CONTROL OF MICRO-GRID WITH CENTRAL DLC

DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of

Master of Engineering in Electrical Power Engineering

Shrinkhala Dahal

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

School of Engineering
Kathmandu University

November 2019
CONTROL OF MICRO-GRID WITH CENTRAL DLC
 DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of

Master of Engineering in Electrical Power Engineering

By:

Shrinkhala Dahal

Under supervision of:

Prof. Dr. Indraman Tamrakar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus
Tribhuvan University
and

Assistant Prof. Mr. Pramish Shrestha

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
School of Engineering
Kathmandu University

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

School of Engineering
Kathmandu University

November 2019
DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this work to my parents Govind Prasad Dahal and Goma Dahal and my
husband Elzin Katel for their constant support and encouragement in my work.
 DECLARATION
This is to certify that this dissertation titled “CONTROL OF MICRO-GRID WITH CENTRAL
DLC” in partial fulfillment towards Master of Engineering in Electrical Power Engineering
degree is a bonafide work of Shrinkhala Dahal who worked under the supervision of Prof. Dr.
Indraman Tamrakar and Assistant Professor Mr. Pramish Shrestha. Certified further that the
work reported herein does not form part of any other dissertation or thesis on the basis of which a
degree or award was conferred on any earlier occasion on this on any other candidate.

_________________________
Mrs. Shrinkhala Dahal
Candidate
University Registration No.: 022975-17

_________________________
Prof. Dr. Indraman Tamrakar
Supervisor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Engineering
Pulchowk Campus

_________________________

Mr. Pramish Shrestha

Supervisor
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Kathmandu University
© 2019 Shrinkhala Dahal
AUTHORIZATION
I hereby declare that I am the author of the dissertation. I authorize the Kathmandu University to
lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further
authorize the Kathmandu University to reproduce the dissertation by photocopying or by other
means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of
scholarly research.

___________________________________________
Shrinkhala Dahal (Reg. No.: 022975-17)
November 2019
DISSERTATION EVALUATION

This is to certify that this dissertation titled "Control of Micro-grid with central DLC" in partial
fulfillment of Master of Engineering in Electrical Power Engineering degree requirement has
been evaluated on the basis of dissertation work and its oral presentation made by candidate
Shrinkhala Dahal( Registration no.: 022975-17), and was found satisfactory.

Date of Evaluation: 19th November 2019

________________________
Mr. Binod Lohani
External Evaluator
Deputy Manager
Kathmandu Grid Division
Nepal Electricity Authority
Kathmandu, Nepal

__________________________ ___________________________ Dr. Indraman

Tamrakar Mr. Pramish Shrestha Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Professor Assistant Professor IoE, Pulchowk Campus Department of Electrical &
Electronics Tribhuvan University Engineering
Kathmandu University
________________________________ ______________________________ Dr.
Shailendra Kumar Jha Dr. Damber Bahadur Nepali Assistant Professor and Act.
Head Dean
Department of Electrical &Electronics School of Engineering Engineering
Kathmandu University Kathmandu University
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to my project supervisor Prof. Dr. Indraman Tamrakar and Assistant
Prof. Mr. Pramish Shrestha for their constant support. Without the information and materials
provided by them, the project would have remained incomplete.

I am also very grateful to all our teachers for their valuable suggestions and inspirational
lectures that helped me a lot for making my project a success. Without their help it would
have never been easy to complete my project in time.

Any sorts of suggestions or criticism will be highly appreciated and acknowledged.

Shrinkhala Dahal (Registration no.: 022975-17)

 vi
ABSTRACT

When two or more Micro-Hydro Plants with different types of controllers operate in parallel,
there is problem in coordinated operation between them. Hence this dissertation work focuses
in development of a control system for parallel operation of two Micro-Hydro Plants with
different types of Electronic Load Controller.

MATLAB simulation software was used to develop different models and analyze the outputs.
The project was started with the development of two types of Electronic Load Controllers in
MATLAB. Simulation model was developed for isolated operation of each generators along
with their loads and individual controllers and the simulation result was observed. Later on,
these two generators were connected in parallel along with their respective controllers and the
problems arising from their interconnection were observed. To solve the problems, a control
system known as Central Controller was developed and the simulation of Micro-Grid was
carried out with this Central Controller removing their individual controllers. The central
controller was able to balance the load as well as control the frequency within permissible
range while both the generators operated at full capacity under this condition. Finally, a
MATLAB Simulink model for Wind Turbine Generator system was developed and connected
in the Micro-Grid with Central Controller and two Micro-Hydro Plants. The Central
Controller again balanced the excess of load in the system and all three generators operated at
full capacity regardless of load keeping the frequency of the system constant. Thus the
concept of Central Controller also worked for Wind Turbine Generator system. No individual
controllers were required once a Central Controller was connected in the micro-grid thereby
creating a simplified Wind Turbine Generator model.

Hence interconnection of Micro-Hydro plants with different types of controller was possible
with the introduction of a Central Controller in the system.

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ SYMBOLS............................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................
xi LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................
xiii 1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................1 1.2
Problem Statement ......................................................................................................3 1.3
Motivation ...................................................................................................................3 1.4
Objectives....................................................................................................................4 1.5
Scope/Limitation .........................................................................................................4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................5
2.1 Micro-hydro Plants in Nepal.......................................................................................5 2.2
Wind Energy Generation in Nepal..............................................................................5 2.2.1
Power Output from Wind Turbine:......................................................................6 2.3 Micro-
Grid ..................................................................................................................8 2.4 PID
Controller.............................................................................................................9 2.5
Electronic Load Controller........................................................................................10 2.6 AC
Voltage Controller Based ELC (ACVC-ELC): ..................................................11 2.6.1
Discrete Resistance Type ELC (DR-ELC): .......................................................13 2.7
MATLAB Simulation Software ................................................................................14 2.7.1
MATLAB Simulink...........................................................................................14 2.8
Modeling of Synchronous Generator........................................................................14 2.8.1
Simulink Simulation Model of Synchronous Generator....................................18 2.8.2
Simulink Simulation Model of Excitation System of Synchronous Generator.18 2.9
Modeling of Induction Generator..............................................................................19 2.9.1
Simulink Simulation Model of Induction Generator .........................................22
3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................23
3.1 Proposed Scheme ......................................................................................................23 3.2
Procedure:..................................................................................................................24
4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS ..................................................................................26
4.1 Simulation of 50 kVA SG with AC-Voltage Control Type ELC as Stand-alone
Plant…….. ...............................................................................................................................2
6 4.2 Simulation of 100kVA SG with Discrete ELC as Stand-alone Plant: ......................30

viii
4.3 Simulation of Parallel Operation of 100 kVA SG and 50 kVA SG with their respective
ELCs.......................................................................................................................35 4.4
Simulation of Parallel Operation of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG both with AC-VC type
ELCs.................................................................................................................................37 4.5
Simulation of Parallel Operation of 100 kVA SG and 50 kVA SG with Central DLC 40
4.6 Simulation of 25kW Wind Turbine Generation System Connected to Infinite Bus.45 4.7
Simulation of Micro-grid Consisting of MHP-1, MHP-2, and Wind Turbine Generation
System with a Central DLC removing their Individual Controller.......................48
5 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................53 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................54
6.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................................54 6.2
Recommendation.......................................................................................................54
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................55
APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................57
Appendix A: 50 kVA Synchronous Generator block parameters............................................57
Appendix B: 100 kVA Synchronous Generator block
parameter ...........................................58 Appendix C: Excitation system block parameter for
50 kVA SG...........................................59 Appendix D: Excitation system block parameter for
100 kVA SG.........................................60 Appendix E: Functional Block Parameters of
Synchronized 6-Pulse Generator ...................61 Appendix F: Power gui block
parameters................................................................................61

ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ SYMBOLS
Abbreviation Full-Form
A Ampere
ACVC AC Voltage Control
AEPC Alternate Energy Promotion Center
DLC Digital Load Controller
DR Discrete Resistance
ELC Electronic Load Controller
f Frequency
I Current
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers kV
Kilovolt
kVA Kilo Volt Ampere
W Watt
kW Kilowatt
MHP Micro Hydro Power
SCIG Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
SG Synchronous Generator
TRIAC TRIod for Alternating Current
P Power
pu Per unit
V Voltage
WRIG Wound Rotor Induction Generator
WTG Wind Turbine Generator

x
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1. 1 ELC used in Micro-Hydro Plants................................................................................ 1

Fig 2. 1 Wind Turbine Blade ....................................................................................................
7 Fig 2. 2 Coefficient of Power Vs Tip Speed Ratio for constant pitch
angle............................. 7 Fig 2. 3 Circuit diagram of AC voltage controller based ELC
.............................................. 12 Fig 2. 4 Waveform of voltage across the ballast load of
ELC................................................ 12 Fig 2. 5 Circuit diagram of Discrete Resistance type
ELC..................................................... 13 Fig 2. 6 D-Q equivalent circuit model of
synchronous machine ............................................ 15 Fig 2. 7 Simulink simulation block of
Synchronous Generator ............................................. 18 Fig 2. 8 Detail of IEEE type-1 dc
exciter model..................................................................... 19 Fig 2. 9 d-q equivalent circuit
model of Induction Machine .................................................. 21 Fig 2. 10 Simulink
simulation model of Induction Machine .................................................. 22 Fig 3. 1 Proposed
Micro-grid with common DLC.................................................................. 24 Fig 4. 1 Simulink
model for 50 kVA SG with AC voltage type ELC as standalone plant.... 27 Fig 4. 2 Detail of
SG block ..................................................................................................... 27 Fig 4. 3 Detail
of AC Voltage controller based ELC block.................................................... 28 Fig 4. 4
Active power generated by 50kVA SG ..................................................................... 28 Fig 4.
5 Active power consumed by load ............................................................................... 28 Fig
4. 6 Active power consumed by dump load of AC-VC ELC.......................................... 28 Fig
4. 7 Frequency response of the system............................................................................. 29 Fig
4. 8 Stator Voltage of 50kVA SG..................................................................................... 29 Fig
4. 9 Simulink model for 100kVA SG with discrete ELC as standalone Plant ................. 31
Fig 4. 10 Detail of 100kVA SG block ....................................................................................
31 Fig 4. 11 Detail of Discrete Type ELC block
......................................................................... 32 Fig 4. 12 Detail of Discrete switching block
.......................................................................... 32 Fig 4. 13 Detail of ballast load with
switches......................................................................... 33 Fig 4. 14 Active power generated
by 100kVA SG ................................................................. 33 Fig 4. 15 Active power
consumed by load ............................................................................. 33 Fig 4. 16 Active
power consumed by dump load of discrete ELC......................................... 34 Fig 4. 17
Frequency response of the system........................................................................... 34 Fig 4. 18
Stator voltage of 100kVA SG.................................................................................. 34 Fig 4.
19 Simulink model of Parallel Operation of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG with their
respective ELCs...................................................................................................................... 35
Fig 4. 20 Active power generated by 50 kVA SG ..................................................................
35 Fig 4. 21 Active power generated by 100 kVA SG
................................................................ 36 Fig 4. 22 Active power consumed by load
............................................................................. 36 Fig 4. 23 Active power consumed by
ballast load of 50 kVA SG.......................................... 36 Fig 4. 24 Active power consumed by
ballast load of 100 kVA SG........................................ 36 Fig 4. 25 Frequency response of the
system........................................................................... 36

xi
Fig 4. 26 Stator Voltage of SG................................................................................................
37 Fig 4. 27 Simulink model for Parallel Operation of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG both with
AC-VC type ELCs.................................................................................................................. 38
Fig 4. 28 Active power generated by 50kVA SG ...................................................................
38 Fig 4. 29 Active power generated by 100kVA
SG ................................................................. 38 Fig 4. 30 Power consumed by connected
load........................................................................ 39 Fig 4. 31 Active power dissipated in
ballast load of 50kVA SG............................................ 39 Fig 4. 32 Active power dissipated in
ballast load of 100 kVA SG......................................... 39 Fig 4. 33 Frequency response of the
system........................................................................... 39 Fig 4. 34 Voltage profile of the
system................................................................................... 39 Fig 4. 35 Simulink model for
parallel operation of 100 kVA SG and 50 kVA SG with a central
DLC............................................................................................................................. 41 Fig 4.
36 Detail of Central DLC ............................................................................................. 41 Fig
4. 37 Detail of discrete switching block ........................................................................... 42
Fig 4. 38 Detail of ballast load with switches block ...............................................................
43 Fig 4. 39 Active power generated by 50kVA SG
................................................................... 43 Fig 4. 40Active power generated by 100 kVA
SG ................................................................. 43 Fig 4. 41 Frequency response of the
system........................................................................... 44 Fig 4. 42 Active power dissipated
in load............................................................................... 44 Fig 4. 43 Active power
dissipated in ballast load of central ELC .......................................... 44 Fig 4. 44 Voltage
profile of the system................................................................................... 44 Fig 4. 45
Simulink model for wind turbine generation system connected to infinite bus...... 46 Fig 4. 46
Output from signal builder ...................................................................................... 46 Fig 4.
47 Detail of wind model block ..................................................................................... 46 Fig
4. 48 Detail of TSR block................................................................................................. 47 Fig
4. 49 Power input to generator from wind turbine ........................................................... 47
Fig 4. 50 Power output from generator................................................................................... 47
Fig 4. 51 Speed profile of wind turbine generation system ....................................................
47 Fig 4. 52 Simulink model for Micro-Grid with MHP-1, MHP-2 and Wind Turbine
Generation system with central DLC......................................................................................
49 Fig 4. 53 Active power generated by 50 kVA
SG .................................................................. 49 Fig 4. 54 Active power generated by 100
kVA SG ................................................................ 49 Fig 4. 55 Active power generated by
Wind Turbine Generator System................................. 49 Fig 4. 56 Active power consumed
by load ............................................................................. 50 Fig 4. 57 Active power
dissipated in central DLC.................................................................. 50 Fig 4. 58 Frequency of
the system with central DLC............................................................. 50 Fig 4. 59 Voltage
profile of the system................................................................................... 50

xii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1 Balance sheet for generated and consumed power for system with 50kVA
generator and AC-VC type
ELC..............................................................................................................29 Table 4. 2
Balance sheet of generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG with discrete
ELC.............................................................................................................................34 Table 4.
3 Balance sheet of generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG
with their individual ELCs....................................................................................37 Table 4. 4
Balance sheet of generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG
with both AC-VC ELCs........................................................................................40 Table 4. 5
Balance sheet for generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG
with a central DLC................................................................................................44 Table 4. 6
Input power ,Calculated output power and Observed output power from wind turbine system
......................................................................................................................................48 Table
4. 7 Generated and consumed power for system with 100kVASG, 50 kVA SG and 25kW
WTGS with central DLC from 0 to 5 sec ................................................................................51
Table 4. 8 Generated and consumed power for system with 100kVASG, 50 kVA SG and
25kW WTGS with central DLC from 6 to 11 sec
..............................................................................51 Table 4. 9 Generated and consumed
power for system with 100kVASG, 50 kVA SG and 25kW WTGS with central DLC from 12
to 20 sec .................................................................51

xiii
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Electrification of rural areas is hugely important for a country like Nepal. The extension of
national grid to such rural area is not economically feasible because of the huge cost required
for grid extension with compare to number of consumers and more power loss in the
transmission line. Thus, small and local hydro plants are better choice rather than grid
extension to such rural area which are quite far from the national grid network. Small scale
hydro power plants up 10 kW to 100kW are classified as Micro Hydro Power (MHP) plants
in Nepal [1]. They are developed for benefiting the people of rural areas with electricity at a
nominal cost.

