AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808

HANDLOOM IN ODISHA: AN OVERVIEW

Shruti Sudha Mishra*

ICSSR Doctrol Fellow,

Dept. of Business Administration,
Sambalpur University, Odisha, India.
shrutimishra@suniv.ac.in

Dr. A. K. Das Mohapatra**

Professor
Dept. of Business Administration,
Sambalpur University, Odisha, India.
akdm@suniv.ac.in

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AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808

HANDLOOM IN ODISHA: AN OVERVIEW

Abstract

Handloom is an ancient cottage industry. In Odisha hand-woven fabrics have existed since beyond the
reach of memory. This sector involves large number of artisans from rural and semi-urban areas, most of
which are women and people from economically disadvantaged groups. Some of the strengths of this
industry are availability of cheap and abundant labour, use of local resources, low capital investment,
unique craftsmanship in manufacturing of the products and increasing appreciation by international
consumers. It is important to note that despite such unique characteristics, the industry comprises a
meager proportion of Indian exports in global market, thus calling for efforts to promote and channelize
the offerings of the industry to tap its hidden potential. Therefore the present study has been undertaken
with an aim to discuss the history of handloom in context to Odisha, its cultural importance, and
contribution of handloom to the economic development of the weaving community of Odisha.

Keywords: Odisha, handloom, weavers, economic development

*****

1: Introduction

The glory and cultural vastness of Indian handloom industry has always been a topic of great discussion.
Among all the beautiful handlooms having their regional importance, Odisha handloom is the one chosen
for the present study. This study has been undertaken with an aim to discuss the history of handloom in
context to Odisha, its cultural importance, and contribution of handloom to the economic development of
the weaving community of Odisha.

Textile of Odisha is a reflection of its cultural ethos with intricate weaves giving it an identity of its own.
The thread work, motifs and vibrant colours make them rich and desirable to wear and flaunt by the
admirers. ‘Odisha Ikat’ also known as “Bandha of Odisha”, is a resist dyeing technique. Since 2007, the
“Bandha of Odisha” has been geographically identified. It is a process of tie-dying the wrap and weft
threads, so that designs on the loom prior to weaving can be created. Because of its design process, it has
been called “poetry on loom”. This process of weaving has remained speciality of Western and Eastern
region of Odisha, produced by community groups called Bhulia, Kostha Asni and Patara. In western
Odisha it is woven in Barapalli, Remunda, Jhiliminda, Mahalkata, Singhpalli, Sonepur, Patabhadi,
Sgarpali, Tarabha, Birmaharajpur, Subalaya, Kendupali, Jaganathpali and Kamalapur of Bargarh and
Sonepur district, are some of the prominent ones where these art of weaving is practised. Some of the
popular designs are:
1. Sambalpuri Ikkat – Reflecting the bandha style of craft. Sambalpuri fabrics range from geometric
patterns to landscape, potrates and other motifs such as sankha(shell), chakra(wheel) and variety of
phula(flower).

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2. Bomkai Cottan – Woven by the adept artisans of Sonepur districts, Bomkai is a handloom fabric that
has an attached GI tag and is also called the “Sonepuri” fabric. Bomkai sarees are quite popular among
connoisseurs and are must-haves for an enviable saree collection.
3. Berhampuri Paata – Also called “Phoda Kumbha”, Berhampuri Paata too boasts of a GI tag and is
famous for its temple shaped designs along the border and pallu portion. This paata has another
distinction; it is draped around Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra in Puri Jagannath
Temple.
4. Khandua Paata – Khandua paata is noted for the text of Gita Govinda eteched on it. Traditionally red
or orange in colour, this colour are procured naturally from sal trees. This fabric too, is a registered GI
and originated in Cuttack and Maniabandha.
5. Kotpad Cotton – Woven by the tribes of Kotpad village in Koraput, this fabric with a GI tag is
renowned for being dyed organically. Vegetables are used to obtain the required colours with black
and maroon being the major dyes.
6. Habaspuri – Kondha weavers of Chicheguda in Kalahandi district interwine magic with Habaspuri,
one of the major cotton-based textiles of Odisha with fish, flower and temple motifs. It has also been
registered under GI.
7. Saptapar/Pasapali – Celebrated for its prominent double ikat checkerboard pattern. Saptapar is
famously known as “Pasapalli”, attributed to Bargarh district in Odisha. An intricate pasaa
(chessboard) pattern in contrasting colour is its most striking feature.

