2011 VisiMix International

Conference: The Influence of

Mixing in Your Process
Boston USA
• Reactor
– T = 70 mm July 13-15, 2011
– Maximum recommended
rm technologies LLC
liquid height Z=140 mm2
• Impeller
– 1, 2 or 3 depending up

Application of Visimix to the

reactor fluid and liquid
height
– Non -standard 4 blade
Characterization of Lab Reactors
pitched(45 o ) blade
– D = 38 mm
– C = 10 mm
Reinaldo M. Machado
– Distance between impellers
= 29 mm
• Baffles
– 3 x 24 mm x 25 mm
– Pre -positioned between
impellers
rm2technologies LLC

Some questions we would like to answer before we scale-up…

 What was going on in our lab reactor?
– Where have we been (Lab)?
– Where are we going (Plant)?
 How do we make the lab and plant reactor
perform the same?
 What controls the rate of our process?
– Kinetics N (rpm) P/V (W/m3)
 Rate of addition Njs
 temperature
(rpm)
– Mass-Transfer
 Gas/Liquid

 Solid/Liquid

 Liquid/Liquid

– Blending Tcirculation(sec)
– Heat Transfer UA (W/oK)
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Agitation intensity and agitator equipment design impacts many

fundamental rate processes
 Blending and macro-mixing  Phase dispersion (solid/liquid,
– Impeller pumping flow rate gas/liquid, liquid/liquid)
– Power/volume
 Mass transfer
– Kinetic energy
– Power/volume
– Shear rate
– Impeller pumping flow rate
 Heat transfer Scale-up is about
– Impeller velocity
balancing different
 Kinetics & selectivity (fast process rates as they
reactions)
– Local concentration gradients change with process
from semi-batch feed tube
– Impeller pumping flow rate
size
– Power/volume

Unfortunately the process rates do not change uniformly with volume and equipment
size! It is best to scale-up with one key mixing variable.
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Generally three mixing length and time scales are used to

describe the scale-up and scale-down of single phase
stirred reactor processes in turbulent flow
Turbulent Eddy diameter =f(P/V)
 micro-mixing micron scale; interior = laminar Flow
– at the scale of turbulence
– function of viscosity, density and
power/volume
Dip tube
 meso-mixing
– at the scale of the feed tube and impeller
– function of feed tube location, feed rate,
power/volume, impeller pumping rate
 macro-mixing
– at the scale of the reactor
– function of feed rate,
impeller pumping rate

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Blending macro-mixing
Macro-mixing describes the uniformity of composition and
temperature on the reactor scale 6 2 Liter Lab Reactor, T =10 cm;

(Top-Bottom), OC
Heater Marine Propeller, D =6.9 cm;
Temp. Top Fluid  m =985 cp, r =1.25 gm/cc

Reactor T,
Temp.
Bottom Hot Temperature Zone 4
Procedure 300 rpm
 agitation off Re = 30
400 rpm
 heater on 2 Re = 40
 heater off 500 rpm
 agitator on Re = 50
 record temperature 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
– T(top) - T(bottom) Time, minutes
1
N = 300 rpm,
kmix = 0.63 1/min

 mix  Time to achieve a desired uniformity

N = 400 rpm
N  Agitation rate

T/Tmax
kmix = 1.6 1/min
0.1
 mix 1 N = 500 rpm,
N kmix = 2.6 1/min
M ixing can be correlated with
N   mix kmix = -2.303* Slope
0.01
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
Time, minutes
 rm2technologies LLC

Estimating blend 6 2 Liter Lab Reactor, T =10 cm;

time in the Marine Propeller, D =6.9 cm;

(Top-Bottom), OC
Fluid  m =985 cp, r =1.25 gm/cc
Mettler-Toledo

Reactor T,
V =1.2 liters
4
RC1 MP10 300 rpm
Re = 30

reactor 2 400 rpm

Re = 40
VisiMix model of 500 rpm
MP10 showing 0
Re = 50
“mean” velocity 0 30 60 90 120 150
pattern at 500 rpm Time, seconds
Characteristic function of tracer distribution
Q uniformity time, seconds, to

Local concentration
3
index 0.2 achieve 90%
l/min VisiMix
to 1 uniformity
simulation for

2
rpm VisiMix lab VisiMix 500 rpm
300 4.2 0.29 220 146
400 5.7 0.31 86 92
1
500 7.4 0.34 53 64 0 50 100 150
Time, seconds
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Alternate thermal method for mixing characterization of lab

reactors: Rapid injection of cold feed during agitation
18.1 Experiment = 60 cc of ice water
½ life to reach final injected at bottom of reactor while
the impeller is rotating.
conditions 18.0
Experiment (Thermal) = 5

