1) Rolling resistance, tractive effort, and grade affect the amount of force required to move vehicles and equipment over earth. Higher rolling resistance or steeper grades require more tractive effort.
2) Coefficient of traction determines the maximum possible tractive force before slipping occurs, depending on factors like vehicle weight, surface type, and conditions.
3) Altitude reduces engine power output due to lower air density providing less oxygen. Power decreases approximately 3% for every 300 meters above 300 meters for four-cycle engines.
1) Rolling resistance, tractive effort, and grade affect the amount of force required to move vehicles and equipment over earth. Higher rolling resistance or steeper grades require more tractive effort.
2) Coefficient of traction determines the maximum possible tractive force before slipping occurs, depending on factors like vehicle weight, surface type, and conditions.
3) Altitude reduces engine power output due to lower air density providing less oxygen. Power decreases approximately 3% for every 300 meters above 300 meters for four-cycle engines.
1) Rolling resistance, tractive effort, and grade affect the amount of force required to move vehicles and equipment over earth. Higher rolling resistance or steeper grades require more tractive effort.
2) Coefficient of traction determines the maximum possible tractive force before slipping occurs, depending on factors like vehicle weight, surface type, and conditions.
3) Altitude reduces engine power output due to lower air density providing less oxygen. Power decreases approximately 3% for every 300 meters above 300 meters for four-cycle engines.
1) Rolling resistance, tractive effort, and grade affect the amount of force required to move vehicles and equipment over earth. Higher rolling resistance or steeper grades require more tractive effort.
2) Coefficient of traction determines the maximum possible tractive force before slipping occurs, depending on factors like vehicle weight, surface type, and conditions.
3) Altitude reduces engine power output due to lower air density providing less oxygen. Power decreases approximately 3% for every 300 meters above 300 meters for four-cycle engines.
1) Rolling Resistance : • It is the resistance of a level surface (or road) to constant velocity motion a cross it . • This resistance varies considerably with the type and condition of the surface over which a vehicle moves . • For vehicles which move on rubber tires the rolling resistance varies with : - the size of tires - pressure of air in tires - tread design of the tires • For equipment which moves on crawler tires the resistance varies with : - type of road surface - condition of road surface • Soft earth offers a higher resistance than hard surface roads such as concrete pavement . • The rolling resistance is in (kg / ton) , and it equal to : 𝑃 R= 𝑊 where : R = rolling resistance (kg or Ib / ton) P = total tension in tow cable (Ib or kg) W = gross weight of truck (tons)
• R of crawler equipment start from 50 kg/ton or 110 Ib/ton .
Example : A loaded truck having a gross weight equal to 20 tons is moving over a level road whose rolling resistance is 45 kg/ton , the tractive effort required to keep the truck moving at a uniform speed will be : 20 tons * 45 kg/ton = 900 kg
2) The effect of grade on required tractive effort
• Tractive effort of vehicles is the effort required to keep it moving increases or reduces approximately in proportion to the slope of the road. and this tractive effort is to increase with plus slope or decrease with minus slope . • This tractive effort can calculate from : Tractive effort = W * 10 * slope -------(kg) = W * 20 * slope -------(Ib) where : W = gross weight of truck (ton) Ex. : Consider the effect of grade on the total tractive effort of a truck whose gross weight is 20 tons . the truck will be driven up a road whose slope is 5% . the additional tractive effort resulting from the slope is : P = 20 tons * 10 * 5 = 1000 kg (lose) *If the truck is moving down the same slope the effort of the grade will be to help the engine and truck .
3) Coefficient of traction It is the factor by which the total load on a driving tire or truck should be multiplied in order to determine the maximum possible tractive force between the tire or truck and the surface just before slipping will occur . 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 Coefficient of traction = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒌 & 𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆
Ex. : Assume that a rubber-tired tractor has a total weight of
18000 kg on the two driving tires . the maximum rimpull in low gear is 8000 kg . if the tractor is operating in wet sand with a coefficient of traction of 0.3 . - the maximum possible rimpull prior to slippage of the tires will be = 0.3 * 18000 kg = 5400 kg < 8000 kg - if the same tractor is operating on dry clay with a coefficient of traction of 0.6 Max. possible rimpull prior to slippage of the tires will be = 0.6 * 18000 = 10800 kg > 8000 kg thus , the engine will not be able to cause the tires to slip .