Western Odisha extends from the Kalahandi district in the South to the Sundargarh district in the north-
west. Districts of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Nuapada, Bolangir and Sonepur are also included in Western
Odisha. Its boundless geographical area, showcase a great degree of cultural importance among the mass.
The traditional Sambalpuri saree in its cotton and silk versions is a captivating fabric from the tribal belt
of Odisha. Sambalpur- in the state of Odisha, India is famous for its Sambalpuri variety of cotton and silk
sarees, using Ikat patterns or the tie-dye method in their making. The fabric silk has lustre, strength,
smoothness and soft feel, plus its elasticity and desirable quality to acquire most colours and shades
making it all the more appealing. Silk is soft, smooth, airy and very comfortable for all-day wear, apart
from the grandeur that it provides. The Sambalpuri saree is made from cotton, silk, or tussar woven on a
handloom. It is very popular among saree lovers across the country. Varieties of Sambalpuri saree
includes Sonepuri, Saptapar (pasapalli), Sachipar, Udiaan-taraa, Panchavati, Bomkai, Barpalli, Baptaa
and Paradaa sarees, all of which are popular. These sarees are named after their place of origin and
commonly known as “Paata”. Paintings on tussar saris portray Mathura Vijay, Rasallila and Ayodhya
Vijay get their inspiration from Raghurajpur Pattachitra paintings. A unique method of tie-dye known as
“Bandha” is used to weave Sambalpuri sarees. These saree’s possesses fast colours; therefore, the older is
the saree brighter is the colour. Apart from sarees western Odisha handloom also showcase some
masterpiece in form of bed sheets, dhotis and dress materials.

2: Contribution of Handloom in Rural Economy Development of the Weaving Community

in Odisha:

Rural Economic Development is a sub set of development. Development means opening up something
which is latent. Generally the term development implies a change that is desirable. But the desirableness
depends on time, place, culture and societal objectives. It is impossible to think of a universally

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acceptable definition of development. The term rural development means overall development of rural
areas, to improve the quality of life of rural people. It includes the development of agriculture and allied
activities, village and cottage industries, socioeconomic infrastructure, community services and facilities
and the human resources in rural areas. It is a multidimensional concept. This term may be used as a
phenomenon, as a strategy and as a discipline. Whatever it may be, for true meaning of rural
development, at least three basic elements should be considered. These are:
1. Basic necessities of life – It includes food, clothes, shelter, basic literacy, health care, etc.
2. Self respect – Absence of self respect indicates lack of development.
3. Freedom – It includes political freedom, economic freedom and freedom from slavery.
In a nut shell we may say that, rural development is a continuous process leading to sustainable
improvement in the quality of life of rural people, especially the poor.
The primary economic activity in the rural areas is mostly Agriculture. And it is also true that agriculture
alone is not sufficient to improve the overall development of the state’s economy in general and in
particular rural areas. Many economists and social scientists argue in favour of the development of labor
intensive industries, more specifically rural cottage industries along with the development of agriculture.
Handloom is one of the labour intensive industries and capital employed in this industry is low. More
significantly it is true that these industries are run by the weaker section of the society. They are able to
operate in a productive and profitable way if some measures are taken from the part of central and state
government. Handloom sector plays an important role in the Indian economy in the context of
employment generation and the economic development of India. Handloom units are also very important
for welfare resources. People can organize these units to increase their income levels and quality of life.
So these can help in reducing poverty in the state. According to the 4th All India Handloom Census, the
total number of households in Odisha engaged in handloom activities (weaving and allied activities) is
63,223. This is an increase over the 3rd All India Handloom Census where the count was 41,000 (shown
in Figure 1). The principal reason behind this increase may be attributed to the success of various
initiatives undertaken by the Government of Odisha.