It is usual practice to use Electronic Load Controller (ELC) for speed control of MHP
generator rather than using conventional oil pressure mechanical speed governor. The
conventional speed governor is expensive for low capacity power plant like MHP. Figure 1.1
shows the schematic diagram of ELC used in MHP plant. When the consumer’s load
decreases, the power dissipated in the ballast load increases by the same amount
automatically so that total power on the generator is constant and equal to full rated capacity
(Pm) and thus speed remains constant.

Fig 1. 1 ELC used in Micro-Hydro Plants

1
There may be many number of such MHP plants with their respective ELCs in different rural
area of Nepal. The stability and reliability of isolated MHP plant is poor with compare to
large interconnected power system. In case of any fault in the system, the main circuit
breaker of the generator trips and the power supply to the whole area electrified by a MHP
will be discontinued. If the numbers of nearby MHP plants can be inter-connected to form a
Micro
Grid, the stability and reliability can be improved and better utilization of available energy in
the area can be achieved. The Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) is promoting to
construct Micro-Grid in the rural area of Nepal. However, there are some technical challenges
to such Micro-Grid system. The ELC of various individual MHP plants are designed to
control the speed for single generating unit. This type of ELC is known as isochronous
governor. The different MHP plants in different locations might have used different types of
ELC with different control logic. If such MHP plants are inter-connected to form a Micro-
Grid, there will be problem in coordinated operation between various ELCs. The ELCs may
not share the power in proportional to their power rating and one ELC may get over-loaded
while other ELC remaining under-loaded.

Similarly, there may be some areas electrified by wind turbine .The control system for the
isolated wind turbine system is complex since the power generation should vary according to
demand .Also under isolated mode, any fault in the system can disconnect the entire load.

If the numbers of nearby plants can be inter-connected to form a Micro-Grid, the stability and
reliability can be improved and better utilization of available energy in the area can be
achieved .Therefore, a control strategy has to be developed for this micro-grid such that wind
turbine shall operate at full capacity irrespective of load resulting in simpler control system
and all the micro hydro plants shall operate without conflict in sharing the load.

This project is based on the AEPC standard for voltage regulation (230V±5%), includes
frequency regulation (50Hz±2.5%) and total harmonic distortion (THD, <5%) with respect to
load changes [2].

2
1.2 Problem Statement
When two or more MHP plants with different type of ELCs operate in parallel, there is
problem in coordinated operation of them. As an ELC is designed for frequency control of
isolated single unit of generator, the ELC does not know about the existence of the other
ELCs. Whenever there is change is load, both ELCs try to control the frequency on their own
setting.
Both ELC see the same changed frequency hence work individually to control the frequency.
They fight with each other for balancing this load [3]. Therefore, they may not dissipate
power as per their power rating in the ballast load hence one ELC may get over-loaded while
the other
remaining under-loaded causing the frequency of the system to fluctuate beyond limit. A
Micro-Grid may have various type of energy generating sources such as MHP, Solar-PV, and
wind generator. These generating sources have their own frequency controller operating in
different logics. Inter-connecting such generating units into a Micro-Grid system with their
respective frequency controller will have problem of coordination between them.

1.3 Motivation
Nepal has tremendous hydroelectric power potential. But still only few are benefited from
hydroelectric power because of difficult terrain which have created difficulty in transmission
of power from one location to another. Micro-hydro plant is a boon for country like ours
where the power could be generated at the place of utilization. It is the most feasible
decentralized renewable energy option for providing reliable and affordable electricity to the
remote and isolated areas of Nepal. Because of lots of positive socio economic impacts,
micro-hydro plants has been well accepted by our society in this period. The pace of
installation has increased from few kW per years to around 5 MW per year in fifty-five years.

Also some studies have indicated that wind potential for power generation is favorable in
Tansen of Palpa, Lomangthang of Mustang and Khumbu regions of Nepal [4]. Nepal, whose
major cities experiences daily power cuts for an average of 11 hours, has a wind generation
capacity of 3,000 megawatts showed by preliminary studies conducted by the Alternative
Energy Promotion Center (APEC) [5].

3
Hence study on micro-grid with MHP as well as wind turbine generation system can be
beneficial for better utilization of various energy sources available in the rural area.

1.4 Objectives
To develop a new control strategy for Micro-Grid with MHP and Wind Generator by using a
Central ELC to obtain stable operation.

1.5 Scope/Limitation
The proposed system is limited to the control of only Micro-grid i.e. 10kW to 100kW. There
may be different types and number of generators in a micro-grid but the proposed project
deals with the study and control of a micro-grid with two micro-hydro plants comprising of
SG and a wind turbine generation system with induction generator. The project assumes that
it could be generalized to any numbers of generators. The simulation was carried on
assuming all the generators being nearby hence no line parameters and transformer
parameters were placed in the simulation.

4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Micro-hydro Plants in Nepal

Micro hydro power plants are the small scale hydro power plants of the sizes in between 10
kW and 100kW [1]. Installation of the Micro Hydro Power (MHP) was started in Nepal
around fifty five years ago. The first Micro Hydropower Plant of 5 kW capacity was installed
in Godavari, Kathmandu with the Swiss Assistance in 1962 AD. Since than more than 20
MW of micro hydro schemes have been installed in the country and around 250,000
households in the rural area are electrified by the micro hydropower plants [6].The
installation of Micro Hydropower plants are supported by the Government of Nepal through
Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC). AEPC supports the installation of Micro
Hydropower plants through different donor funded programme like Rural Energy
Development Program (REDP) and Mini Grid Support Programme under Energy Sector
Assistance Program (MGSP/ESAP).

2.2 Wind Energy Generation in Nepal

The study by DANGRID, a Danish consulting firm, in 1992 reported a potential to generate
200MW of electrical power with an annual energy production of 500 GWh from the wind
resources along the 12 km valley between Kagbeni and Chusang in the Mustang District of
Nepal [7].

At present, Kagbeni has been identified as one of the most potential area for harnessing wind
energy .The annual average wind speed and power density at Kagbeni is found to be 8.05 m/s
and 851 W/m2 from hourly meteorological data collected between 2001 to 2005 [8]. Asian
Development Bank and the Government of Nepal has signed in a project called South Asia
Sub regional economic cooperation: Power System Expansion Project (SASEC: PSEP) which
has a target of adding 500 kW additional electricity from off-grid wind and or wind solar
hybrid projects in Nepal until 2020 [9]. Since 1967, Nepal has been working actively on
gathering wind data by installing wind measuring station in 40 places all over the country.
But only 29 are running properly out of which 7 of them are in higher Himalayan region, 11
in middle mountain region and 11 in Terai plains.

5
2.2.1 Power Output from Wind Turbine:

The power output equation of a wind turbine is given by:

Pm =1/2 ρAV3 (2.1) Where,
ρ = density of air in kilograms per cubic meter
A = area swept by rotor blades
v = velocity of wind in m/s

A German physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can convert more
than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor.
To this day, this is known as the Betz Limit or Betz' Law. The theoretical maximum power
efficiency of any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (i.e. no more than 59% of the energy carried
by the wind can be extracted by a wind turbine). This is called the “power coefficient” and is
defined as: Cpmax = 0.59. Also, wind turbines cannot operate at this maximum limit. The Cp
value is unique to each turbine type and is a function of wind speed that the turbine is
operating in. Once we incorporate various engineering requirements of a wind turbine -
strength and durability in particular - the real world limit is well below the Betz Limit with
values of 0.35- 0.45 common even in the best designed wind turbines. By the time we take
into account the other factors in a complete wind turbine system - e.g. the gearbox, bearings,
and generators and so on only 10-30% of the power of the wind is ever actually converted
into usable electricity. Hence, the power coefficient needs to be factored in equation (2.1)
and the extractable power from the wind is given by:

Pavailable =1/2* ρ*A*V3* Cp (2.2)

The swept area of the turbine can be calculated from the length of the turbine blades using the
equation for the area of a circle:
A = πr2

Where, the radius is equal to the blade length as shown in the figure below:

Fig 2. 1 Wind Turbine Blade

The coefficient of power is the function of tip speed ratio and blade pitch angle
mathematically expressed as:
Cp = 0.5 (γ −0.022β2 −5.6).e−0.17γ (2.3) Where,
γ = Tip speed ratio
β = blade pitch angle
The tip speed ration is given by:
TSR = (speed of rotor tip)/ (wind speed) =ωr/v (2.4) The plot below shows the variation of
the power coefficient with variations in the tip-speed ratio when the pitch is held constant:

Fig 2. 2 Coefficient of Power Vs Tip Speed Ratio for constant pitch angle[22]

7
2.3 Micro-Grid
A micro-grid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within
clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to
the grid. A micro-grid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in
both grid connected or island mode [10].

