CHAPTER 13: BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION

BLOOD VESSELS

Blood Vessels outside the heart are divided into two classes:
1. The pulmonary vessels, which transport blood from the right ventricle of the heart
through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
2. The systemic vessels, which transport blood from the left ventricle of the heart through
all the parts of the body and back to the right atrium

BLOOD VESSELS FUNCTION

1. Carries Blood
2. Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases within tissues
3. Transport substances
4. Regulate blood pressure
5. Direct blood flow to tissue

VESSELS STRUCTURE

Arteries
- carry blood away from the heart
- thick with a lot of elastic
Veins
- carry blood toward heart
- thin with less elastic
Capillaries
- exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids

BLOOD FLOW
Blood flows from arteries into arterioles
Arterioles and capillaries
Capillaries into venules
Venules to small veins
Veins return to heart

BLOOD VESSEL WALLS

Tunica intima
- innermost layer
- simple squamous
Tunica Media
- middle layer
- smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
Tunica adventitia
 - outermost layer
- Connective tissue

ARTERIES AND VEIN

Types of Arteries
Elastic Arteries
- Largest in diameter
- thickest wall
- Ex. aorta and pulmonary trunk
Muscular Arteries
- medium to small size
- thick in diameter
- contains smooth muscle cells
- can control blood flow to body regions

CAPILLARIES
- Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
- Capillaries branch to form networks
- Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscle cells, precapillary sphincters

Types of Veins
Blood flows from capillaries into venules
Blood flows from venules into small veins
All 3 tunics are present in small veins

Medium sized veins

- collect blood from small veins and deliver to large veins
Large veins
- contain valve

PULMONARY CIRCULATION VESSELS

Pulmonary circulation
- Blood vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to lungs and back from left atrium
of heart
Pulmonary trunk
- blood pump from right ventricle towards lung
Pulmonary Veins
- exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left atrium

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION VESSELS

- The systemic circulation carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues of the body
and back to the right atrium.
 - Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins passes from the left atrium into the left
ventricle and from the left ventricle into the aorta
- Arteries distribute blood from the aorta to all portions of the body

PARTS OF THE AORTA

Ascending
- Passes superiorly from left ventricle
Aortic arch
- 3 major arteries which carry blood to head and upper limbs
Descending
- extends through thorax and abdomen to pelvis
Thoracic
- Part of descending aorta that extends through thorax to diaphragm
Abdominal
- descending aorta that extends from diaphragm where it divides at the common iliac
arteries

ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND AND NECK

Branches of Aortic arch

- Brachiocephalic artery
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian

Brachiocephalic Artery
- first branch off aortic arch
- supplies blood to right side of head and neck

Left common carotid artery

- 2nd branch off aortic arch
- supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck

Left subclavian
- 3rd branch off aortic arch
- supplies blood to left upper limbs

Right common carotid artery

- branches of brachiocephalic artery
- supplies blood to right side of head and neck

Right subclavian artery

- branches of brachiocephalic artery
- supplies blood to right upper limbs
ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMB

Axillary Artery
- Subclavian artery inferior to the clavicle.
- supply blood deep in clavicle
Brachial
- Axillary artery in the upper arm
- Where blood pressure measurements are taken
Ulnar
- Medical branch of the brachial artery
- near elbow
Radial
- Lateral branch of the brachial artery
- Supply blood to forearm and hand
- Pulse taken here

ABDOMINAL AORTA BRANCHES

Intercostal
- From aorta to the intercostal muscle
Pherenic
- From aorta to the diaphragm
Celiac trunk arteries
- supply blood to the stomach, pancreas,spleen, liver and duodenum
Superior mesenteric
- Supply blood to the small intestine and proximal large intestine
Inferior mesenteric
- Supply blood to colon
Renal
- supply blood to the kidney
Hepatic Arteries
- Supply blood to the liver
Suprarenal
- From aorta to the to the adrenal glands
Testicular & Ovarian
- From aorta to the gonads
- Supply blood to testes
Ovarian Arteries
- Supply blood to ovaries
Common iliac
- Inferior end of the descending aorta toward a leg
Inferior phrenic arteries
- Supply blood to diaphragm
Lumbar arteries
- Supply blood to lumbar vertebra and back muscles

ARTERIES OF THE PELVIC AND LOWER LIMBS

Common iliac
- Branches from abdominal aorta
- Divide into internal iliac arteries
Internal iliac
- Medial branch of the common iliac
- supply blood to pelvic area
External iliac
- Lateral branch of the common iliac
- Supply blood to lower limbs
Femoral
- Continuation of the external iliac artery in the thigh
- Supply to thigh
Popliteal
- Continuation of the femoral artery in the posterior knee
- Supply blood to knee
Anterior tibial
- Anterior branch of the popliteal artery
- Supply blood to leg and foot
Posterior tibial
- Posterior branch of the popliteal artery
- Supply blood to lateral leg and foot

VEINS
- veins return blood to the heart
- In the systemic circulation, the blood returning to the heart is deoxygenated
- In the pulmonary circulation, the blood returning to the heart in pulmonary veins is
oxygenated
Superior vena cava
- Returns blood from head, neck, thorax, and right and upper limbs
- empties into right atrium of heart
Inferior vena cava
- Returns blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower limb
- Empties into right atrium of heart
VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK

Brachiocephalic
- Medial branch into the superior vena cava
Subclavian
- Lateral branch into the brachiocephalic vein
Internal jugular
- Medial branch into the brachiocephalic vein
External jugular
- External vein of the neck
- Returns blood to the subclavian vein

VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMB

Brachial veins
- Upper arm vein
- Empty into axillary vein
Cephalic veins
- Empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
Median Cubital Veins
- Connects to cephalic vein
- Near elbow
VEINS OF THE THORAX
Right and left brachiocephalic veins
- Drain blood from thorax into superior vena cava
Azygos
- The unpaired branch
- Into the posterior aspect of the superior vena cava
Internal thoracic veins
- Empty into brachio
Hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos
- Two sets of multiple veins that empty into the azygos
Intercostal
- Veins that empty into the azygos vein (right)
- Hemiazygos or accessory hemiazygos vein (left)

VEINS OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Hepatic
- Vein from the liver to the inferior vena cava
Renal
- Vein from the kidney to the inferior vena cava
Testicular & Ovarian
- Vein from the gonad to the inferior vena cava
Common iliac
- Two branches that fuse to become the inferior vena cava
Internal iliac
- Medial branch of the common iliac (in the pelvis)
Liver
- the major processing center for substances absorbed by the intestinal tract.

POLAR SYSTEM
- Vascular system
- Set of vessels that begins and ends with capillary network
- The blood is returned to a second set of capillaries

HEPATIC PORTAL VESSELS

Hepatic Portal
- Veins of abdominal organs to the liver
Superior mesenteric
- Small intestine to the hepatic portal vein
Inferior mesenteric
- Large intestine
- Joining the splenic vein to the hepatic portal vein
Splenic
- Spleen to the hepatic portal vein
Gastroepiploic
- Stomach
- Joining the splenic vein to the hepatic portal vein

VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMBS

External iliac
- Lateral branch into the common iliac vein (in the pelvis)
Femoral
- Drain from foot and empty into external iliac vein
Great saphenous
- Superficial branch into the femoral vein
- The posterior of the knee
- The lateral
Small saphenous
- Superficial branch into the popliteal vein
- Lateral to the tibia
Anterior tibial
- Branch into the popliteal vein
- Anterior aspects of the tibia
Posterior tibial
- The posterior to the tibia
- Draining into the popliteal vein
CHAPTER 14: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- Returns extra fluid to the blood system
- Helps immune system fight infection
- Helps transport large molecules for the digestive system
- Efficient, intricate, and vital organ system in the human body

FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1. Fluid balance
2. Fat absorption
3. Defense

TWO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TRANSPORT

(FLUIDS, CELLS, NUTRIENTS, WASTE)

Cardiovascular system/ Blood system

Lymphatic System
- Both made up of vessels
- Two mass transit system with passengers, routes and destinations
- Passengers, cells, molecules, and fluids
- Transport it from all over the body

Blood System
- High-speed train the “non-stop express”
- It carries Cells
- Red blood cells, platelets, immune system cells
- Water, nutrients, and other molecules
- 85% the blood system get back on (return to the heart)

Lymphatic System
- High-tech taxi system
- Helps system such as Blood system, immune system and digestive system
- Lymph is made up of proteins,fats,immune cells, extra fluids
- Include tonsils, adenoids, peyer’s patches, hundreds of lymph nodes and spleen
- Lymph is rich in fat, it's called chyle

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM GROSS FEATURES

Lymphatic capillaries
- tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium

Lymphatic vessels
- Structure like blood vessels
- Carry lymph
Lymph
- Serve and conduct it toward the blood circulation
- Also called lymphatic fluid
- Excess from interstitial areas
Right lymphatic duct
- Large collecting vessels that receives lymph
- From the superior right quadrant of the body
Thoracic duct
- Conduct lymph received from the rest of the body
- Each duct empties into a subclavian vein
Lymphatic organs
- Include the tonsil, the lymph nodes the spleen, and the thymus
Lymph nodes
- Small, rounds organs
- Located at irregular intervals of lymph vessels.
Lymphatic tissue
- Mainly composed of lymphocytes (category of white blood cells)
- Distributed unevenly
- Major aggregations of nodes in the neck, armpit, and groin
Tonsils
- Lymph organs that surrounds the opening the mouth
- Nose and throat into the lower digestive and respiratory tracts
Palatine tonsils
- Lateral side of the opening of the mouth and throat
Pharyngeal tonsils
- The top of the throat (pharynx)
- Near the posterior of the nasal cavity
Lingual tonsils
- The posterior of the tongue’s base
Spleen
- Located in the upper left abdominal cavity
Thymus
- Located in the anterior mediastinum

STRUCTURE ASSOCIATED WITH THE LYMPH NODE

Afferent lymph vessels

- Conducts a lymph into a lymph node
Efferent lymph vessels
- Conducts a lymph out of each node
Lymph nodules
- Each nodule contains a germinal center(specialized microstructure that forms in
secondary lymphoid tissues)
 - Rapidly dividing lymphocytes
Lymph sinus
- The sinuses also contain macrophages(specialised cells involved in the
detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria)
Capsule
- Functions as the outer boundary
- Support structure for each lymph node

Hello po,
blood vessel wall

Arteries and veins

Systemic and pulmonary circulation vessels

ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND AND NECK
ARTERIES OF THE PELVIC AND LOWER LIMBS

VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK

VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMB

HEPATIC PORTAL VESSELS