Figure 1: Distribution of Handloom Worker Households

70000
60000
50000
40000
Distribution of Handloom
30000 63223
Worker Households
20000 41000

10000
0
2009-10 2019-20

2.1: Handloom workers in Odisha

A broad profile of the handloom workers in Odisha has been drawn hereunder (a) by type of workers, (b)
by nature of engagement, (c) by gender, and (d) by social groups as discussed below

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(a) By type of workers:

As per All India Handloom Census 3rd and 4th, Figure 2 shows the number of adult handloom workers
based on the type of work they are involved in, i.e., weaving activities and allied activities. During
2009-10 number of weavers in Odisha was 49,022 which increased to 53,472 during 2019-20. Again
during 2009-10 number of allied workers was 54,136 which increased to 64,364 during 2019-20. This
shows that there is an increase of handloom weaving activity in the state.
Figure 2: Distribution of adult handloom workers by type of workers
70000 64364
60000 53472 54136
49022
50000
40000
2009-10
30000
2019-20
20000
10000
0
Weavers Allied Workers

(b) By nature of engagement:

The weaving activity in Odisha is carried in two ways. For some weavers it is a full time activity
whereas for some it is a part time activity. Generally weavers having a secondary economic activity
which could more profitable then weaving have kept weaving as a part time activity. Figure 3 shows
an increase of weaving activity in both full time and part time categorizes.
Figure 3: Distribution of handloom workers by nature of engagement

100000 87092
77556
80000 Distribution of Handloom
Workers by Nature of
60000
Engagement 2009-10
40000 25602 30744
Distribution of Handloom
20000 Workers by Nature of
0 Engagement 2019-20
Full Time Part Time

(c) By gender:
Handloom is family activity where every members of the family are involved in the weaving and
allied activities. Figure 4 shows the distribution of total handloom population based on gender. In
2019-20 it could be noted that Government of India included transgender into their survey. In Odisha
there are 29 transgender involved in weaving activities. Here is also an increase in the number of
male and female weavers from 2009-10 to 2019-20.

Figure 4: Distribution of total population of handloom weaver households by gender

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60167

57640
70000

52004
51154
60000 Distribution of Total
Population of
50000
Handloom Weaver
40000 Households by
30000 Gender 2009-10
Distribution of Total
20000 Population of
10000 Handloom Weaver

29
Households by
0
Gender 2019-20
Male Female Transgender

(d) By social groups:

Out of the total weavers who have been enumerated in the census survey, the highest number of
handloom workers belong to Other Backward Caste depicting that handloom particularly belongs to
the minority group. Scheduled Tribe comes next followed by Scheduled Caste and Others. Figure 5
shows that there is an increase in number of the weavers in different social groups in 2019-20 than in
2009-10.

Figure 5: Distribution of handloom worker households by Social Groups

41584

45000
33472

40000
35000
Distribution
30000
of Handloom
25000 Worker
20000 Households
9439
7936

15000
5512

by Social
4264

1286

10000 Groups 2009-

413

5000 10
0
Other Backward Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Others
Caste (OBCs) (SCs) (Sts)

2.2: Socio-economic status of weavers

A broad profile of the socio-economic status of the handloom workers in Odisha has been drawn here
under (a) by type of dwelling unit, (b) by ownership of dwelling unit, (c) by level of education, (d) by
employment status, and (e) by membership under co-operative societies as discussed below:

(a) By type of dwelling unit:

Figure 6 shows the dwelling condition of the weavers of Odisha. It can be seen from the table that
there is improvement in dwelling type during 2019-20 than in 2009-10. Number of weavers residing
in pucca house has increased from 10,917 to 16,673, whereas semi-pucca house has increased from
8020 to 14,835 and kuchha house has increased from 21,746 to 31,715 in 2009-10 and 2019-20
respectively.

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Figure 6: Distribution of handloom household by types of Dwelling Unit

35000 31715
30000
25000 21746 Types of Dwelling
20000 16673 Unit 2009-10
14835
15000 10917 Types of Dwelling
10000 8020 Unit 2019-20
5000
0
Kuchha Semi Pucca Pucca

(b) By ownership of dwelling unit:

Figure 7 shows there is an increase in ownership of dwelling unit of ‘owned’ category from 39,715 to
62,216 during 2009-10 and 2019-20 respectively. This depicts that the socio-economic condition of
the weavers of the state has improved considerably during the last decade through handloom, as a
primary economic activity.