Temperature at top ( C)
Liquid:1380 ml water
seconds 17.9 Impeller: PBT, D = 45 mm

o
VisiMix (Composition) = 2 Height impeller: 51 mm, C/T = 0.5
Agitation rate: 300 rpm
seconds 17.8 Tank diameter: T=103mm, D/T=0.437
Liquid height: Z=166 mm; Z/T = 1.61
Measured mixing rate constant :
17.7 k = 0.13 s-1 or 7.8 min -1
Estimate based on kmix = 8 min -1
impeller pumping
17.6

Qp N Q ND 3 VisiMix
17.5
kmix   1/Tcirc.= 20 min-1
Vreactor Vreactor
0.6  300rpm  4.5 cm 
3 17.4
kmix  0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
1440 cm 3 Time (s)
1
kppt00
mix 7  11 min
(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Heat transfer
Cooling curves for glycerol in a stirred tank reactor
100
90 Reactor temperature at
How long 80 impeller rotation rate, rpm
will it take 100 175 300 Jacket Temp.
temperature, oC 70
to cool the 60
reactor 50
contents to 40
20oC? 30
20
10
time to reach 20oC 192 min. 242 min. 316 min.
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
time, minutes
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Heat Transfer Coefficient for glycerol in stirred tank

Qremoval  UA  Treactor  T jacket ( average ) 
1400 Impeller rotation rate, rpm 1.4

overall heat transfer coefficient, UA,

100 175 300 Vis.
1200 1.2
where,

glycerol viscosity, Pa-s

Qremoval  heat removed by the 1000 1.0
cooling fluid, (W)
 
800 0.8

W/K
U  heat transfer coefficient, W
m2 K 600 0.6
A  heat transfer area contacted 400 0.4
by the reaction mass, m 2
 200 0.2
Treactor  temp. of the reaction mass, K 
0 0.0
T jacket ( average )  average temp. of the
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
coolant in the reactor jacket, K 
reactor temperature, oC

The heat transfer coefficient deceases as the reactor cools

and the glycol becomes more viscous.

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Heat transfer 3
characteristics of RC1

Log [Nu/(Pr0.33)]
MP10 is similar to 2
large scale reactors
1
 m fluid 
0.14

Nu  C  Pr  Re   
1 2
3 3
Slope = 0.69
 mwall  0

m fluid Cp fluid -1
Pr   Prandtl Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
k fluid
ρ fluid ND 2 Log (Re)
Re   Reynolds Number
μ fluid
h fluid TTank Diameter
Nu   Nusselt Number
k fluid
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

VisiMix predictions and Experiments for Heat

Transfer with Anchor Impeller with Glycerol in
the RC1 MP10 glass lab reactor

Inlet Reactor Reactor Re Overall Heat Heat

Jacket Temp. oC fluid transfer coeff. U removal
Temp. oC m, cP W/(m2 K) rate, W
Experiment 58.1 25.0
14 25 940 13
VisiMix 59.5 27.0
Experiment 68.4 25.0
31 40 274 43
VisiMix 70.5 26.2
Experiment 83.7 25.0
48 55 89 133
VisiMix 80.0 23.2

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Mechanical power input
One way to characterize agitation intensity uses universal
power curves to describe impeller performance
1000 Np1/Re rND 2
Re 
Anchor Agitator m
300
Inertial Force
Np=constant 
Power Number

100 Viscous Force

30 P
NP 
10
Rushton rN 3 D 5
Turbine
with Baffles
3
Fluid Foil Lab reactors
1 Agitator without Baffles may operate in
Transition and
0.3
Laminar Transition Turbulent Laminar flow
0.1
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
while the plant
operates in
Reynolds Number Turbulent flow!
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Mettler Toledo • Reactor

– T = 70 mm
AP01-0.5 – Maximum recommended
liquid height Z=140 mm
The unique baffle and
• Impeller
agitator design is – 1, 2 or 3 depending up
appropriate for mixing reactor fluid and liquid
diverse liquid chemical height
systems, from high- – Non -standard 4 blade
pitched(45 o ) blade
viscosity laminar flow – D = 38 mm
to low-viscosity multi- – C = 10 mm
phase turbulent flow. – Distance between impellers
= 29 mm
• Baffles
– 3 x 24 mm x 25 mm
– Pre -positioned between
impellers

