PPE Problem Set 1

PPE - PROBLEM SET # 1
INSTRUCTION: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer of your choice.
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kpa at a location where the barometric reading is 755 mm Hg.
Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.
A. 70.6 kpa B. 84.23 kpa C. 90.34 kpa D. 98.45 kpa
Pvac= 30 Kpa Patm = 755 mm Hg
Pabs = Patm- Pvac
Patm= ( 755mm Hg x 101.325kPA/ 760 mm Hg) - 30 kpa
Pabs = 70.65 Kpa

2. Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free surface of the sea. Assume a barometric
pressure of 101 kpa and the specific gravity of sea water is 1.03.
A. 404 kpa B. 410 kpa C. 420 kpa D. 430 kpa
h = 30 m S.G = 1.03 Patm= 101 kpa

S.G= ρfluid/ ρwater
P = ( ρwater)(S.G)(h)+ Patm
= (9.81KN/m3)(1.03)(30m)+101 kpa
P = 404.129kPa
3. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95
kpa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.
4. If the absolute temperature is 300oK, what is the equivalent in oR?
A. 530.34oR B. 534.23oR C. 537.20 oR D. 540.6oR
°K = 300 °R =? °F= 9/5 (°C) +32 °R = °F + 460
°K =°C+273 = 9/5(27°) +32 = 80.6 + 460
°C = 27° °F= 80.6 °R = 540.6

5. If the oF scale thrice the oC scale, what are the value oF and oC?
A. 26.67oC and 50oF B. 26.67oC and 80oF C. 16.67oC and 70oF D. 56.67oC and 60oF
°F= 9/5 (°C) +32 °F = 3°C
°F = 3°C °F = 3(26.67)
°F = 80
3°C = 9/5 (°C) +32
°C = 26.67
6. Water enters the heater at 30oC and leaves at 150oF, what is the temperature difference in oC?
A. 25.55oC B. 35.55oC C. 45.55oC D. 55.55oC
T1 = 30°C T2 = 150°F T = (T2-T1)
°C = 5/9 (°F-32) = (65.55-30)
= 5/9 (150-32) T = 35.55°C

°C = 65.55
7. A 5 kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m3 is filled with liquid water. Assuming the density of water is
1000 kg/m3, determine the weight of the combine system.
A. 195 kg B. 200 kg C. 205 kg D. 210 kg
m = 5 kg v = 0.2 m3
Ww = mass/volume
mw = (Ww) (v)
mw= (1000 kg/m3) (0.2 m3)
mw = 200kg
mT =mw+m = 200 kg + 5kg
mT= 205kg
8. Determine the mass of the air contained in a room whose dimensions are 15 ft x 20 ft x 20 ft. Assume the
Density of the air is 0.0724 lb/ft3.A. 11.49 slugs B. 13.49 slugs C. 15.49 slugs D. 17.49 slugs
L = 15ft; W = 20ft; H = 20ft ρ = mass/volume

A = (L) (W) (H) m = (ρ) (v)
= (15) (20) (20) = (600ft3) (0.0724 lb/ft3)
A = 600 ft3 = (434.4 lb) (1 slug/32.174 lb)
m = 13.50 slug
9. The water flows in the channel 200 mm x 300 mm at the rate of 2 m/sec. What is the volume flow in
ft3/sec? A. 1.24 ft3/s B. 2.24 ft3/s C. 3.24 ft3/s D. 4.24 ft3/s
L = (200mm) (1m/1000mm) (3.281ft/1m) Vf = AV

= 0.6562ft = (L) (W) (V)
W = (300mm) (1m/1000mm) (3.281ft/1m) = (0.6562ft) (0.9843ft)
(6.562ft/s)
= 0.9843ft Vf = 4.24 ft3/s
V = (2m/s) (3.281ft/1m)
= 6.562ft/s
10. Two gaseous streams are mixed together with one stream contains a diameter of 120 mm and specific
Gravity of 0.86 and speed of 5 m/s and on the other stream is 150 mm and density of 890 kg/m3 at 2 m/s.
Find the mass flow rate at the exit if diameter of exit is 200 mm.
A. 65 kg/s B. 70 kg/s C. 75 kg/s D. 80 kg/s
D1 = (120mm) (1m/1000mm) m1 = (A1) (V1) (SG1 xWw)