Figure 7: Distribution of handloom household by Ownership of Dwelling Unit

70000 62216
60000 Ownership of
50000 Dwelling Unit
39715
40000 2009-10
Ownership of
30000 Dwelling Unit
20000 2019-20
10000 714 763 254 244
0
Owned Rented Others

(c) By level of education:

As already mentioned handloom is an activity primarily associated with the minority group of the
society so education or literacy rate becomes much more important for the weavers to understand the
welfare schemes and policies of Government. Awareness about the scope of different avenues that are
available for the weavers comes from education and understanding. Figure 8 show that there is an
increase in education level of the weaving community in 2019-20 rather than in 2009-10. This also
shows that there is improvement in the socio-economic condition of the weavers due which children
of the weaving families are willing to study more.

Figure 8: Distribution of Adult Handloom Workers by Level of Education

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35000

25962

27129

33318

22132
21581

20564
30000

18978

18162
25000

12110
20000 Distribution of
Adult

7376
7192
15000
Handloom

3157
2160
10000

1159
Workers by
5000 Level of
0 Education (No.
of Weavers)
2009-10

(d) By employment status:

The workers engaged under master weavers/private owners and under institutions can be termed as
hired or contract workers. The workers reporting to have worked independently in handloom
activities can be treated as self-employed. Independent workers account for 69.27 % of the total
workforce, and have systems whereby they procure the raw material themselves and undertake the
marketing of finished products. All the risks associated with the business are borne by them. In most
cases, independent workers have small operations, the profit from which is also very small.
Employments under institutions account for a small percentage (0.31%) of the total workforce, and
are almost nonexistent. Institutional presence is not uniform across the state either, although there are
many handloom development programmes that are supposed to be channeled through them. From the
Figure 9 it can be seen that private owners in 2019-20 did not exist whereas institutions such as
SHDC and KVIC participation has improved from 2009-10 figures. This implies that Government
involvement in welfare activities has improved over the decade but still there is a long way to go to
cover all the weavers in the state under government schemes.

Figure 9: Distribution of Handloom workers by Employment Status

80.00%
54.78%
69.27%

70.00%
60.00%
27.26%

Distribution of
24.46%

50.00%
Handloom
13.07%

40.00%
9.94%

30.00% Workers by
4.76%
0.27%

0.08%
0.02%

0.04%

20.00% Employment
10.00% Status 2009-10
0.00%

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(e) By membership under Co-operative societies:

In the above Figure 9 the employment status of the weavers showed maximum number of weavers
working independently. Other than this another form of institution that is prominent is the Co-
operative society. Figure 10 shows the 27,135 households are members of co-operative societies,
which have increased from 19,661 during 2009-10. This shows the importance of co-operative
structure in the State. One of the largest co-operative society in the state is Sambalpuri Bastralaya
Handloom Co-operative Society Ltd. Still membership in cooperative societies, which can protect the
rights of weavers and facilitate access to development programs, is low.

Figure 10: Distribution of handloom households by Membership under Co-operative Societies

30000
25000
20000
15000 Member of Co-operative
27135
10000 19661 Societies
5000
0
2009-10 2019-20

2.3: Economic Profile of the Weavers

The economic profile of the handloom household is of special interest, as it highlights the feasibility of
handloom work as an economic activity in the current situation, and highlights areas where the
government needs to step in to support the occupation and economic needs of the workers. A broad
profile of the handloom workers in Odisha has been drawn here under (a) by income from all sources per
month, (b) by purpose for taking loan, and (c) by major sources of loan as discussed below:

(a) By income from all sources per month:

According to All India Handloom Census 2009-10 the average earnings per annum in rural areas was
₹ 30,264 and in urban areas was ₹ 32,416. The total contribution of handloom to total household
income was 75.47% in rural areas and 69.26% in urban areas. Figure 11 shows handloom household
income from all sources per month. According to the survey the 82.06% of household earn less than ₹
5000, which amounts to ₹ 60,000 per annum. Whereas 14.94% of household earn between 5001-
10,000 and 2.72% of household earn between 10,001 – 15,000. This shows the economic status of the
weaving communities in Odisha have improved over the years.