Drivers of micro-grid development and deployment are as listed [11]:

Energy Security
Micro-grids can provide power to important facilities and communities using their distributed
generation assets when the main grid goes down.
Cyber- and Physical Attacks
The grid today increasingly relies on advanced information and communications
technologies, making it vulnerable to cyberattack. Micro-grids, through their decentralized
architecture, are less vulnerable to attacks on individual pieces of key generation or
transmission infrastructure.

Economic Benefits
Micro- grids could avoid or defer investments for replacement and/or expansion.

Fuel Savings
Micro- grids offer several types of efficiency improvements including reduced line losses,
combined heat, cooling, and power; and transition to direct current distribution systems to
avoid wasteful DC-AC conversions.

Ancillary Services
Traditional ancillary services include congestion relief; frequency regulation and load
following; black start; reactive power and voltage control; and supply of spinning, non
spinning, replacement reserves .Power quality (reactive power and voltage harmonics
compensation).

8
Clean Energy Integration
Important clean energy sources to address climate change like solar PV and wind are variable
and non-controllable which can cause challenges like over generation and voltage control
problems for the existing grid if deployed in large quantities. Micro-grids are designed to
handle variable generation, using storage technologies to locally balance generation and
loads.

2.4 PID Controller

PID control stands for proportional–integral–derivative control. It is a feedback mechanism
used in a control system also known as three term control, and is implemented by a PID
Controller. By calculating and controlling three parameters namely the proportional, integral
and derivative of how much a process variable deviates from the desired set point value,
different control actions for specific work is achieved
They are the best controller in the control system family. Nicholas Minorsky published the
theoretical analysis paper on PID controller. For PID control the actuating signal consists of
proportional error signal added with derivative and integral of the error signal. Therefore, the
actuating signal for PID control is:

(2.5)

The proportional, derivative and integral parameters can be expressed as Kp, Kd and Ki. All
these three parameters have an effect on the closed loop control system. It affects rise time,
settling time and overshoot and also the steady state error.

Control Rise time Settling time Overshoot Steady state

Response error

Kp decrease small change increase decrease

Kd small change decrease decrease no change

Ki decrease increase increase eliminate

9
Proportional Control: Here actuating signal for the control action in a control system is
proportional to the error signal. The error signal being the difference between the reference
input signal and the feedback signal obtained from input.

Derivative Control: The actuating signal consists of proportional error signal added with
derivative of the error signal. Therefore, the actuating signal for derivative control action is
given by,

(2.6) Integral Control: For

integral control action the actuating signal consists of proportional error signal added with
integral of the error signal. Therefore, the actuating signal for integral control action is given
by,

(2.7)

2.5 Electronic Load Controller

Governors are used in hydropower generation to balance the amount of power generated with
the amount absorbed. Since 1980s, electronic load controllers (ELCs) have been established
as low cost governors well suited for micro-hydro power. They may be traced back to
Electronic Load Governors in the UK developed by Armstrong-Evans, and based on a 1949
control arrangement for a family waterwheel and heating load ballast [12]. By 1974,
Thyristor based prototypes were being designed and tested on private companies and farm
properties, before the technology was patented in 1976 [13].
In 1979, the NGO, Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), collaborated with
Armstrong-Evans and together developed a prototype for three-phase systems, which was
first tested in Nepal for six weeks in 1980 [14]. Proving successful, it caught on locally and
in the international development community. ELCs for the first time made hydro power
feasible at a smaller scale by providing a more affordable alternative to expensive hydraulic
governors commonly used before then [15].

MHPs function with a relatively constant flow of water across the turbine at all times
producing constant power, requiring a constant load on the generator. When users demand
less power,

10
the ELC directs any surplus power into its dump load using a Thyristor switch. Since this is
done electronically with no physically moving parts, there is little loss as well as less
maintenance is required. The other electrical alternative for voltage regulation is a VAR
source, which requires more expensive control circuitry and more skilled technicians for
maintenance.

There are four main parts related to ELC: (1) a sensor (which reads voltage, frequency, or
current), (2) logic to control switching (analog circuit or digital microcontroller), (3) a switch
(Thyristor, TRIAC or IGBT) and (4) a dump load (resistive heater load)
Basically two types of ELCs are used namely Ac-Voltage Control Type ELC and Discrete
Resistance Type ELC.

2.6 AC Voltage Controller Based ELC (ACVC-ELC):

This is the early stage ELC developed in Nepal and many of the existing MHP plants in Nepal
have this type of ELC. Figure 2.3 shows the circuit diagram of an ACVC-ELC implemented
with the synchronous generator [16]. In this scheme, the synchronous generator is driven by
an un-regulated turbine with constant mechanical power output corresponding to its full
rating. When the active power of the load decreases, the frequency increases. The frequency
sensor senses the frequency and it is compared with the reference frequency. The error signal
thus obtained drives the PI controller to change the firing angle (α) of the ac voltage
controller to increase the active power flow through the dumped resistive load by an amount
equal to decrease in active power of the load so that the total load on the generator remains
constant resulting in a constant frequency operation.

11

Fig 2. 3 Circuit diagram of AC voltage controller based ELC [21]

Figure 2.4 below shows the waveform of voltage across the ballast load resistance, which is a
 chopped sine wave. It has fundamental component as well as other harmonics.

Fig 2. 4 Waveform of voltage across the ballast load of ELC

The RMS value of voltage across the ballast load is given by:
α ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎡ ⎦⎤
απα
V
1 1 2 Sin ()
−
∫
2
=+
= 2()

V Sin t d t V ω ω
b π 0 m () m π 4 (2.8)

And power consumed by the ballast load is given

by: 2
bV
bP
=
R
b
(2.9)
Where, α = Firing angle of AC voltage controller
Rb = Resistance of ballast load
The value of ballast load resistance Rb is chosen in such a way that it consumes the total
active power generated by the generator when the consumer's load is zero and the ac voltage
controller is operated at firing angle equal to 0 to produce maximum voltage across the dump

12
load at this condition. This type of ELC is very simple and cheaper. However, it has
disadvantage of harmonic produced due to the chopping of waveform of voltage across the
ballast load and reactive power consumption by ballast load due to delay of current waveform
with respect to generator terminal voltage.

2.6.1 Discrete Resistance Type ELC (DR-ELC):

This type of ELC had been developed to overcome the disadvantage of ACVC-ELC. Figure
2.5 shows the circuit diagram of DR-ELC. In this type of ELC, discrete resistance bank are
turned ON or OFF to vary the power consumed rather than chopping the voltage across the
ballast load [16]. Hence, this type of ELC does not have the problems of harmonics and
reactive power consumption by ballast load.

