A

Project Report
on
“Transmission Line Fault Detection using MATLAB
Simulation”
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering

Under Guidance of
Er. Bhupendra Kumar
Head of Department
Dr. Deepak Nagaria

By
Sunil Kumar (1904320059)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
(An Autonomous Institute)
Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128
Session 2021-22

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 CERTIFICATE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128

This is to be certify that project on “Transmission line fault detection using MATLAB
Simulink” has been successfully delivered by “Mr. Sunil kumar (B. Tech 3rd year)” under my
guidance in fulfillment of Bachelor degree from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Jhansi during academic year 2021-2022.

DATE:20/04/2022

Coordinator: Head of Department:

Er. Bhupendra Kumar Dr. Deepak Nagaria
Deptt. of Electrical Engg. Deptt. of Electrical Engg.

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 Acknowledgement

Apart from the efforts of ours, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to express
our gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful
completion of this project. We would like to show our appreciation to the Hon.
Head of Department Prof. Deepak Nagaria for his support. We would also like to
thank Administrator Mrs. Niharika Gupta for sharing her knowledge. Without her
encouragement and guidance this project would not have been materialized. The
guidance and support received from all the members who contributed the non-
teaching staff, the library staff was vital for the success of the project. We are
grateful for their constant support and help.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract.........................................................................................5

2. Introduction...................................................................................6

3. Electrical Fault.............................................................................7

4. Causes of Fault.............................................................................7

5. Types of Faults..............................................................................7-8

5.1 Open circuit Fault

5.2 Short circuit Fault

5.2.1 Symmetrical Fault

5.2.2 Asymmetrical Fault

6. Fault Detection Method...............................................................9-12

7. Source Code.................................................................................12

8. MATLAB Simulation..................................................................13

9. No Fault......................................................................................13

10. Single Line Fault.........................................................................14

11. Double Line Fault.........................................................................14

12. Three Phase Fault........................................................................15

13. Three phases to Ground Fault......................................................15

14. Conclusion....................................................................................16

15. References....................................................................................17

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1. Abstract

Transmission line is the most important part of the power system.

Transmission lines a principal amount of power. The requirement of power and
its allegiance has grown up exponentially over the modern era, and the major
role of a transmission line is to transmit electric power from the source area to
the distribution network. The exploded between limited production and a
tremendous claim has grown the focus on minimizing power losses. Losses like
transmission loss and also conjecture factors as like as physical losses to various
technical losses, another thing is the primary factor it has a reactive power and
voltage deviation are momentous in the long-range transmission power line. In
essentially, fault analysis is a very focusing issue in power system engineering
to clear fault in short time and re-establish power system as quickly as possible
on very minimum interruption. However, the fault detection that interrupts the
transmission line is itself challenging task to investigate fault as well as
improving the reliability of the system. The transmission line is susceptible
given all parameters that connect the whole power system. This paper presents a
review of transmission line fault detection.

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2. Introduction
Regarding the distribution system, transmission lines perform th e most important
part that is to transfer electric power from the generating station to load centers.
Since the development of the distribution and transmission system, power system
engineers have been an object for locating and detecting faults. As long as the
fault detected in short duration, it provides a good service for protecting the
apparatus as well as an open way for disconnecting the part where this incident
happened at fault, and with the help of this, it gives safe way to the system from
any damages. So, it is needed to detect the fault otherwise due to fault it
causesany disturbance which further tough time to the interconnected system that
based on limitations.The structure of the transmission line constructed to
investigate the location of the fault and can give separation only the part where the
fault occurs. Stimulating method help in identify and isolate the fault in short
period. A stable voltage can be achieved by the use of a series capacitor achieved.
Series capacitors line inductance can be reduced by along the Line. If the line
current leads the voltage, mean voltage increase. On the other side, there could be
a voltage drop if line voltage is lagging by the line current. In this outlook, the
voltage thathas been boosted up and the voltage dropped decreased by the series
capacitor as if the line inductance is smaller for the series recompensed line as
associated with the unpaid line. Suppose when more than two conductors develop
contact each other or with the contact take place on the ground to 3 phase systems
that are considered at fault which could be a balanced fault or unbalanced fault.
Due to these faults stresses are produced in power system equipment that could
damage the power system components. So, to avoid these harms and to make
power quality better, it is essential to know the reasons of fault as well asthe
location of the transmission lines and solve it properly. The problem of finding
the type fault related to the transmission line as well as finding the location of the
fault is a quite complicated job. The most exclusive problem of being worried is
to investigate fault for the power industry. Apparently for the detection of fault
some protective devices are used (relay) and also make control over it with the
help of special control devices as well as devices called recording these all are
used to cut the session where the fault is being occurred in the system. Most
important work is to collect all information regarding fault from this it is to be
easy to investigate and make it possible to correct soon.