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Figure 11: Distribution of handloom household by income from all sources per month

82.06%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%

14.94%
60.00% Distribution of
50.00%

2.72%
handloom

0.18%

0.04%

0.03%

0.01%

0.01%
40.00%
30.00% household by
20.00%
10.00% income from
0.00%
all sources…

(b) By purpose of taking loan:

Further from the Figure 12 it is clear that the number of indebted household has decreased from
10,345 in 2009-10 to 3498 in 2019-20. Again non-handloom purpose of taking loan has also
considerably decreased. Thus it is clear from the survey that the weaving community is now being
gradually able to become financially and economically stable in comparison to the last decade.

Figure 12: Indebtedness and their Distribution by Purpose for Taking Loans

12000 Indebtedness and

10345
10000 their Distribution
by Purpose for
8000 Taking Loans 2009-
5826 10
6000 Indebtedness and
3498 their Distribution
4000 29012540 by Purpose for
1618 Taking Loans 2019-
2000 855
103 20
0
Indebted Handloom Households
Purpose- HandloomNon-Handloom Both

(c) By major sources of loan:

Figure 13 shows that commercial institutions have always remained a prime source for extending
financial support to the weaving community. But it is important here to note that government source
of funding came into picture during 2019-20 which did not exist during 2009-10 census survey.
Other forces like SHGs and Co-operatives also came into forefront during 2019-20. These are good
indicators showing increased role of Institutions in providing financial assistance to the weaving
community. Another side of this survey shows decrease in overall number households in taking loan

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from any sources, this implies that the slowly the weaving community is gaining financial stability
through handloom, as a primary economic activity.

Figure 13: Distribution of Handloom Weaver Households by Major Sources of Loan

3000

2474
Distribution of
2500 Handloom
Weaver
2000

1404
Households by
1500 Major Sources of

966
Loan (%) 2009-10
1000 Distribution of
418
Handloom

360
326

278
253
191

143
127

112
500 Weaver
58

20

18
14
Households by
0 Major Sources of
Loan (%) 2019-20

2.4: Usage of looms and Production

A detailed usage of looms and production of handloom products by the handloom workers in Odisha has
been drawn here under (a) by looms per household, (b) by type of loom, (c) by purpose of usage of loom,
(d) by average days worked per weaver and allied weaver, (e) by usage of various types of yarn, (f) by
production of major fabrics, and (g) by major source of sale:

(a) By looms per household:

Figure 14 shows the distribution of looms which has increased over the years. During 2009-10
number of working looms was 36,732, whereas in 2019-20 it became 43,935. Again in 2009-10 idle
looms was reported to be around 2845 but there is no record of idle looms in 2019-20. Instead it
shows in 2019-20 survey there were 2773 handloom households without loom. This could be due to
the unavailability of looms to these families who work as daily wage earners under other weavers.

Figure 14: Distribution of Looms by Handloom households

50000 43935
40000 36732
Distribution of
Looms by
30000
Households 2009-
10
20000 Distribution of
Looms by
10000 Households 2019-
2845 2773
20
0
Working loom Idle loom Without loom

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(b) By type of loom:

Figure 15 shows distribution of looms by type of loom used. As previously discussed there are many
type of looms. In India pit looms and frame looms are the most common type of looms used for
weaving. But in Odisha, pit looms are most common type of loom used by the weavers. From the
table it is clear that there is an increase in number of looms from 2009-10 to 2019-20.

Figure 15: Distribution of Looms by Type

29585
30752
35000
30000 Regional Distribution

16800
25000 of Looms by Type
20000 2009-10
Regional Distribution
9545

15000 of Looms by Type

10000 2019-20
5000 353

92
73
0 0
Pit Loom Frame Loom Pedal Loom Other

(c) By purpose of usage of loom:

Figure 16 shows that during 2019-20 the purpose of looms were limited for commercial purpose only.
Whereas during 2009-10 looms were also used for domestic purpose. This implies that now looms are
fully commercialized, every finished product is weaved for the purpose of sale. This could be due to
increased market competition or increase in sale or increase in demand of handloom products.