Fig 2. 5 Circuit diagram of Discrete Resistance type ELC [21]

The synchronous generator is driven by an un-regulated turbine with constant mechanical

power output corresponding to its full rating. When the consumers load is equal to the full
load capacity of the generator, all the dump loads are turned off. When the active power of
the load decreases, the frequency increases. The frequency sensor senses the frequency and is
compared with reference frequency. The error signal thus obtained drives the P-controller,
which generates the gate signals to turn on the required number of TRIAC switches to
increase the power in the dump load by an amount nearly equal to the decreased in the
consumer's active power so that the total load on the generator remains constant resulting in a
constant frequency operation. The performance of this type of ELC is better than the AC
voltage controller based ELC as it has no harmonics and reactive power problems. However,
it needs more numbers of TRIAC switches and provides step-wise control. For smaller steps
control, it needs much more

13
numbers of TRIAC switches and ballast loads. Hence, this type of ELC is more expensive
with compare to the AC Voltage Controller based ELC.
2.7 MATLAB Simulation Software
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions
are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. MATLAB is used for following purposes: ∙
Math and computation
∙ Algorithm development
∙ Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
∙ Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
∙ Scientific and engineering graphics
∙ Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

2.7.1 MATLAB Simulink

Simulink is a MATLAB-based graphical programming environment for modeling, simulating
and analyzing the multi-domain dynamical systems. Its primary interface is a graphical block
diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries. It offers tight integration with the
rest of the MATLAB environment and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted from it.
Simulink is widely used in automatic control and digital signal processing for multi-domain
simulation and model-based design

2.8 Modeling of Synchronous Generator

Well-established mathematical model of synchronous machine is available in many
literatures. The d-q equivalent circuit model has been used in the Simulink model available in
MATLAB. This model takes care of non-uniformity of air gap length in the machine due to
salient pole rotor. Figure 2.6 shows the d-q equivalent circuit model of a Synchronous
machine. All rotor parameters and electrical quantities are viewed from the stator and they
are identified by primed variables in the equivalent circuit.
The subscripts used are defined as follows:
d, q : d and q axis quantity

14
R, s : Rotor and stator quantity
l, m : Leakage and magnetizing inductance
f, k : Field and damper winding quantity
 Fig 2. 6 D-Q equivalent circuit model of synchronous machine

The following equations associated with the equivalent circuit model describe the steady state
as well as the dynamic behavior of the synchronous machine.
'' )
(
φ = + + (2.10) kd i

L
d i i
dd fd md L '
i
φ = + (2.11) kq mq L

q i
q qL
'
kd i
'' '
fd φ = + + (2.12)
i )
fd L fd i d md L (
 '
fd i
'' '
kd φ = + + (2.13)
i )
kd L kd i d md L (

'
kq 1
' '
1 1
φ = + (2.14)
i
kq L kq i q mq L
'
kq 2
' '
2 2
φ = + (2.15)
d i
kq L q mq L
kq i

V = + φ −ω φ (2.16)
iR Rq
ds d d dt d
iR d
q s qV = + φ +ω φ (2.17) q R dt
' ' ' 'fd
dtd
R
fd fd V = + φ (2.18)fd i

15
' ' ' 'kd
dtd
R
kd kd V = + φ (2.19) kd i

'1 kq
dtd
' ' '
1 1 1
R
kq kq V = + φ (2.20) kq i

' kq
2 dtd
' ' '
2 2 2
R
kq kq V = + φ (2.21) kq i

3 P
eT = φ − φ (2.22) ( . )
22 Where, qq
i
d di

Rs = Per phase stator winding resistance

'
= fd R
Resistance of d-axis field winding refer tostator side

'
=kdR
Resistance of d -axis damper winding refer to stator side

'
1= k q R
Resistance of q -axis damper winding -1 refer to stator side

'
2= k q R
Resistance of q -axis damper winding -2 refer to stator side

Ll = Per phase stator winding leakage inductance

' '
fd L = d-axis field winding leakage inductance refer to stator side kd L
'
= d-axis damper winding leakage inductance refer to stator side kq1
'
L= Leakage inductance of q-axis damper winding-1 refer to stator side kq2

L= Leakage inductance of q-axis damper winding-2 refer to stator side

Lmd = d-axis magnetizing inductance

Lmq = q-axis magnetizing inductance
Ld = Ll + Lmd = d-axis synchronous inductance
Lq = Ll + Lmq = q-axis synchronous inductance

16
Vd = d-axis component of stator phase voltage
Vq = q-axis component of stator phase voltage
 '
fd V= d-axis field winding voltage refer to stator side
'
kd V= d-axis damper winding voltage refer to stator side
'
kq1
V= q-axis damper winding-1 voltage refer to stator side

'
kq2
V= q-axis damper winding-2 voltage refer to stator side

ωR = Rotor speed
P = Number of magnetic poles pairs
Te = Electromagnetic torque

The mechanical system of the machine is described by:

t
(T
1
(2.23) Δω (t) R m d R
= ) dt - K Δω (t)
∫2 e
-T
H 0

And = Δ + (2.24) ω (t) ω (t) ω R R 0

Where,
ωR(t) = Mechanical speed of the rotor
ω0 = Synchronous speed (1 p.u.)
ΔωR = Speed variation with respect to synchronous speed
H = Inertia constant
Tm = Mechanical torque input
Kd = Damping factor representing the effect of damper windings
 17
2.8.1 Simulink Simulation Model of Synchronous Generator

Figure 2.7 shows the MATLAB-Simulink simulation model of the synchronous generator,
that implements the equations (2.10) to (2.24) in the p.u. system. The block has two input
terminals namely - mechanical power input Pm and the field winding voltage Vf. The output
terminals are three phase ac voltage ports marked A, B and C respectively and measurement
port marked m. The input port Pm is either output signal of the turbine-governor model or the
signal of the constant mechanical power representing rated head and discharge of the turbine.
The input port Vf is output signal of the exciter model.

Fig 2. 7 Simulink simulation block of Synchronous Generator

2.8.2 Simulink Simulation Model of Excitation System of Synchronous Generator

The function of excitation system is to provide excitation and regulate the terminal voltage of
the synchronous machine in generating mode. Figure 2.8 shows the detail of IEEE type-1 dc
exciter model available in the simulink power system block set library. Vd and Vq are d-q
components of generator terminal voltage Va, Vb and Vc. They are used as feedback signals
sensed from the generator terminal voltage. These feedback signals are converted into the
magnitude of positive sequence voltage and then passed through a low pass filter to get only
the fundamental component. This fundamental component is compared with the Vref, where
Vref is the desired generator terminal voltage in pu. The net error signal is obtained by adding
the signal from power system stabilizer and subtracting a damping feedback signal. The error
signal is then passed through a lead lag compensator and the main regulator. The main
regulator gives the output signal Efd. The Efd together with the output signal (Vtf) from the
low pass filter is then passed through a proportional saturation block to get Ef as the output
signal from
 18
the regulator and the signal Ef in turn is passed through the transfer function block of the
exciter model to get excitation voltage Vf in pu.

Fig 2. 8 Detail of IEEE type-1 dc exciter model

2.9 Modeling of Induction Generator

An induction motor acts as a generator when it is driven to a speed greater than its
synchronous speed provided there is some source of reactive power to maintain air-gap flux
in the machine. Since the mechanical power input to the machine does not supply the reactive
power required for establishing air-gap magnetic flux, external capacitors are used for this
purpose.
Figure 2.9 shows the d-q equivalent circuit model of an induction machine used to develop
Simulink model in MATLAB. The equivalent circuit model is represented in the d-q
reference frame. The rotor parameters and the electrical quantities are presented as the values
referred the stator side. The subscripts used are defined as follows:

d, q : d and q axis quantity

r, s : Rotor and stator quantity
l, m : Leakage and magnetizing inductance

19
'
 i
ds φ = + (2.25) dr m

i '
ds sL
L
φ = + (2.26) i
qs qr m

i L
qs sL

'φ (2.27)
''
dr = +
L
i i
dr rL ds m
'
φ (2.28)
''
qr= +
L
i i
qr rL qs m

sL = + (2.29)
L
ls L m
'
(2.30)
'
rL = +
L d
lr L m
iR qs
ds s ds V = + φ −ω φ (2.31) ds dt
d
iR ds
qs s qs V = + φ +ω φ (2.32) qs dt
''' r qr
' dr dtd
'
iR
dr r dr V = + φ − ω −ω φ (2.33) ( )

'''' dr
qr r dtd
'
iR
qr r qr V = + φ + ω −ω φ (2.34) ( )
 3
P
ds eT = φ − φ (2.35) ( . )

2
qs qs i ds i
d
m
1
ω = − ω (2.36) ( - )
FT
eT
mm
dt H
2
m
dθ =ω (2.37) m dt

Where,
Rs = Per phase stator winding resistance.
'
rR = Per phase rotor winding resistance refer to stator side
Lm = Magnetizing inductance
Lls = Per phase stator winding leakage inductance
'
lr L = Per phase rotor winding leakage inductance refer to stator side

20
Vds = d-axis stator voltage
Vqs = q-axis stator voltage
'
dr V= d-axis rotor voltage refer to stator side
'
qr V= q-axis rotor voltage refer to stator side

θm = Angular position of rotor

ωm = Angular velocity of the rotor
ω = Synchronous speed
ωr = Rotor speed = ωm .P
P = Number of magnetic pole pairs
Te = Electromagnetic torque
Tm = Mechanical torque input
H = Inertia constant
F = Friction coefficient

' '
Since the rotor conductors are short circuited in squirrel cage rotor machine, dr Vand qr Vare
set to zero in the analysis.