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3. Electrical Fault
In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric
current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a
neutral or ground wire. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a
failure of a current-carrying wire (phase or neutral) or a blown fuse or circuit
breaker. In three- phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and
ground, or may occur only between phases. In a "ground fault" or "earth fault",
current flows into the earth. The prospective short-circuit current of a predictable
fault can be calculated for most situations. In power systems, protective devices
can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and other devices to limit
the loss of service due to a failure. In a polyphone system, a fault may affect all
phases equally, which is a "symmetric fault". If only some phases are affected, the
resulting "asymmetric fault" becomes more complicated to analyze. The analysis
of these types of faults is often simplified by using methods such as symmetrical
components.

4. Causes of Fault
1. Overvoltage due to switching surges.
2. Severe lightning strokes.
3. Aging of conductor.
4. Heavy wind, rains, and snowfall.
5. Falling trees on the transmission line.
6. Excessive internal and external stresses on the conductors.
7. High changes in atmospheric temperatures.

5. Types of Faults
The faults in the power system are mainly categorized into two types:

1. Open Circuit Fault

2. Short Circuit Fault

5.1 Open Circuit Fault

The open circuit fault happens due to the failure of one or two conductors. These
faults take place in series with the line so referred as series fault. Such types of
faults have a strong impact on the reliability of the system. The open circuit fault is
classified as:
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  Open Conductor Fault
 Two conductors Open Fault
 Three conductors Open Fault

5.2 Short Circuit Fault

The short-circuit fault is commonly divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical
types. These faults are further categorized as one of five types. In order of
frequency of occurrence, they are:

5.2.1 Asymmetrical Faults:

Asymmetrical faults mandate the calculation of positive negative and zero
sequence components separately.

a. Single Line to Ground Fault: This type of fault occurs when you have one
of the phases (A, B or C) is shorted with the ground.
b. Line to Line Fault: This type of fault occurs when you have one of the
phases (A, B or C) is shorted with the ground.
c. Double Line to Ground Fault: This type of fault occurs when two phases
are shorted with the ground together (A-B-G, B-C-G or C-A-G)

5.2.2 Symmetrical Faults:

Symmetrical faults do not give rise to zero sequence or negative sequence
components because they are perfectly balanced, symmetrical faults only have
positive sequence values.

a. Three Phase Line to Ground Fault: The 3-phase to ground faults are faults
in where all the phases (A, B and C) are shorted together and they are
grounded.
b. Three Phase Line to Line Fault: The three phase faults occur when you
have A, B and C phases are shorted together but ground is not involved.

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6. Fault Detection Method
Transmission lines operate spreading power from a generating station to remote
load centers. Due to the existence of lightning strokes, the system has some mis-
operation like a short circuit with this problem line could be overloaded hence it
can damage the equipment. Due to the occurrence of a fault, the phase voltage does
decrease and enormous current flow, which could damage the equipment. In this
condition, fault detection play important role which can interrupt in the system
very quickly. In the transmission line, the fault is comprised of ten parts that could
interrupt in the three- phase system, single line to ground, line to line fault,
double phase to ground and the last one is three phase faults.
A single line to ground fault occurs when it makes contact with the
ground during the occurrence of fault the impedance. Z fag, has some value it could
not be considered zero impedance but still less than the impedance line. The
magnitude of the fault current is frequently increased as compared to the normal
current that is operated, but the magnitude of voltage remains unchanged
frequently. Table shows the occurrence of each type of fault.

Symmetrical Probability
S.No. Types of faults Short Form or of
Unsymmetrical Occurrence
1. Three phase line to 3LG Symmetrical 2-3%
ground fault
2. Three phase line to line 3LL Symmetrical <1%
fault
3. Single line to ground fault 1LG Unsymmetrical 70-80%
4. Line to line fault 1LL Unsymmetrical 15-20%
5. Double line to ground 2LG Unsymmetrical <10%
fault