= 0.12 m = (π/4) (0.12m) 2 (5m/s) (0.86x 1000kg/m3)
D2 = (150mm) (1m/1000mm) m1 = 48.631 kg/s
= 0.15m m2 = (A2) (V2) (W2)
V1 = 5m/s = (π/4) (0.15m) 2(2m/s) (890 kg/m3)
V2 = 2 m/s m2 = 31.455 kg/s
S.G1 = 0.86 mt = m1 + m2
W2 = 890 kg/m3 = 48.631 + 31.455
mt = 80.0862 kg/s
11. In one section of water flow the pressure is 1500 kpa. If internal energy is 20 KJ/kg find the enthalpy at this
Point. A. 21.50 KJ/kg B. 23.50 KJ/kg C. 25.50 KJ/kg D. 27.50 KJ/kg
P = 1500 kpa; U = 20 KJ/kg
h = u + PV
= 20 KJ/kg + (15000kpa) (1/1000 m3/kg)
h = 21.5 KJ/kg
12. In a constant temperature process at 150oC, heat is transferred with an entropy change of 0.5 KJ/K.
Determine the heat added for the system. A. 201.50 KJ B. 211.50 KJ C. 221.50 KJ D. 231.50 KJ
T = 150°C; S = 0.5 KJ//K

S = Q/T
Q = (S) (T)
= (0.5KJ/K) (150+273)
Q = 211.5 KJ
13. Two hundred kg of water is added to 4000 kg of alcohol with specific gravity of 0.8. Determine the specific
Volume after mixing, m3/kg. A. 0.0124 B. 0.02124 C. 0.00124 D. 0.000124
m1 = 200 kg ρm = m/v V = 1/ρm

m2 = 4000 kg ρm = m1+m2/V1+V2 =1/807.962
SG = 0.8 = _______200+4000__________ = 1.24x10-3

ρm = m/v (200kg/1000kg/m3) + (4000kg/800) V = 0.00124
m3/kg
ρm = m1+m2/V1+V2 ρm = 807.962 m3/kg
14. A batch of concrete consisted of 240 lbs fine aggregate, 380 lbs coarse aggregate, 100 lbs, cement, and 5
Gallons water. The specific gravity of the sand and gravel may be taken as 2.65 and that of the cement as
3.10. How much by weight of cement is required to produce one cubic yard?
A. 547.14 lb/yd3 B. 647.14 lb/yd3 C. 747.14 lb/yd3 D. 847.14 lb/yd3
Vol of water = (5 gal) (1ft3/7.481 gal)

= 0.6684ft3
Vol of sand & gravel = (240+380)lb / (2.65) (62.4lb/ft3)
= 3.749 ft3
Vol of cement = 100lb /3.10 (62.4lb/ft3)
= 0.51696ft3
Total Vol = 0.6684+3.749+0.51696
= 4.934 ft3
Weight of cement/ft3 of concrete mixture = 100lb/4.934ft3
= (20.267lb/ft3) (3ft/1yd) 3
Weight of cement/ft3 of concrete mixture= 547.29 lb/yd3
15. A vessel has a pressure of 200 Kpag. The atmospheric pressure is 10 m of water equivalent. Find the
absolute pressure in m of water.
A. 28.39 m of H2O B. 30.39 m of H2O C. 32.39 m of H2O D. 34.39 m of H2O
Pg = 200kpa
Patm = 10 m of H2O
Pabs = Pg + Patm
= (200kpa) (10.33 m H2O/101.325) + 10m
Pabs = 30.39 m H2O
16. Water flows in a pipe at the rate of 10 kg/s. If speed of flow is 10 m/s, find the pipe diameter.
A. 30.23 mm B. 35.68 mm C. 38.39 mm D. 42.39 mm
m = 10 kg/s; v = 10 m/s Q = AV
Q = mv 100N = (π/4) (D) 2 (10m/s)
= (10kg/s) (10m/s) = 3.568m
Q = 100 N D = 35.68 mm
17. R-134a flows in a pipe at 30oC with a specific volume of 0.04434 m3/kg. The internal energy and enthalpy
of R-134a are 250.8 KJ/kg and 273.0 KJ/kg respectively. The pressure of the refrigerant in Mpa is
A. 0.5 B. 0.4 C. 0.3 D. 0.1
T = 30 °C v = 0.04434 m3/kg U = 250.8 KJ/kg h = 273.0 KJ/kg
P=?
h = u+ (p) (v)
273.0 KJ/kg = 250.8KJ/kg + (P) (0.04434m3/kg)
P = (500.67 kpa) (1Mpa/1000kpa)
P = 0.50067 Mpa
18. Water is heated on an electrical range with a power rating of 1.5 KW for a period of 18 minutes. The initial
and final temperatures of the water are 15oC and 85oC and 70% of electrical heat is transferred to the
water. What is the amount of water? A. 1.4 kg B. 3.9 kg C. 5.5 kg D. 9.2 kg

