HYDRAULICS
Laboratory 10:
Pipe Networks
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject
Hydraulics Laboratory
(CE 3254)
Submitted by:
Layson, Ella Marie Coma
Lira, Jose Bernardo Parel
Pardillo, Riza Claire Adverderada
Pedrosa, Kyle David Galvez
Perez, Olsen Chagas
Pinili, Trixie Pacaldo
Submitted to:
Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
ACTIVITY 11
CE 411 (HYDRAULICS LAB -11)
I. TITLE: PIPE NETWORKS
II. OBJECTIVES:
1. To apply Hardy Cross’ approximate method and principles in order to balance the pipe
network.
2. To determine the division of flow in a given pipe network provided by the instructor.
III. MATERIALS NEEDED:
Pipe network provided by the instructor, calculator, lap top computer
IV. THEORY:
In supplying water to a city, complicated pipe systems are inevitable. There is a need to design the pipes.
Part of the design process is the estimation of the flow rates as well as the head losses inherent in the
system.
Professor Hardy Cross (1930) developed an approximate method in analyzing pipe networks that may be
carried out to a certain degree of accuracy by successive iterations.
Before, discussing the method, two important principles apply. First, that in a junction, the inflow rates
are equal to the outflow rates and second, the sum of the head losses around a closed loop must be
zero.
For the second principle, we can write,
( )
The actual discharge in each pipe is not yet known. It is imperative therefore to assume the discharge
which is reasonable enough based on the pipe properties given. Of course, principle 2 must also be
enforced to see to it that there is mass balance (principle 1). If the assumed flow is Q a and the error in
the assumed flow for that loop is Q, then Eqn. 1 can be rewritten into Eqn 1.1 below.
( )
Because Q is expected to be small, successive terms in the binomial expansion of Eqn 1.1 would
become negligible for the quantity Q has an exponent greater than or equal to 2. Therefore, only the
first two terms are considered and Eq.1.1 becomes
( ( ) ]
( ) ( ) ]
]
]
The pipe friction formulas are:
( )
( )
( )
Thus, m=2 for both the Darcy-Weisbach and the Manning’s formulas and m=1.852 for Hazen-Williams.
The constant k for the respective formulas are enclosed with parentheses.
Depending on the degree of accuracy, it is acceptable that all these errors in discharge in a loop must be
less than 1% of the total inflow. When this condition is satisfied, the approximate actual discharges in
each pipe can be finalized as the preceding estimated/assumed/corrected discharge of each pipe plus
the correction/s.
If a particular pipe is common to two loops, then the discharge of that pipe must be corrected
correspondingly from the computed errors of the loop; add the error if the direction of this error and
the flow direction are the same; subtract the error from the assumed discharge if the direction of flow is
opposite to the assumed direction of the error.
V. SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:
1. Gather all group mates to discuss strategies, role assignment and responsibility, and solution process
of the problem.
2. All calculations should be done using hand-held calculators. A third member must be assigned to
check manual calculations using the computer (Microsoft Excel).
3. The calculations of the discharge error in a loop must be repeated and the discharge corrected until
all errors are within 1% of the inflow rate.
4. Discuss the results among the group and ask everyone if the results make sense.
5. Submit the calculated results with drawings of the pipe network and the final discharge in each pipe
clearly labeled.
VI. DATA AND CALCULATIONS:
Using handheld calculator:
Pipe kQa kQa2 Qa1 (m3/s)
AB 6.08895 3.04448 0.582000
BC 13.5557 4.06671 0.177826
AC 4.12352 1.64941 0.343798
AF 5.55312 1.66594 0.274202
FG 10.1668 3.05004 0.274202
BG 5.37665 0.268833 -0.0330720
BE 4.77927 0.238963 0.0928983
DE 4.51857 0.451857 0.165972
CD 3.61486 0.361486 0.165972
GH 33.4549 11.7092 0.24113
EH 6.10007 0.915010 0.25887
Pipe kQa1 kQa12 Qa2 (m3/s)
AB 7.08754 4.12495 0.533963
BC 8.03519 1.42887 0.217186
AC 3.54414 1.21847 0.383376
AF 5.07559 1.39174 0.282661
FG 9.29251 2.54802 0.282661
BG -3.55633 0.117615 -0.068846
BE 8.87971 0.824910 0.119996
DE 7.49956 1.24472 0.166190
CD 5.99966 0.995775 0.166190
GH 23.0485 5.55768 0.213814
EH 10.5275 2.72525 0.286186
Pipe kQa2 kQa22 Qa3 (m3/s)
AB 6.50255 3.47212 0.545627
BC 9.81370 2.13140 0.194760
AC 3.95215 1.51516 0.379073
AF 5.23217 1.47893 0.275300
FG 9.57918 2.70766 0.275300
BG -7.40326 0.509688 -0.063872
BE 11.4699 1.37634 0.104259
DE 7.50941 1.24799 0.184313
CD 6.00754 0.998392 0.184313
GH 20.4375 4.36983 0.211428
EH 11.6384 3.33073 0.288572
Pipe kQa3 kQa32 Qa4 (m3/s)
AB 6.64459 3.62547 0.531246
BC 8.80037 1.71396 0.206023
AC 3.90779 1.48134 0.390187
AF 5.09591 1.40290 0.278567
FG 9.32972 2.56847 0.278567
BG -6.86829 0.438688 -0.071219
BE 9.96563 1.03901 0.108489
DE 8.32831 1.53502 0.184164
CD 6.66266 1.22801 0.184164
GH 20.2094 4.27283 0.207347
EH 11.7354 3.38650 0.292653
Pipe Qfinal (lit/s)
AB 531.246
BC 206.023
AC 390.187
AF 278.567
FG 278.567
BG -71.2192
BE 108.489
DE 184.164
CD 184.164
GH 207.347
EH 292.653
ΔQ
ΔQ1 0.0562021
ΔQ2 -0.0257981
ΔQ3 -0.0659717
ΔQ4 -0.108870
ΔQ'
ΔQ1' -0.0395784
ΔQ2' 0.00845857
ΔQ3' -0.000218402
ΔQ4' -0.0273158
ΔQ'”
ΔQ1'' 0.00430325
ΔQ2'' -0.00736062
ΔQ3'' -0.0181227
ΔQ4'' -0.00238567
ΔQ'”’
ΔQ1''' -0.0111139
ΔQ2''' 0.00326674
ΔQ3''' 0.000149006
ΔQ4''' -0.00408092
Using excel:
278.567
390.18
278.567
7
-71.2192
206.023
108.48
184.164
207.347
9
184.164 292.653
VII. REMARKS, HINTS, and PRECAUTIONS:
The following are the possible sources of errors in the activity:
1. Personal errors. Be sure that everybody knows the problem. Each should participate in the calculation
procedure for this also prepares you not only in the evaluation exam but in your future works as a civil
engineer. Thus, there is no excuse when one commits a mistake because of either he or she does not
know the problem, or if he/she knows, a big mistake in the calculation happens.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we assumed the discharge. And the factors affecting the rise and fall in
values are the diameters of pipe and length of pipe. If the diameter and length of the pipe have a higher
value, it will result in greater flow rates. To strengthen this claim, we can elaborate on it through the
figure present. The 1200 liters per second at A were distributed through pipes that have bigger
diameters compared to the other pipes. Also, at node H, the 500 liters per second passed through the
smaller pipes.
The Hardy Cross method was showcased through the presence of Manning's friction coefficient
which is 0.012 for all pipes. Lastly, this experiment manifests the methods used for municipalities and
cities' water systems. It does not mean that more iteration will satisfy the material balance of liquid that
passes through the complex network.