The series compensation is more efficient on transmission voltage that is essential

to know because in series compensations have faced some technical problems
when it is operated mainly with this problem is occurred like slow voltages and
also high voltages. These operational problems occurred due to a different type of
caused like as line loading conditions and voltage control adjusted. In series
compensations system has used a capacitor. This capacitor one side has to
effectively controlled otherwise it will be based on voltage problems. For this
reason, we can use series
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compensation for decrease voltage problems otherwise most probably overvoltage
can cause these problems.
On the other hand, in series compensation increase the voltage when the
lines are heavily loaded and also low voltages occurred on the line. And flashovers
occur due to high voltages or shrink the lifetime of devices and caused short
circuits. We can use series compensation as flows control of power. On the other
hand, in a series compensated line based on current and voltage inversions each
other. The fault identification scheme for the series compensated by the fault and
its magnitudes changes in fault voltages as a positive sequence and terms of fault
current change as a positive sequence. When in series compensated lines developed
by the algorithm for fault currents and phase voltages to get the decisions by using
EMTDC/PSCAD. We can use a capacitor or don’t have used capacitor regarding
the testing process of series lines by just changing the source capacity, fault
resistance, the fault inception angle, power flow direction those are the different
system condition.
During the measure of current signals and voltage signals in both cases
used fault location algorithm, two subroutines applied for locating faults and also
for generalized fault loop model by taking help using different formulas. The fault
is occurred in anywhere the fault doesn’t maintain any distance of the parameters.
The using of parameter both-end signals for measuring asynchronously
compensating bank and it mainly depends on the location of the bank. In the
special types of faults can be recognized by used to ATP-EMTP for the
compensated of double-circuit series line. By using the method to verify the
detected the fault in the transmission line is described on a double-circuit line.
Moreover, this method is appropriate for the protection of uncompensated double
circuit lines, and also series- compensated double circuit lines through the applied
phase currents can measure. To get the simulation result we of cognitive software
of ATP-EMTP. Measurement channels the SCs & MOVs banks are developed by a
complete model of the transmission line. The proposed algorithm used for two
subroutines those are used to detect unbalance and balanced lines currents and
approximately 99% correct fault categorization by symmetrical parallel line but in
case of the line is unbalanced more than 85- 95%accurate.
Furthermore, a double-circuit transmission line is a method which based
on digital distance relaying and this method can protect the first-zone of
transmission lines series double-circuit. To an approximation, the fault distance as
a considered from one end of the lines and this metho is autonomous on fault
current and source impedance. The double series circuit and using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software of this method can guess exact fault distance.
Through the algorithms to find the fault location, it is applicable for both single
lines and double- circuit series lines. The series-compensated is anticipated at the
relays of current differential are measured to locate more refined fault location
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solution. The technique of fault location which one is proposed by using the fault
specified it is achieved by differential protective

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relays and also using this manner differential relays are utilized with
communication infrastructure. With the purpose that is detaching for distinguishing
the zones where the fault is occurred by the only line which is faulty precisely as
well as indicating a particular type of fault both one is crucial that get help from
data of one end only
.The faults contain distinct frequency bands are generated by transient current
waves and using the transient current signal that captures frequencies having
two bands up to the 1dB that behave as wavelet like wavelet mother which is used.
By using the frequencies of these two bands, it is determined by fault zone and to
select faulted phase is used the mother wavelet. This phase which is faulty
considered as average which has some value of factors of all current and by using 6
dB as into the account by defining two of the energies related to signal model. The
transmission lines which are parallel related to problems of protection which rely
on the 3 phase line voltages of the two parallel circuit lines and the six phase line
currents at both ends is proposed. Phasors of the current having magnitudes of
equivalent phases are identified by differentiating line having double circuit each
one of line it caused in internal faults. For the power it is compulsory for
investigating and classifying the type of faults correctly, it is efficiently distributed
to different locations. During the fault, the tripping act of circuit breaker relies on
waveforms of voltage as well as current and the accurate protection of transmission
Wavelet Transform (DWT). With the help of Current Differential Pilot relay
(CDPR), the series recompensed line can be protected that is debated by using
transform wavelet.
We can get simulation results using MATLAB and used db4 to an analysis
by mother wavelet. For detecting different types of faults, classification is done by
wavelet-based approach. Another technique that is used for differentiation among
the fault type which is a probability-based technique called Bayesian linear
discrimination. With the use of adaptive wavelet algorithm, BLD is caused for
generating the wavelets. Wavelet of adaptive that is used in transmission line
related to high-speed protection system as filters. It is essential that the power
should be transferred from the generating station to the consumers it should be kept
away. Moreover, in the transmission line, the probability of fault is to be
considerable and signal processing in the digital distance protection is used. For
locating faults are used Fourier transform and wavelet transforms. In case of
protection of high speed EHV transmission line has been used the discrete wavelet
analysis. Discrete wavelet analysis is accessible by using an algorithm which is
related to detect and classify the fault. And all three phase signals of fault are
identified by comparing different wavelet coefficients and used ATP-EMTP and
MATLAB Wavelet toolbox for simulation. For EHV transmission line protection
of the algorithm is quick, strong suitable and this is very prolific. A new technique
is proposed for boundary protection of series-compensated transmission lines and
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fault classification. The frequency bands waves of transmission line’s fault
current can detect the fault