Fig 2. 9 d-q equivalent circuit model of Induction Machine

The following equations associated with the equivalent circuit model describe the steady state
as well as dynamic behavior of the induction machine.

21
2.9.1 Simulink Simulation Model of Induction Generator

Figure 2.10 shows the MATLAB-Simulink simulation model of induction machine, which
implements the equations (2.25) to (2.37) in the p.u. system. The block has an input terminal
marked mechanical torque input Tm. The output terminals are three phase ac voltage ports
marked A, B and C respectively and measurement port marked m. The input port Tm
represents the constant mechanical torque input to the machine. Since the induction machine
block set available in the simulink library is programmed as an induction motor, the
induction generator mode is simulated by setting the mechanical power input to the machine
as negative value.
 Fig 2. 10 Simulink simulation model of Induction Machine

22
3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Proposed Scheme

When two isolated hydro-generation system with two different types of ELCs are connected
to form a micro-grid, the frequency of the system becomes unstable as well as sharing of load
is uneven between two ELCs i.e. one of the ELC is overloaded while the other is under-
loaded. To solve this problem, a model is proposed which consisted of a common central
DLC (removing all individual ELC) that balances the load in the entire system so that the
frequency of the system remains constant. This common DLC is also an Electronic Load
controller with higher capacity (equal to the sum of generating capacity of all generators) to
take entire load when all load are turned off. The central DLC used is a discrete resistance
type ELC with 8 discrete ballast load (20, 21, 22, 23,24,25, 26, 27kW of blocks) that can take
consume power from 1kW to maximum of 256 kW with step of 1 kW.

There shall also be the provision for an automatic switch which shall automatically connect
the individual ELCs to the generator when the central ELC is under fault or maintenance and
in that case again the generators shall work in isolated mode. But it is necessary that the
concept of central ELC be successful not only for hydro-power plant but also to other energy
resources.

Wind Turbine Generation system when working is isolated mode has a very complex control
system since the wind is continuously changing so is the output from the wind turbine but the
load is almost constant. To obtain constant power from variable source it requires a complex
control system but once the wind turbine generator system is connected in grid, it does not
require this control system and shall operate at full capacity, feeding power irrespective of
load. This results in easier control system.

Hence the proposed central DLC is applied on a micro-grid with two micro-hydro plants and
a wind turbine generation system which is expected to balance load as well as frequency and
also simplify the complex control system of wind turbine system.

23

Fig 3. 1 Proposed Micro-grid with common DLC

3.2 Procedure:
With the aim of fulfilling the objective, we followed a series of steps to build a proper
simulink simulation model of the proposed system.

Step 1: Literature Review on related topics.

Step 2: Developed the Matlab Simulink model of MHP-1 plant with 50 kVA SG with AC
voltage control type ELC as standalone plant, tabulated the result and verified with standards.

Step 3: Developed the Matlab Simulink model of MHP-2 plant with 100 kVA SG with
Discrete Resistance type ELC as standalone plant, tabulated the result and verified with
standards.

Step 4: Developed the Matlab Simulink model of parallel operation of MHP-1 and MHP-2
with their individual controller and observed the problem.

Step 5: Developed the Matlab Simulink model of parallel operation of MHP-1 and MHP-2
with both AC-VC type ELC.

24
Step 6: Developed the Matlab Simulink model for parallel operation of two synchronous
generator with a common central DLC replacing their individual controller.

Step 7: Developed the Matlab Simulink model for 25kW of Wind Turbine Generator System
connected in infinite bus.

Step 8: Developed the Matlab Simulink model of parallel operation of MHP-1 and MHP-2
and WTG with a central DLC.

Step 9: Report was developed based on simulation result and tabulated data.
 25
4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Simulation of 50 kVA SG with AC-Voltage Control Type ELC as

Stand-alone Plant

Fig 4.1 consists of a Synchronous Generator block equipped with 50kVA SG with AC
Voltage Control Type ELC. Details of the synchronous generator block is shown is fig 4.2.
20kW of load is connected for the first three seconds and an additional of 15kW is connected
for remaining time. When the load decreases to 20kW, the frequency of the system increases.
The change in frequency is detected by the frequency sensor and compared with the
reference frequency (50 Hz) as in fig 4.3. The error so obtained drives the PI-controller
which decreases the firing angle α of the AC Voltage Controller. This increases the power to
be dissipated in the ballast load. The six pulse generator is used to turn ON the three pairs of
thyristor at respective firing angle sequence so as to dissipate equal power at three balanced
ballast load
(for 3-phase).

The value of ballast load resistance RB is calculated using equation 2.5 and 2.6 in such a way
that when the consumer's load is zero, it is able to dissipate all the active power generated by
the generator within itself. The firing angle at maximum power dissipation condition is equal
to 00 which produces un-chopped voltage across the dump load.
Since the generator rating is 50kW, each dump load has to dissipate maximum of
50000/3=16666.66 Watt (16.6kW) of power. Hence the value of dump load resistor is chosen
as:
Rballast = (Vα=0)2/P=2302/16666.66=3.17~3 Ohms

26
Fig 4. 1 Simulink model for 50 kVA SG with AC voltage type ELC as standalone plant

Fig 4. 2 Detail of SG block

27
 Fig 4. 3 Detail of AC Voltage controller based ELC block

Simulation Results:

Fig 4. 4 Active power generated by 50kVA SG

Fig 4. 5 Active power consumed by load

Fig 4. 6 Active power consumed by dump load of AC-VC ELC

28

Fig 4. 7 Frequency response of the system

 Fig 4. 8 Stator Voltage of 50kVA SG

The SG generated 47 kW of active power continuously. When 20 kW load was connected for
the first three seconds the surplus 27kW of power was dissipated in dump load of ELC.
Similarly, after three seconds, consumer's load increased to 35kW and thus only 12 kW of
power was dissipated in ELC where by keeping the total load to generator constant. The
frequency response of the system was well maintained within permissible range i.e less than 1
Hz deviation. The stator voltage was maintained to 1 p.u but was not purely sinusoidal
because of harmonics introduced while chopping of sine wave. The results are tabulated in
the form of balance sheets as shown in table 4.1.

Source/Sink 0-3 Secs 3-10 Secs

PSG(W) +47000 +47000

Pload(W) -20000 -35000

PELC(W) -27000 -1200

Unbalance of P(W) 0 0

Table 4. 1 Balance sheet for generated and consumed power for system with 50kVA
generator and AC-VC type ELC

29
Hence the total power generated was always equal to total power consumed keeping
frequency of the system constant. But because it introduces harmonics in voltage, this type of
ELC is less commonly used .