Q = m/T (Cp) (t2-t1) 1.05KW= m/(1080 sec) [4.187KJ/kg-K] (85-15)C
Q = 1.5KW (0.70) m = 3.869 kg
Q = 1.05 KW
Time = = 18 minutes=1080 seconds
19. A new temperature scale is to be used where freezing and boiling temperature of water is at 1000N and
5000N respectively. Calculate the absolute zero in degrees 0N. A.-460 B. -992.6 C. -273.15 D. -100
F = 100°N B = 500 °N
B-F/B-F = F – 0°/F – (T)
500-100/500-N = 100-0°/100- (-273)
°N = -992
20. The increase of enthalpy of a certain gas is 141.9 KJ KJ when the pressure increases from 103.448 kpa to
1034.48 Kpa and the volume decreases from 0.4772 cu. m to 0.0745 cu. m. Find the change of internal
Energy in KJ. A. 121.45 B. 114.25 C. 141.5 D. 154.21
H = 141.9 KJ/kg (P1) (V1) k = (P2) (V2) k k = h/u

P1 = 103.448 kpa (103.448) (0.4772) k = (1034.48) (0.0745) k 1.2398=
141.9/u
P2 = 1034.48 kpa k = 1.2398 u = 114.44KJ
V1 = 0.4772 m3
V2 = 0.0745 m3
21. In a constant temperature, closed system process, 120 KJ of heat is transferred to the working fluid at 38oC.
What is the change of entropy of the working fluid in KJ/K. A. 0.683 B. 0.386 C. 0.854 D. 0.92
Q = 120KJ S = Q/T
T = 38°C+273 = 120KJ/311
= 311K S = 0.386KJ/K
22. Five hundred kilocalories of heat is added to 2 kg of water at 80oC. How much steam is produced?
A. 0.85 kg B. 1 kg C. 1.1 kg D. 1.25 kg
Q = (500kcal) (4.187KJ/1kcal)
= 2093.5 KJ Q = (mw) (Cpw) (t2-t1) + ms (hfg)
M = 2 kg 2093.5KJ = (2kg) (4.187KJ/kg-K) (100-80) + ms
(2257KJ/kg-K)
T2 = 100°C ms = 0.85335kg
T1 = 80°C
23. An engineer carried an aneroid Barometer from the ground floor to his office atop the Shangri-La Hotel in
Mandaluyong City. On the ground level, the barometer reads 102.5 Kpa absolute; topside it read 95 kpa
absolute. Assuming that the average air density was 1.2 kg/m3, estimate the height of the hotel.
A. 500 m B. 550 m C. 580 m D. 637 m
H = Pg-Pu/ρair
Pg-Pu = (102.5-95 KN/m2) (1kg/0.00981KN)
= 764.526 kg/m2
H = 764.526 kg/m2/ 1.2kg/m3

H = 637.105 m
24. The fluid in a manometer tube is 60% water and 40% alcohol (SG = 0.80). What is the manometer fluid
height difference if a 10 Kpa pressure difference is applied across the two ends of th0e manometer?
A. 1.27 m B. 1.5 m C. 1.75 mD. 1.18 m
P1-ρh=P2
P1-P2= (ρ) (h)
10kpa= (0.8) (9.81KN/m3) (h)
H = 1.27 m
25. One hundred grams of water is mixed to 150 grams of alcohol (density = 790 kg/m3). Calculate the specific
Volume of the solution assuming that it is mixed completely.
A. 1.2 cm3/gm B. 1.5 cm3/gm C. 1.75 cm3/gm D. 2.0 cm3/gm
m1 = 100 grams total mass = m1 + m2 V = total vol/total mass