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location to have the appropriate boundary protection with different frequency
bands. The frequency bands of 4 dB are a mother wavelet which can provide a
transient fault current signal. It is indomitable by calculating the spectral energies
of bands of db4 of frequencies for the fault is internal or external. The average
value of the frequency bands of 4 dB its wavelet coefficients of every single
current wave are classified as a faulted phase. We can analyze power system
disorder such as transmission line faults with Har wavelets and Biorthogonal by
using wavelet transform technique appropriately. In this review paper, the
approach of the mother wavelet transforms the frequency based on 4 dB is used to
detect transmission line faults and in the index for transmission line can select
which frequency wavelet is proper for this application.

7. Source code
clc;
open('simulation1.slx');
sim('power_system_cp.slx');

currentA = ans.current1.signals.values;
currentB = ans.current2.signals.values;
currentC = ans.current3.signals.values;

timeA = ans.current1.time;

[cA , LA] = wavedec(currentA, 1, 'db4');

[cB , LB] = wavedec(currentB, 1, 'db4');
[cC , LC] = wavedec(currentC, 1, 'db4');

coefA = detcoef(cA, LA, 1);

coefB = detcoef(cB, LB, 1);
coefC = detcoef(cC, LC, 1);

sum = 0;
for i=1:length(coefA)
sum = sum + coefA(i) + coefB(i) + coefC(i);
end

sum_of_all_coefs = int8(abs(sum));
disp("sum of all coefs : " +
sum_of_all_coefs)

if sum_of_all_coefs
disp("Fault detected")
else
disp("No Fault detected")
end
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8. Matlab Simulation

Figure 1: Circuitry diagram

9. No Fault

Figure 2: output signals in no fault condition

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10. Single Line fault

Figure 3: output during single line fault

11. Double Line Fault

Figure 4:output signals during double line faults

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12. Three phase Fault

Figure 5:output signals during 3 phase faults

13. Three phases to Ground Fault

Figure 6:output signals during 3 phase to ground fault

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14. Conclusion:
This paper has demonstrated the faults’ detection and classification in AC
transmission lines, introducing a novel method based on the PSD in time and
frequency. The essential idea is to use the DWT for scaling current signals by the
approximation and detail coefficients, which shapes a wavelet-covariance matrix
with the aim of separating its time information from the frequency using its PSD,
being the PSD index (in time) utilized to fault detection. Similarly, the PSD index
in frequency is used in the classification process based on the Hellinger distance,
exhibiting a suitable performance during fault classification. Besides, the PSD
index is utilized to feed the machine-learning classifiers allowing to the ANN, k
NN (k
= 1), NB and SVM classifiers to distinguish correctly the faulted phase. The
attained results show that the faults’ detection and classification are successfully
achieved in radial and interconnected power grids.

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15. Reference
[1] Kincic S, Papic, M. Impact of Series Compensation on the voltage profile
of transmission lines. Power and Energy Society General Meeting PES.
2013; 1-5.
[2] Shaaban SA, Hiyama, T. Transmission Line Faults Classification Using
Wavelet Transform. 14th International Middle East Power Systems
Conference (MEPCON’10). Cairo University, Egypt. 2010; 532-537.
[3] Bendre A, Divan D, Kranz W, Brumsickle W. Equipment failures caused
by power quality disturbances. InIndustry Applications Conference. 39th
IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE. 2004; 1.
[4] Brumsickle WE, Divan DM, Luckjiff GA, Freeborg JW, Hayes RL.
Power quality and reliability. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine.
2005; 11(1): 48-53.
[5] Bakshi UA, Bakshi MV. Protection And Switchgear. Technical
Publications; 2009.
[6] Lanugo M. Ground Fault Protection of Transmission Lines (Master's
thesis,NTNU).
[7] Jena P, Prada AK. A Positive- Sequence Directional Relaying Algorithm
for Series Compensated Line. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.
2010; 25(4): 2288- 2298.
[8] Kayak PK, Prada AK, Baja P. A fault detection technique for the series-
compensated line during power swing. IEEE transactions on power
delivery. 2013; 28(2): 714-22.
[9] Izykowski, J., Rosolowski, E., Balcerek, P., Fulczyk, M. and Saha, M.M.
Fault Location on Double- Circuit Series-Compensated Lines Using
Two- End Unsynchronized Measurements. IEEE Transactions Power
Delivery. 2011; 26(4): 2072-2080.
[10] Pierz, P., Balcerek P. and Saha, M. M. A Method for Internal and
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Double-Circuit Line. IEEE Grenoble Power Tech. 2013; 1-6.

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