OS: present
Language: Assembly and High Level
Language
Second Generation
1955-1965
In 1960s - first UNIX Operating System
was developed and was free for a few
years and the batch processing system.
Technology: Transistors
OS: present
Language: Assembly and High Level
Language
Third Generation
1965-1980
The concept of multiprogramming was
introduced in which multiple tasks could
be performed in a single computer
With the DEC PDP-1 in 1961, the
development of minicomputers'
phenomenal growth was introduced.
Fourth Generation
1980 - present
The birth of the Microsoft Windows
operating system was in 1975.
Today, Windows is the most popular
operating system and has evolved from
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP,
and Windows 7.
Apple also introduced its operating
system known as MacOS which is also as
popular as Windows these days.
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