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Power curves for the AP01-0.5 were developed for 1, 2 and 3

impellers 1000
K  Re 
NP   N P,turbulent   
Re  Re*  Re 
3 impellers
100 2 impellers
1 impeller
model 3 imp. K=180, Np,turb.=5.55, Re*=36
NP

model 2 imp. K=137, Np,turb.=3.70; Re*=36

model 1 imp. K=107, Np,turb.=1.85, Re*=36

10
r  N 3D5
NP 
P
r  ND 2
Re  1
m 1 10 100 1000 10000
Re
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Macro-mixing correlations based on Thermal Uniformity for

the AP01-0.5
 1  1000
t95 s  15%   47.1    
 N rps  
data, 3 impellers, 400ml
Eqn 1.11-13, 3 impellers, 400ml
Eqn 1.11-13, 2 impellers, 400ml
1 1
 3   V ( ml )  2  2000 
0.407 Eqn 1.11-13, 1 impeller, 100 ml
3
       
 n   400( ml )   Re  t95*N
100

10
10 100 1000 10000
Re

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Comparison of Power Numbers and “macro-mixing”

Number of impellers 1 1 2 2 3 3

Agitation rpm 900 300 300 120 300 100

Re 26.0 8.7 8.7 3.5 8.7 2.9
VisiMix 1/Tcirculation 1/s 0.400 0.087 0.139 0.055 0.166 0.054
Experimental kmix thermal 1/s 0.113 0.035 0.044 0.017 0.050 0.017
kmix • Reactor
VisiMix composition
1/s –0.0132
T = 70 mm 0.0015 0.0074 0.0026 0.0061 0.0020
– Maximum recommended
VisiMix Power number 4.5 height Z=140
liquid 8.7mm 16.3 40.2 24.3 71.0
• Impeller
Experimental Power number – 1,4.9
2 or 3 depending up
12.7 16.5 39.9 21.9 62.8
reactor fluid and liquid
height
– Non -standard 4 blade
pitched(45 o ) blade Note that thermal uniformity in
– D = 38 mm liquids is achieved much more
– C = 10 mm
– Distance between impellers efficiently than composition
= 29 mm
uniformity and explains inpart
• Baffles
– 3 x 24 mm x 25 mm the difference between VisiMix
– Pre -positioned between and the thermal tracer method.
impellers
Pr << Sc
ppt00 16 (c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Gas-liquid mass transfer
Agitation drives gas-liquid mass transfer.
RC1 study in the MP-10 reactor using the standard gassing impeller
2.2

gas flow, SLPM (standard liters/min)

2.0 300 ml
1.8 400 ml
500 ml
1.6
600 ml
1.4 700 ml
1.2 800 ml

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
heater 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

hollow
rpm

As the rpm’s and impeller tip speed

shaft &
increase, the local pressure decreases
impeller
temp and the gassing impeller draws gas
baffle and pumps liquid.
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Mass transfer w/ gassing impeller for MP10 w/ baffle

4.4 1200
4.3
1000
H2 (gas) H2 (liquid) 4.2

pressure (barg)
4.1 800

Rxn rate = kLa (s-1) { [H2]sat.- [H2]bulk } 4.0 800 ml

rpm
rpm 600
3.9
“rate constant” “driving force” 3.8 400
increases w/ agitation increases w/ 3.7
intensity & H2 flow pressure 3.6
200

3.5 0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
time (s)
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 1 1200
rm2technologies LLC
agitation
Calculations of gas
1000

solubility and mass transfer

agitation (rpm)
800

P/Pmax
from batch absorption 0.1 600

pressure
400

V
 PM  PF   G 
model w/ kLa
1 200
C H 2 , sat = 0.077s -1

VL RT 0.01 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
 P  PF   PM  PE  time (s)
ln    k L a   t 0.90

 PM  PF   PF  PE 
400 ml MeOH
0.80 600 ml MeOH
0.70 800 ml MeOH
k L a  Mass transfer coefficien t
0.60
P  Pressure as a function of time;

kLa (s-1)
0.50

PM  Maximum pressure from initial gas charge 0.40

0.30
PE  Initial equilibrium pressure with no gas added; 0.20

PF  Final pressure 0.10

0.00
VG  Head space gas volume;V L  Liquid volume 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
RPM
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Characterization of lab impellers key to use of models: VisiMix flat turbine

impeller width adjusted to match Power number of the lab agitator
Experimental values for HP60, T=10 cm; VisiMix estimate w/ VisiMix estimate w/
impeller power true impeller blade
standard gassing impeller D=4.7mm,
matched to width =10 mm
W=10mm;
experiment (blade power number
fluid at 140oC, VL=1.089 liters, surface width = 4.4 mm Np=3.5
tension=26 dyne/cm, viscosity=0.25 cP, power number
density=930 gm/liter. Np=1.7)
super- agitator H2 mass agitator H2 mass agitator H2 mass
ficial power transfer power transfer power transfer
velocity coeff., coeff., coeff.,
kLa kLa kLa
VisiMix rpm cm/s W/kg 1/s W/kg 1/s W/kg 1/s
model of
800 0.16 0.8 0.15 0.9 0.029 1.8 0.066
HP60 w/
single baffle; 1000 0.23 1.6 0.23 1.7 0.074 3.5 0.18
gassing impeller is
modeled as a 1200 0.31 2.7 0.33 2.9 0.16 6.0 0.40
flat blade turbine
1400 0.49 4.6 0.42 4.6 0.33 9.6 0.87
With Np=1.7.