4) The effect of altitude on the performance of engines
• The density of the air is reduced because of altitude , so the quantity of oxygen in a given volume of air will be less than for the same volume of air at sea level . • For four-cycle engines The loss in power due to altitude = 3% of the sea level horsepower for each 300m above the first 300m . 𝐻−300 loss due to altitude = 0.03 * hp * ………. (m) 300 𝐻−1000 = 0.03 * hp * ……….. (ft) 1000
• For two –cycle engine
𝐻−300 loss due to altitude = 0.01 * hp * ……….(m) 300
• Effective power = Sea level power – loss due to altitude
Ex. : Engine (four-cycle) with 100 horsepower at sea level , determine the power at 3000m above sea level . 3000−300 lose due to altitude = 0.03 * 100 * = 27 horse 300 thus , effective power = 100 – 27 = 73 horse 5) Combined effect of pressure and temperature on the performance of engine
𝑃𝑠 𝑇𝑜 Hc = Ho √ 𝑃𝑜 𝑇𝑠
where : Hc : corrected hp for standard conditions Ho : observed hp as determined from tests Ps : standard pressure = 29.92 in . Hg Or 760 mm. Hg To : obsolute temperature F = 460 + observed T. = 273 + observed Temp. Ts : obsolute temperature for standard condition (460+60=520 F , 273+15=288 C ) Ex. : A gasoline engine was tested under the given conditions and was found to develop the indicated horsepower . It is desired to convert the results to (hp) for standard conditions .
• observed hp 86.43 • observed pressure 750 mm . Hg • observed temperature 5.55 C
760 (5.55+273) Hc = 86.43 * 750 √288…..(273+15)
= 86.1 horsepower Thus , this engine should develop 86.1 hp if tested under standard conditions . Drawbar Pull
• Is the available pull which a crawler tractor can exert on a
load that is being towed . • The pull is expressed in (kg) or (Ib)
Net drawbar pull = available drawbar pull – rolling resistance – grade
resistance
Ex. : A tractor whose weight is 15 tons has a drawbar pull of 2600 kg ,
when operated on a level road having a rolling resistance of 50 kg/ton. what is the true of drawbar pull if the tractor is operated on a level road having a rolling resistance of 80 kg/ton.
1) R. R. = 15 * 50 = 750 kg (rolling force)
2) R. R. = 15 * 80 = 1200 kg (rolling force)
Decreases in rolling force = 1200 – 750 = 450 kg
True drawbar pull (net) = 2600 – 450 = 2150 kg
Rim pull (tractors with tires)
Is a term which is used to designated the tractive force between the
rubber tires of driving wheels and the surface on which they travel.
Ex. : A tractor whose maximum rimpull in the first gear is 5000 kg
weights 14 ton and is operated up a haul road with a slope of 4% , and rolling resistance of 1) 40 kg/ton 2) 60 kg /ton . Determine the pull available for towing a load .
1) Pull required to overcome R. R. = 14 * 40 = 560 kg
Pull required to overcome grade = 10 * 14 *4 = 560 kg Total pull = 560 + 560 = 1120 kg thus : Pull available for towing a load = 5000 – 1120 = 3880 kg 2) Pull req. R.R. = 14 * 60 = 840 kg Pull available for towing a load = 5000 – 560 - 840 = 3600 kg
Gradability : Is the maximum slope , expressed as a percent , up which a crawler or wheel –type prime mover may move at a uniform speed . The gradability may be determined for an empty or a loaded vehicle .
Factors affect on gradability :
1- The power developed by the engine and available as drawbar pull or rimpull . 2- The rolling resistance of the haul road . 3- The gross weight of the prime mover and its load .