m2 = 150 grams = 250 grams = 0.28987/250
ρ1 = 1000 kg/m3 total volume = m1/ ρ1 + m2/ ρ2 = 1.15948x10-3 cm3/gm
ρ2 = 790 kg/m3 =
0.100/1000 +0.150/790
= 2.8987x10-4 m3 ( 1000cm3/1m3)
= 0.28987 cm3
26. A fluid flows through a 20 tubes on a single cooler with a velocity of 5 mps. The tube inside diameter is 40
mm and a fluid density of 0.80 gram/ML. What is the volume flow rate in gpm?
A. 99.6 B. 105 C. 94 D. 89
V = 5 mps
D = 40 mm
ρ = 0.80 gal/min
Q=?
Q = AV
= 6.283 m3/s (1000li/m3) (1 gal/3.785li) (60s/1min)
Q = 99.60gal/min
27. A double purpose tank 18 ft wide, 24 ft long and 4 ft depth is filled with water. What is the weight of water in
the tank in long tons? A. 49 tons B. 48 tons C. 54 tons D. 50 tons
v = 1728ft3 m = (107827.2lb) (1long tons/2240lb)

ρ = 62.4lb/ft3 m = 48.14 long tons
m =?
ρ = m/v
m = (62.4lb/ft3) (1728ft3)
m = 107827.2lb
28. Oil flow through a 16 tubes on a single cooler with a velocity of 2 m/s. The internal diameter of the tube is
30mm and oil density is 0.85 gm/ml. Find the volume flow in liters per sec.
A. 22.62 B. 32.22 C. 62.22 D. 42.62
V = 2 mps
D = 30 mm
ρ = 0.85 gal/ml
Q=?
Q = AV
Q = (π /4) (0.03 m) 2 (2m/s)
= 0.004137m3/s (1000li/1m3)
= (1.4137li/s) (16 tubes)
Q = 22.62 li/s
29. The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars at the beginning of a hiking trip and 780 mbars at the
end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance
climbed. Assume g = 9.7 m/s2 A. 1274.21 m B. 1289.00 m C. 1267.34 m D. 1583.34 m
P1 = (930 mbars) P1 – P2 = (ρ) (h)

P2 = 730 mbars (0.98 – 0.73) (100kpa/1bar) = (1.2(0.00981)) (h)
h =? H = 1289 m
P1 – P2 = (ρ) (h)
30. Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where barometric reading is 740 mm Hg and
gravitational acceleration is g = 9.7 m/s2. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10oC, at which the
density is 13,570
kg/m3. A. 99.45 kpa B. 97.41 kpa C. 95.44 kpa D. 98.66 kpa
P =? P = (ρ) (g) (h)

ρ = 13570kg/m3 P = (13570kg/m3(9.7)) (0.74) (1 kpa/1000KN/m2)
P = 97.41 kpa
31. What is the kinetic energy of a 500 kg body traveling at 20 m/s? A. 80 KJ B. 85 KJ C. 90 KJ D. 100 KJ
m = 500 kg
v = 20 m/s
KE = 1/2mv2
= ½ (0.5 kg) (20m/s) 2
= 100KJ
32. What is the potential energy of a 300 kg body if it strikes the ground from a 50 m elevation?
A. 127.15 KJ B. 137.15 KJ C. 147.15 KJ D. 157.15 KJ
PE = mgh
= (300kg (0.00981/1kg) (50m)
= 147.15 KJ
33. Five kilograms water enters the heater at 25oC and leaves the heater at 180oF. Determine the heat added
in kw. A. 1198 KW B. 1298 KW C. 1398 KW D. 1498 KW
T1 = 180°C °C = 5/9 (°F-32) QA = (m) (Cp) (t2-t1)
T2 = 25°C = 5/9 (180-32) = (5kg) (4.187KJ/kg-K) (82.222-25)
M = 5kg °C = 82.222 QA = 1197.9KW