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Summary of differences
in model
approximations for
VisiMix at 1400 rpm
measured kLa =0.42 s-1
@4.6 W/kg
Blade width, mm 4.4 (flat blade turbine 10 (actual width of
adjusted to match impeller)
measured power)
kLa, s-1 0.33 (exp. = 0.42) 0.87
vortex depth, cm 2.1 (exp. vortex ~2.5 cm) 3.6
average energy dissipation, W/kg 4.6 9.5
gas hold-up 3.5% 5.5%
Sauter mean bubble, mm 1.8 1.4
circulation rate, liters/s 1.7 2.4
micro-mixing time, s 0.14 0.088
circulation time, s 0.64 0.46
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

What about the scale-up of mass transfer?

 plant & lab raw materials & catalyst are from same lots numbers
 mixing in lab reactor measured and kLa > 0.4 s-1; mass transfer is very fast
compared to reaction so that CH2,bulk lab = CH2,sat lab
 lab reactor pressure was adjusted to match plant rate profile
– RC1 programmed to match exact temperature profiles of plant
– when plant = 800 psig and lab = 700 psig the rates are equivalent

CH 2 bulk lab  CH 2 saturated lab  CH 2 bulk plant plant RC1 HP60

rate volume 3300 gal 1.0 liter

k L aplant 

CH 2 saturated plant  CH 2 saturated lab  agitation
Impeller diameter
84 rpm
40 inch
1400 rpm
1.8 inch
type 2x flat gassing
HP60 turbines

pressure 800 psig 700 psig

kLa from scale- 0.052 s-1
down
plant
kLa from VisiMix 0.062 s-1
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Solid liquid mixing
Agitation intensity impacts solid suspension and solid-liquid mass transfer
 Suspension occurs when particle kinetic energy is greater than its gravitational energy.
 Mass transfer is optimal when solids are suspended off the bottom of the vessel.
The Njs (rotation rate of just
suspension) is determined by Njs ( particles <1 sec on bottom)
observing solids on the bottom of a 2.0 4.5
Solids suspended
vessel and is the agitation rate

Solids immobile at bottom

4.0

Conductivity milli-mhos
1.8

Conductivity standard
when any solid particle spends less
than 1 second on the bottom of the 3.5

deviation x 100
1.6
reactor. 3.0
1.4 2.5
Bottom view Average conductivity
Cond. std. dev.x100 2.0
of reactor 1.2
1.5
1.0
electrodes 1.0
0.8 0.5
baffles 0.6 0.0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000
Rotation (rpm)
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Classic Zweitering correlation characterizes solids suspension

 Zweitering, T.N. Chem. Eng. Sci. (8) 1958, 244

  g  r 
0.45
S   0.1  d p  X 0.13
0.2

 r
N js 
D 0.85

N js  Critical rotation rate, rps, to achieve suspension

S  Impeller Constant,Ranging from 2 to 20   Kinematic viscosity, m 2 /s
d p  Particle size, m g  gravitatio nal constant, 9.8 m/s 2
r  Particle density - Liquid density, kg/m 3 r  Liquid density, kg/m 3
X  Weight solid/weight liquid * 100 D  Impeller diameter,m

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Comparison between predicted and estimated (by conductivity)

solids concentration at the bottom of a lab reactor
Weight % 2 mm PVC spheres on 40%
Njs= 850 rpm
35%
the bottom of the reactor

30%
25%
20% Series2
15% Series1
Series3
10%
5%
2mm PVC spheres
0%
1000
0
200
400
600
800

1200
1400
1600
1800
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rotation rate, rpm
(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Scale-up of the solid If we assume that the composition and physical

liquid mixing based on properties are the same in the lab and the plant.
the Zweitering
 S Plant 
correlation  0.85  0.85
N js ,Plant  Plant   S Plant   DLab 
D
      
N js ,Lab  S Lab   S Lab   DPlant 
 0.85 
 Lab 
D

 Match solids concentration profiles between lab

Scale-up of the solid and plant
liquid mixing using  Insure “particle-particle” energy in plant reactor ≤
VisiMix lab reactor (lower solids may be necessary)

Note that I was not successful in matching solid hold-up between

VisiMix and lab reactors unless the exact geometry of the lab reactor
was matched with the VisiMix reactor geometry selections.