4.2 Simulation of 100kVA SG with Discrete ELC as Stand-alone Plant:

To overcome the drawback of AC-Voltage Control based ELC, discrete type ELC was
introduced.
Fig 4.9 consists of a synchronous generator block equipped with 100kVA SG with Discrete
Resistance Type ELC. The load connected to the system is 20kW for the first three seconds
and an additional 70kW for remaining time. Details of the synchronous generator block is
shown is fig 4.10. When the load decreases to 20kW, there is increase is frequency. The
change in frequency is detected by the frequency sensor and compared with the reference
frequency (50 Hz). The error so obtained drives the P-controller, which gives the change in
power ΔP i.e 80kW. This excess power is then dissipated in the ballast load.
After the power to be dissipated is calculated by P-controller, remaining action is carried out
in discrete switching block. The discrete switching block in figure 4.11 consists of a
MATLAB function block, an integer to bit converter, 7 discrete blocks of resistors and
TRIAC switches. MATLAB function block is used to convert the fractional value of power
ΔP to integer value. This integer value of power is converted to bit ( ones and zeros) by the
bit converter. The ones and zeros obtained from the bit converter turns on or turns off the
required dump resistors. The dump resistors are so placed that each converted bit turns ON or
OFF the exact integer value of load. The dump load consists of seven discrete resistance
block (fig 4.13) with value of 20 ,21 ,22, 23,24,25,26 i.e 1,2,4,8,16,32,64 to take maximum
of 100kW of load under no load condition . For example, if 85kW of load is connected the
change in load (ΔP) becomes 15 kW, the bit converter outputs 0001111(which is the binary
value for 15) as output bits. Only the bit 1 turns on the TRIAC switch and current start
flowing through the ballast resistive block .In fig 4.5 the blocks 8kW, 4kW, 2kW and 1kW
(last four blocks) turns ON for ΔP=15kW to give total of 15kW of power dissipation. Hence
the total load remains constant for the generator whereby keeping the frequency constant.
These discrete resistive blocks could be either all

30
1kW blocks or 2kW blocks but it requires many number of discrete blocks as much as rating
of generator i.e for 100kW generator it requires 100 numbers of 1 kW blocks or 50 numbers
of 2 kW blocks but using bit conversion logic, only 7 discrete block were able to dissipate any
power from 1kW to 100kW.
Fig 4. 9 Simulink model for 100kVA SG with discrete ELC as standalone Plant

Fig 4. 10 Detail of 100kVA SG block

31

Fig 4. 11 Detail of Discrete Type ELC block

Fig 4. 12 Detail of Discrete switching block

32
 Fig 4. 13 Detail of ballast load with switches

Simulation Results:

Fig 4. 14 Active power generated by 100kVA SG

Fig 4. 15 Active power consumed by load

33

Fig 4. 16 Active power consumed by dump load of discrete ELC

 Fig 4. 17 Frequency response of the system

Fig 4. 18 Stator voltage of 100kVA SG

The SG generated 97 kW of active power continuously. For the first 3 secs, while the load
was 20 kW, the surplus 77kW of power was dissipated in dump load of ELC. After three
seconds, consumer's load increased to 90kW and thus only 700 watts was dissipated in ELC.
At both the all the generator power was consumed and hence the frequency of the system
remained within permissible range of ± 1Hz. The stator voltage was 1 p.u pure sinusoidal. No
harmonics were introduced. The results are tabulated in the form of balance sheets as shown
in table 4.2.

Source/Sink 0-3 Secs 3-10 Secs

PSG(W) +97000 +97000

Pload(W) -20000 -90000

PELC(W) -77000 -700

Unbalance of 0 0
P(W)

Table 4. 2 Balance sheet of generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG with
discrete ELC

34
4.3 Simulation of Parallel Operation of 100 kVA SG and 50 kVA SG with
their respective ELCs
The above two isolated generators were connected in parallel to form a micro-grid so as to
increase the reliability as well as stability of the system. Each of them has their own
controllers.50 kW load was connected to the system prior to 3 secs and additional 40 kW load
was connected after 3 secs to see the frequency response as well as sharing of excess of power
by the ELCs of two generators. The detail circuit diagram as well as simulation results are
shown below:
Fig 4. 19

Simu
link model of Parallel Operation of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG with their respective ELCs

Simulation Results:

Fig 4. 20 Active power generated by 50 kVA SG

35

Fig 4. 21 Active power generated by 100 kVA SG

 Fig 4. 22 Active power consumed by load

Fig 4. 23 Active power consumed by ballast load of 50 kVA SG

Fig 4. 24 Active power consumed by ballast load of 100 kVA SG

Fig 4. 25 Frequency response of the system

36

Fig 4. 26 Stator Voltage of SG

The active power generated by both the generators were fluctuating type. One of the ELC was
seen overloaded while other being under-loaded. Because of non-proportional sharing of
power there was rapid rise in frequency with time and hence frequency was found
uncontrolled. The results are tabulated in the form of balance sheets as shown in Table 4.3.
 Source/Sink 0-3 Secs 3-10 Secs

PSG(W) 140000 140000

Pload(W) -50000 -90000

PELC dicrete(W) 0 0

PELC ACVC(W) -90000 -50000

Unbalance of P(W) 0 0

Table 4. 3 Balance sheet of generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG and
50kVA SG with their individual ELCs

4.4 Simulation of Parallel Operation of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG both

with AC-VC type ELCs

Simulation is carried out between two SG rated 100kVA and 50kVA with similar type of
ELC i.e replacing the discrete ELC of 100kVA SG with AC-VC type ELC to see if same
problem occurs or not between ELCs of same type. In this case the rating of ballast load of
100kVA SG is half of that of 50kVA SG to dissipate double of the power. Initially 20kW of
load is
connected to the system and after 4 secs another 40kW load is added. When 20kW of load is
connected to the system, because of generation being larger than connected load, the
frequency goes on increasing. Each of the individual ELCs senses this change in frequency.
The frequency error thus obtained drives PI controller to generate firing angle that turnes ON
the

37
TRIAC switches at certain angle to dissipate the remaining power in the ballast load. The
firing angle of both the ELC is same since they detects same frequency change hence the
voltage across the ballast load is same but because of different rating of ballast load (i.e 3
Ohms for 50kVA SG and 1.5 Ohms for 100kVA SG) double of power dissipation occurs in
ballast load of ELC of 100 kVA SG. Hence, power is dissipated with proportional to capacity
of generator and none of the ELC becomes overloaded or under-loaded and frequency of the
system is controlled without conflict between two ELCs in case of similar type of ELC.
 Fig

4. 27 Simulink model for Parallel Operation of 100kVA SG and 50kVA SG both with
AC-VC type ELCs

Simulation Results:

Fig 4. 28 Active power generated by 50kVA SG

Fig 4. 29 Active power generated by 100kVA SG

38

Fig 4. 30 Power consumed by connected load

Fig 4. 31 Active power dissipated in ballast load of 50kVA SG

 Fig 4. 32 Active power dissipated in ballast load of 100 kVA SG

Fig 4. 33 Frequency response of the system

Fig 4. 34 Voltage profile of the system

39
The generated and consumed power are tabulated as below:
Source/Sink 0-3 Secs 3-10 Secs

P100KVASG(W) 95300 95300

P50KVASG(W) 47700 47700

PLOAD(W) -20000 -60000

PELC100KVA(W) -82000 -53800

PELC50KVA(W) -41000 -26900

Unbalanced load 0 0

Table 4. 4 Balance sheet of generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG and
50kVA SG with both AC-VC ELCs
4.5 Simulation of Parallel Operation of 100 kVA SG and 50 kVA SG with
Central DLC

Fig 4.35 consists of two synchronous generators block one equipped with 50 kVA SG while
the other block equipped with 100kVA SG. The detail of SG block is already shown above.
The dedicated ELCs of both the isolated SG are removed and a grid is formed from these two
SGs. A central DLC of capacity 150 kW is connected in the grid such that when there is zero
load all the power is dissipated in the ballast load of central DLC. The detail of discrete type
ELC is already shown above. For first 3 seconds 50kW load is connected in the system and
after 3 seconds additional 30kW load is added. Simulation is carried out to observe frequency
response as well as load balance. For this 8 discrete resistive ballast load of rating 1kW, 2kW,
4kW, 8kW, 16kW, 32kW, 64kW, 128 kW are used to dissipate maximum of 150kW power.
Control logic is similar to that of 100kVA SG with discrete ELC.