34. Water enters the condenser at 30oC which has a mass of 3 kg/s. If heat added is 100 kw, determine the
outlet temperature in oC. A. 37.96oC B. 39.96oC C. 41.96oC D. 43.96oC
T1 = 30°C QA = (m) (Cp) (t2-t1)
T2 = °C? 100KW = (3kg/s) (4.187KJ/kg-K) (T2-30)
M = 3kg T2 = 37.96°C?
QA = 100 KW
35. The enthalpy of air is increased by 140 KJ/kg in a compressor. The rate of air flow is 16.42 kg/min. The
power input is 48.2 kw. What is the heat loss from the compressor?
A. 9.88 kw B. 10.56 kw C. 12.39 kw D. 15.35 kw
W+ (m) (h1) = (m) (h2) + Q

Q = W - m (h1- h2)
= 48.2 – (16.42kg/min (1min/60s) (140)
= 9.88KW
36. Steam enters a turbine 80 lbs of steam per minute with an enthalpy of 1700 Btu/lb and velocity of 98 ft/s. It
leaves the turbine at 1400 Btu/lb at 880 ft/s. The heat loss is 90,000 Btu/hr. Find the horsepower output of
the turbine. A. 304.56 hp B. 483.45 hp C. 501.62 hp D. 601.62 hp
m1 = 80 lb/min ; h1 = 1700 Btu/lb

V1 = 98ft/s; h2 = 1400Btu/lb
Q = 90,000Btu/hr; V2 = 880ft/s
(m) (h1) + KE1 = (m) (h2) + KE2 + W + Q

W = (m) (h1-h2) + m/2g – Q
= 80 lb/min (1700-1400/42.4) + (80/60)/2(32.2) (982-8802/500) - (90,000/2545)
W = 501.88 hp
37. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3620 KJ/kg at 75 m/s and leaves the same stage with an
enthalpy of 2800 KJ/kg at 128 m/s. Calculate the work done by steam.
A. 514.62 KJ/kg B. 614.62 KJ/kg C. 714.62 KJ/kg D. 814.62 KJ/kg
h1 = 3620 KJ/kg; V1 = 75 m/s

h2 = 2800 KJ/kg; V2 = 128 m/s
W =?
(m) (h1) + KE1 = (m) (h2) + KE2 + W + Q

1
W = (h1-h2) + ((V1)2 – (V2) 2) – Q
2000
1
= (3620-2800 KJ/kg) + ((752 – 1282))kJ/kg -0
2000
W = 814.6205 KJ/kg
38. A steam turbine developed 2372.20 Hp when its inlet condition is 1300 Btu/lb enthalpy and 400 ft/s velocity
and steam flow of 200 lb/min. The exit enthalpy is 800 Btu/lb. Find the exit velocity.
A. 50 fps B. 52 fps C. 54 fps D. 56 fps
(m) (h1) + mv12/64.4 = (m) (h2) + mv22/64.4 + W

2
 lb  ft 
 200  400 
 min  s
(200lb/min)(1300Btu/lb)/42.42 + =
ft  ft  lb 
64.4 2  33,000 
s  min  HP 
(200lb/min) (800Btu/lb)/(42.42 Btu/min/1Hp )+

 lb 
V2 
2
 200
 min 
+2372.2Hp
ft  ft  lb 
64.4 2  33,000 
s  min  HP 
V2 = 50fps
39. The mass flow rate of the gas in a gas turbine is 40 kg/sec. The specific enthalpy and velocity in the inlet
are 1300 KJ/kg and 160 m/sec respectively while in the outlet are 350 KJ/kg and 50 m/sec respectively.
Calculate the power output in KW of the turbine if there is a heat loss of 1000 KW.
A. 37462 B. 34605 C. 41872 D. 30405
mf = 40 kg/s; H1 = 1300 KJ/kg

H2 = 350 KJ/kg; V1 = 160 m/s
V2 = 50m/s; Q = 1000 KW
W =?
(m) (h1) + KE1 = (m) (h2) + KE2 + W + Q
W = (m) (h1-h2) + m/2g ((V1)2 – (V2) 2) – Q
40kg/s (1300-350KJ/kg) + 40kg/s/2(9.81KN/m2) [(160m/s) 2 – (50m/s) 2 (0.00981) -
1000]
W = 37.462 KW
40. A house is to be heated by hot water that receives heat from a furnace. Air with a enthalpy of 305 KJ/kg and
fuel with an enthalpy of 45360 KJ/kg enters the furnace and the gases leaving have a enthalpy of 608
KJ/kg. There are 17 kg-air per kg-fuel and the water for heating receives 18.3 KW of heat by circulating
through the furnace. What is the fuel consumption in kg/hr?
A. 1,863 B. 1,289 C. 1,664 D. 1,071
ha = 305 KJ/kg ma/mf = 17 mg = ma + mf