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC Mixing regimes
Visualizing reaction regimes in a turbulent low viscosity
system for a fast reaction

micro-mixing meso-mixing macro-mixing

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Different mixing mechanisms are impacted differently by

feed rate, feed location, viscosity and the number of feed
points
Dependency of mechanism

mechanism

Viscosity
Rule-of-Thumb
Feed Number
Feed Scale-up
tube of feed
rate variable to
location points
keep constant

P/V or
Micro Yes No Yes No
N3D5/V
Meso Yes Yes No Yes nN4D3/Qfeed

Macro No Yes No No ND3/Qfeed

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Semi-batch addition of I2
solution added to S4062-
and starch.

AP01-0.5 reactor, 400 cc

Process chemistry

10%

concentration A in the reactor

Maximum difference in
8%
200 rpm
6%

VisiMix prediction of 4%

maximum difference in 2% 800 rpm

thiosulfate solution during
0%
addition of I2 solution. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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(rate constant estimated) time, seconds
(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Correlation of macro-mixing time with the reaction time for the iodine-
thiosulfate reaction system.
10
The reaction time trxn(s) = 0.11 t95 (s)1.1
for the
R2 = 0.88
iodine/starch black
color to disappear,
trxn(s), is measured
trxn(s)

from the time the 1

feed is stopped to
the time the 400 ml, feed above
liquid surface
solution is visually correlation
100% clear.
0.1
1 10 100
©
t95 (s)
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

So what have I/we learned?

 VisiMix predictions and lab reactors mixing measurements
agree well when reactor geometries match and physical
properties are known.
 If lab reactor geometries do not match the catalogue of
available geometries in VisiMix, geometric approximations
must be made.
– For power and heat transfer, errors appear to be
insignificant.
– For solid suspension, phase dispersion and circulation
 more detailed mixing data for the lab reactor is

necessary to adjust the approximations.

 validations may be necessary.

 The limitations of lab mixing characterization methods such

as thermal tracing must be considered when using them for
scale-up or matching more detailed VisiMix models.
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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

And now for some practical advice…

If a semi-batch process gives you
poor results on scale-up……
SLOW DOWN THE FEED RATE

Dilute the Feed Concentration

Increase mixing intensity

Lower the temperature

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Application of Visimix to the Characterization of Lab Reactors

A critical step in the effective scale-up of a laboratory stirred tank

process is understanding the mixing parameters at the lab scale and
then the anticipating the role of mixing at different scales. This
fundamental understanding requires detailed mixing characterization
of the laboratory reactor. Independent measurements of the power
and macro-mixing times were made in various lab reactors and
compared to estimates made by the VisiMix mixing tool. Heat and
mass transfer coefficients where measured and compared to
predictions made using VisiMix. The measurements and calculations
compare very well, validating the VisiMix methodology.

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
 rm2technologies LLC

Contact information
Reinaldo “Ray” Machado
phone: (484) 553-3612
E-mail: info@rm2tech.com
Website: www.rm2tech.com
Ray is the instructor of short course
“Fundamentals of Scale-up”, which may be offered at your site.

Reinaldo (Ray) Machado is the developer and instructor of a popular industrial short course, “Fundamentals of
Scale-up” which he teaches part time. He is currently employed by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. in
Allentown, Pa. in 1986 and serves as a senior consultant specializing in reaction engineering. Previously, he
managed hydrogenation and oxidation applications development for the Catalytic Reaction Solutions Group
and served as group leader for the Reaction Engineering Technology area. Ray has broad technical
experience in applied reactor engineering, scale-up of chemical reaction processes, mass transfer, heat
transfer, applied reaction calorimetry, hydrogenation, electrochemical engineering, sulfonation, amination,
propoxylation, polymerization, and plastics recycling.
Ray received a Ph.D. in chemical engineering with a concentration in chemistry from the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, and a B.A. in chemistry and mathematics from Frostburg State College. He has served
as a part-time instructor of a short course, “Scale-Up Considerations in Chemical Processes,” at Lehigh
University and currently teaches industrial courses on the fundamentals of scale-up. He holds 16 patents, has
collaborated on 15 publications, and is a member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the
American Chemical Society.

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(c) Reinaldo Machado; rm2technologies LLC 2011
Thank you for your time
and gracious attention