40

Fig 4. 35 Simulink model for parallel operation of 100 kVA SG and 50 kVA SG with a
 central DLC

Fig 4. 36 Detail of Central DLC

41

Fig 4. 37 Detail of discrete switching block

 42

Fig 4. 38 Detail of ballast load with switches block

Simulation Result:

Fig 4. 39 Active power generated by 50kVA SG

Fig 4. 40Active power generated by 100 kVA SG

43
 Fig 4. 41 Frequency response of the system

Fig 4. 42 Active power dissipated in load

Fig 4. 43 Active power dissipated in ballast load of central ELC

Fig 4. 44 Voltage profile of the system

The total generated and consumed power are tabulated as:

Source/Sink 0-3 Secs 3-10
Secs

Psg1(W) 96000 96000

Psg2(W) 48000 48000

Pload(W) -50000 -80000

PELC(W) -94000 -64000

Unbalance of P(W) 0 0

Table 4. 5 Balance sheet for generated and consumed power for system of 100kVA SG and
50kVA SG with a central DLC

44
Hence from simulation it was found out that when two SG were connected to form a grid with
a central controller, the system worked fine with balance in load as well as fixed frequency
and voltage. There was no conflict between the generators while sharing the load and
whenever there was decrease in load, the excess of power was dissipated in the ballast load
of central DLC. Both the generators operated at their full capacity.

4.6 Simulation of 25kW Wind Turbine Generation System Connected to

Infinite Bus

Figure 4.45 shows a wind turbine generator system consisting of induction generator to
convert wind energy into electrical energy. A capacitor bank of 18.75 kVAR capacity is used
for supplying reactive power to 25 kW of induction generator. The negative torque(Tm=-
1/25000) represents that the induction machine works as generator .The generator is
connected to the system once it catches speed greater to 1 p.u. The signal builder block
generates signal that represents variable wind speed. The signal builder generates wind speed
of 7.5m/s for first 5 seconds, 8 m/s from 6 seconds to 11 seconds and 8.5m/s from 12 to 20
seconds. The output power calculation requires density of air, area swept by rotor blades,
velocity of wind and the coefficient of power i.e Pm =1/2 ρAV3Cp. For calculation of power,
the density of air is taken as 1.23kg/m3 and the radius of blade is taken as 8 meters. Initially,
the tip speed ratio (speed at the tip of the blade/wind speed) is calculated and then the
coefficient of power is calculated from the TSR and the blade pitch angle. The blade pitch
angle is supposed to be zero for this case. The output power for different wind speed is hence
calculated. The voltage profile as well as frequency of the system is also observed.

45
Fig 4. 45 Simulink model for wind turbine generation system connected to infinite bus

Fig 4. 46 Output from signal builder

Fig 4. 47 Detail of wind model block

46
 Fig 4. 48 Detail of TSR block

Simulation Results:

Fig 4. 49 Power input to generator from wind turbine

Fig 4. 50 Power output from generator

Fig 4. 51 Speed profile of wind turbine generation system

47
The output power for various wind speed was observed and listed in table for future
calculation. The tabulated data are shown below:.

Time wind Rotor TSR Cp Input Calculat Output

(sec) velocity(m/s) speed power to ed power
 (rad/sec) generator(P power from
m) (kW) output Generator
from (kW)
turbine(k
W)

0 to 5 7.5 1.0063 8.58 0.34 18.09 17.72 17.5

6 to 12 8 1.0068 8.05 0.31 19.75 19.63 19.13

12 to 20 8.5 1.0072 7.58 0.27 20.74 20.51 20.09

Table 4. 6 Input power ,Calculated output power and Observed output power from wind
turbine system

4.7 Simulation of Micro-grid Consisting of MHP-1, MHP-2, and Wind

Turbine Generation System with a Central DLC removing their
Individual Controller

A Micro-Grid is developed from three isolated energy resources by replacing their individual
controller and adding a central DLC. The system has 50kW of load for first five
seconds .Additional of 30 kW of load in added for next 6 seconds and again 10kW load is
added for remaining time. For different values of load the power dissipated in the ballast load
of central DLC as well as the frequency and voltage are observed.

48
 Fig 4. 52 Simulink model for Micro-Grid with MHP-1, MHP-2 and Wind Turbine
Generation system with central DLC

Simulation Results:

Fig 4. 53 Active power generated by 50 kVA SG

Fig 4. 54 Active power generated by 100 kVA SG

Fig 4. 55 Active power generated by Wind Turbine Generator System

49
 Fig 4. 56 Active power consumed by load

Fig 4. 57 Active power dissipated in central DLC

Fig 4. 58 Frequency of the system with central DLC

Fig 4. 59 Voltage profile of the system

50
 Table 4. 7 Generated and consumed power for system with 100kVASG, 50 kVA SG and
25kW WTGS with central DLC from 0 to 5 sec

Table 4. 8 Generated and consumed power for system with 100kVASG, 50 kVA SG and
25kW WTGS with central DLC from 6 to 11 sec

Table 4. 9 Generated and consumed power for system with 100kVASG, 50 kVA SG and
25kW WTGS with central DLC from 12 to 20 sec

51
From simulation, it was observed that whenever there was decrease in load, excess of power
was dissipated in the ballast load of central DLC. The total power generation was equal to the
power consumed by load+ power dissipated in DLC. All the individual generators operated at
their full capacity and hence the frequency of the system was balanced.
 52
5 DISCUSSION

The project dealt with the study of the scenario of parallel operation of two synchronous
generators one rated 100kVA and the other being 50kVA and a wind turbine rated 25kW to
form a micro-grid. The two synchronous generators had two different types of ELCs namely
AC Voltage control type and Discrete type ELC.

The project was started with the MATLAB simulation of a 50 kVA SG equipped with AC-
VC type ELC and its load in isolation mode. Some amount of power was being consumed by
the load and the remaining was dissipated via the ballast load connected to the ELC so that
the frequency of the system remained constant. Similarly, the Simulink model for 100 kVA
SG equipped with Discrete Resistance type ELC was created and simulated with its load in
isolation mode.When both the isolated systems were found to work well with frequency
control and load balance, both of these generators with their respected ELC were connected
in parallel to form a micro-grid and system was studied.

On simulation we found out that the ELC of one generator got overloaded while the other was
under-loaded. There was no power dissipation in the ballast load of the AC voltage type ELC
connected to the 50kVA SG and all the access power was dissipated in the ballast load of
discrete type ELC making it overloaded. Also the frequency of system went on increasing.
But when the discrete ELC of 100 kVA SG was replaced by AC-VC type ELC, there was
again control in frequency as well as balance in load. No conflict occurred between
generators in this case .The problem occurred during parallel operation of two SG with
different ELCs was solved by removing two individual ELCs and introducing a central DLC
for the whole system which gave a better frequency response. Similarly, when 25 kW of
wind generator was connected in the existing grid with central DLC, balance in frequency as
well as load was observed. The concept of central ELC worked well with inclusion of wind
turbine generator system.

53
6 CONCLUSION AND
 RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion

∙ The parallel operation of two MHP plants with ACVC type ELC gives stable operation
with proportional load sharing by ELCs

∙ The parallel operation of two MHP plants –one with ACVC type ELC and other with D-
ELC gives unstable operation.

∙ A Common D-ELC can give stable operation of Micro-grid with various types of
Generators.

6.2 Recommendation

∙ Automation of the system by installing controlled switches. When the central DELC
doesn’t work, the switch shall disconnect the central DELC and Re-connect the
individual ELCs to operate the plants in isolated mode

∙ Simulation of the scheme with inductive load and their control by Var compensator.

∙ Simulation of scheme with generators located at various location and inteconnected by

11kV lines.

54
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56

APPENDIX
 Appendix A: 50 kVA Synchronous Generator block parameters

57
Appendix B: 100 kVA Synchronous Generator block parameter
 58
Appendix C: Excitation system block parameter for 50 kVA SG
 59
Appendix D: Excitation system block parameter for 100 kVA SG
 60
Appendix E: Functional Block Parameters of Synchronized 6-Pulse

Generator
Appendix F: Power gui block parameters

61
62