Cardiovascular
System
Dr Vibhash Kumar Vaidya
Department of Anatomy
INTRODUCTION
The cardiovascular system is
transport system of body
It comprises blood, heart and
blood vessels.
The system supplies nutrients to
and remove waste products
from various tissue of body.
The conveying media is liquid in
form of blood which flows in
close tubular system.
Figure 1-2(f)
FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Transport nutrients, hormones
Remove waste products
Gaseous exchange
Immunity
Blood vessels transport blood
◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
COMPONENTS OF
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
–BLOOD
–HEART
Arteries
–BLOOD VESSELS Veins
Capillaries
BLOOD
–The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
–Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
–Plasma is fluid portion
HEART
– Heart is a four chambered, hollow
muscular organ.
Location:
– Superior surface of diaphragm
– Left of the midline
– Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
6
HEART
Figure 718.1
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
– Generating blood pressure
– Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
– Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
– Regulating blood supply
Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
BLOOD VESSELS
•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
•These includes:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
BLOOD VESSELS
-Arteries(Distributing channel)
– Thick walled tubes
– Elastic Fibers
– Circular Smooth Muscle
–Capillaries (microscopic vessels)
– One cell thick
– Serves the Respiratory System
–Veins (draining channel)
BLOOD VESSELS
• General structure
1.Tunica intima
2.Tunica media
3.Tunica adventitia
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD
VESSELS
–Conducting Vessels
–Distributing Vessels
–Resistance Vessels
–Exchange Vessels
–Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels
ARTERIES
Blood vessels that
carry blood away from
the heart are called
arteries.
They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).
ARTERIES
– Accompanied by vein and nerves
– Lumen is small
– No valves
– Repeated branching
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTEIES
– Elastic- e.g. (Aorta & its Major branches)
– Muscular -e.g.(Renal, Testicular, Radial, Tibial etc.)
– Arterioles (<0.1 mm)-
Terminal arterioles
Meta-arterioles
Thoroughfare
channel/ preferred
CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)
– The smallest blood vessels
are capillaries and they
connect the arteries and
veins.
– This is where the exchange
of nutrients and gases
occurs.
TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
CONTINUOUS- SKIN, LUNG, SMMOTH MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE TISSUES
FENESTRATED- PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS, SMALL
INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS etc.
SINUSOIDS
–Large irregular vascular space (30-40 micron) .
–Eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow, suprarenal, Parathyroid etc.
VEINS
– Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
– They have one-way
valves which prevent
blood from flowing
backwards.
– They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as deoxygenated
blood (oxygen poor
blood).
VEINS
– Thin Walled
– Large irregular lumen
– Have valves
– Dead space around
– Types:
Large
Medium
Small
VEINS
– Veins without valves:
SVC & IVC
Hepatic, Renal
Uterine, Ovarian not Testicular
Facial
Pulmonary
Umbilical
Emissary
Portal Veins <2mm
VEINS
– Veins without Muscular tissue:
Dural venous sinuses
Pial Veins
Retinal
Veins of erectile tissue of sex organs
Veins of spongy bones
VEINS
– Factors responsible for venous return:
1. Muscle contraction
2. Negative intrathoracic pressure
3. Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves
ANASTOMOSIS
• Communication
between vessels
• ARTERIAL:
Actual( end to end &
convergent)- Palmar,
plantar, Circle of Willis,
Labial Intestinal arcade,
etc.
Potential-Coronary,
around joints etc.
ANASTOMOSIS….
• ARTERIOVENOUS
ANASTOMOSIS:
1. Skin of nose
2. Lips
3. External Ear
4. Mucus membrane of GI &
nose
5. Erectile tissue of sex organ
6. Thyroid
7. Tongue
ANASTOMOSIS….
• VENOUS ANASTOMOSES: Communication between
the veins or tributaries of veins.
• Example :
The dorsal venous arches of foot and hand.
END ARTERIES
• END ARTERIES:
Which do not anastomose
with their neighbours
1. Central artery of retina
2. Arteries of spleen, liver,
kidneys, metaphyses of
long bones
3. Central branches of
cerebral cortex
CIRCULATION
– Coronary circulation – the circulation of
blood within the heart.
– Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and lungs.
– Systemic circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and the cells of the
body.
– Fetal Circulation
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood
between the heart
and lungs.
Systemic circulation
The flow of blood
from the left
ventrical, through
various parts of the
body.
Figure3018.5
CORONARY CIRCULATION:
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 31
Figure 18.7a
PORTAL CIRCULATION
Portal circulation -
the flow of blood
between tow set of
capillaries before
draining in systemic
veins.
FETAL CIRCULATION
PLACENTA
UMBILICAL ARTERY
UMBILICAL VEIN
DESCENDING AORTA
PORTAL VEIN
(Through Ductus Arteriosus)
(Through Ductus Venosus)
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
PULMONARY TRUNK
RIFHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
(Through Foramen Ovale)
ASCENDING AORTA
LEFT ATRIUM
APPLIED
Diseases and Disorders
BLOOD PRESSURE
HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
ANEURYSM
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
HEART ATTACK
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA
APPLIED
– Problems with the cardiovascular
system are common, but they
don’t just affect older people.
– Many heart problems affect
children and teenagers.
QUESTIONS
1-All of the following are the example of elastic arteries except:
a)Aorta
b)Common carotid artery
c)Subclavian artery
d)Radial artery
QUESTIONS
2-All of the following are the example of end arteries except:
a)Central branches of cerebral arteries
b)Central artery of retina
c)Facial artery
d)Splenic artery
QUESTIONS
3-Arteriovenous anastomosis are found at all of the following sites except:
a)Skin of lips
b)Erectile tissue of penis
c)Thyroid gland
d)Liver
QUESTIONS
4-All of the following are the example of portal circulation except:
a)Hepatic circulation
b)Renal circulation
c)Circulation of hypophysis cerebri
d)Pulmonary circulation
QUESTIONS
5-All of the following are features of veins except:
a)Thin walls
b)Thin tunica media
c)Thin tunica adventia
d)Wide lumen
REFERENCES
1- General Anatomy by Vishram Singh
2- Clinical Anatomy by R. Snell
3-Gray’s Anatomy