Figure 16: Distribution of Looms by Purpose of Usage

50000
43935
33687

45000
40000
35000 Purpose of Usage
30000 (Looms) 2009-10
25000
20000 Purpose of Usage
15000 (Looms) 2019-20
2131

10000
914

5000
0
Commercial Domestic Both

(d) By average days worked per weaver and allied weaver:

As per All India Handloom Census, the average days of engagement in Odisha for weavers are 259
days and for allied workers it is 255 days. Whereas during 2009-10 it was 249 days for weavers and
for allied workers it was 222 days. Figure 17 shows the increase in number of working days. It can
be said that weaving is a continuous process, which needs lots of hard work and patience. According
to the reports a weaver weaves around 5.23 mtr of cloth on an average per day.

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Figure 17: Distribution of handloom household by Average Days worked per weaver and allied
worker.

270
259
260 255
249
250
Average Days Per Weaver
240
230 222 Average Days Per Allied
220 Worker
210
200
2009-10 2019-20

(e) By usage of various types of yarn:

Figure 18 shows the use of major yarns in production process and there increase in usage from 2009-
10 to 2019-20. It could be noted here that during 2019-20 survey, the use of Tussar silk, Viscose
Blends, Eri silk and others started, this shows diversification and customization of handloom
products, and increase in demand of the products.

Figure 18: Distribution of Weaver Household by Using Various Type of Yarn

27943

30000
25000
16100
12035

20000
8504

8219

15000
7530
5338

3142

10000
1472
1346

969

967
706

657
376

214
141

5000
35
13

0
Cotton (1-20)
Cotton (21-40)
CottonCotton
(41-80)(above
Viscose
80)Blends
Muga SilkEri Silk
Mulberry
Others
Tussar
Silk(Wool,
Silk Zari, Polyester, Jute)

Distribution of Weaver Household by Using Various

Type of Yarn (%) 2009-10

(f) By production of major fabrics:

Figure 19 shows the major fabrics produced in the state. It can be seen that Saree is the major product
produced followed by Dhoti/Lungi/Angavastram and Dress materials/Suiting/Shirting. The increase in
number of household shows an increase in sale of the handloom product rather than the sale during 2009-
10

Figure 19: Distribution of Weavers households Producing Major Fabrics in the State

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45000

38507
27076
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000

4075
3710
15000

2881
2151
1500
10000

632
358
330

292
223
186

132
47
35
5000
0

Distribution of Weavers Households Producing Major Fabrics in the…

Distribution of Weavers Households Producing Major Fabrics in the…

(g) By major source of sale:

The sale of handloom products is the main concern point for every stake holder associated with the
handloom sector. Because of the intermediaries the profit margin of the weavers becomes less.
Therefore the less would be the number of intermediaries more will be the profit margin for the
weaver. Figure 20 shows maximum household are selling their products in local market and to
master weavers. This unregulated markets or Haats could not safe guard the interest of the weavers;
again master weavers take a lion share of the profit thus only giving a meager wage for the labour
that a weaver had put into the product. Other avenues like exhibition, e-commerce, and export needs
to be explored for a more globalised market and customers.

Figure 20: Distribution of handloom household by major source of Sale of their Major products

50.00
41.53

28.67

27.10

40.00
30.00
20.00
1.69
0.84

Distribution of
0.09

0.08

10.00
handloom
0.00
household by major
source of sales of…

3: Conclusion:

Handloom unit possess a tremendous potential to create large scale employment opportunities due to their
labour-absorbing character. As handloom units are labour intensive, these units have a scope for
employment in a massive scale. This is a great significance for the state like Odisha, which has labour
surplus economy.

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AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808

Thus the paper purposefully deals with the economic status of the weaving community of the state. From
the discussion it is clear that over the decade the socio-economic condition of the weaving community has
improved being handloom as a primary economic activity. The contribution of handloom in developing
the economic condition of the weavers of Odisha and in particular Western Odisha has been large and
sustainable in a competitive market.

References

http://www.indianhandloomscluster-dchl.net/Sonepur/Index.asp

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/63174717.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_mediu
m=text&utm_campaign=cppst

http://www.sambalpuribastralaya.co.in

http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/topics/others/sambalpuri-sarees

http://www.business-
standard.com/search?type=news&q=Orissa+Identifies+8+Handloom+Products+For+Gi+Registration

http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile-news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=82291

http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls13/ses2/2422129902.htm

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