hf = 45,360 KJ/kg mf =? mg = 17mf + mf
hg = 608 KJ/kg mg = 18mf
ma (ha) + mf (hf) = mg (hg) + Q
17mf (305 KJ/kg ) + mf (45360 KJ/kg) = 18mf (608) + 18.3 (3600)
mf = 1.6635 kg/hr

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. Air in a 10 m3 tank has a pressure of 500 kpa and temperature of 40oC. Determine the mass of air in the
tank. A. 44.66 kg B. 55.66 kg C. 66.66 kg D. 77.66 kg
P = 500 kpa; V = 10 m3; R = 0.287 KJ/kg-K

T = 40+273= 313 K; M =?
(P) (V) = (m) (R) (T)
(500 KN/m3) (10m3) = (m) (0.287 KJ/kg-K) (313K)
m = 55.66kg
2. The pressure and temperature of the vessel is 380 kpa and 60oC, what is the density of air in kg/m3?
A. 3.976 kg/m3 B. 4.976 kg/m3 C. 5.976 kg/m3 D. 6.976 kg/m3
P = 380 kpa; T = 60+273= 333 K

PV = mRT
ρ = m/v
ρ = P/RT
= (380KN/m3) / (0.287 KJ/kg-K) (333K)
ρ =3.9761 kg/m3
3. What is the specific volume of air at 15 psia and 90oF in ft3/lb?
A. 13.57 ft3/lb B. 15.57 ft3/lb C. 17.57 ft3/lb D. 19.57 ft3/lb
P = 15 lb/in2; T = 90
√ =?
√ = RT/P
= (53.3 ft-lb/lb-R) (90+460) / (15lb/in2) (12 in2/1ft2)
= 13.57 ft3/lb
4. The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the absolute pressure changes from 100 kpa to
800 kpa. If initial volume is 100 liters, what is the final volume?
A. 10.00 liters B. 12.50 liters C. 15.00 liters D. 17.50 liters
P1 = 100kpa; P2 = 800 kpa

V1 = 100 L; V2 =?
(P1) (V1) = (P2) (V2)
(100) (100) = (800) (V2)
V2 = 12.5 L
5. An automobile tire is inflated to 35 psig at 54 F. After being driven, the temperature rise to 80oF.
o
Determine the final gage pressure assuming volume remains constant.
A. 36.51 psig B. 37.51 psig C. 38.51 psig D. 39.51 psig
P1 = 35+14.7 T1 = 54+460
P1 = 49.7 psia T1 = 514°F
T2 = 80°F P2 =?
P2/P1 = T2/T1
P2/49.7psig =540°F /514°F
P2 = 37.514 psig
6. An air bubble from the bottom of a lake becomes triple itself as it reaches on the water surface. How deep
is the lake? A. 10.65 m B. 15.65 m C. 20.65 m D. 25.65 m
SOLUTION:
ɣ= 9.81 KN/m³
P= 101.325 kpa
Where: V2= 3V1
(Ɣh+101.325kpa)V1= P2V2
((9.81KN/m3) (h) + (101.325kpa) (V1) = (101.325kpa) (3V2)
h= 20.65m
7. Find the mass of ammonia in the 100 ft3 tank having a pressure of 70 psi at 120oF.
A. 11.61 lb B. 19.12 lb C. 24.34 lb D. 31.61 lb
SOLUTION: M of NH3=17
P= 70 psi=10,080psf
V= 100 ft³
T= 120 F= 580R
ᐐሺᐐ
R=
ᐐሺᐐ
= t
R= 90.88 ft-lb/lb-R
PV= mRT
V
m= t
䁥
= 䁥
眳 ᐐ
䁥
m= 19.12 lb
8. If the initial pressure of ideal gas at 110 kpa is compressed to one-half its original volume and to twice its
original temperature, what is the final pressure? A. 400 kpa B. 410 kpa C. 430 kpa D. 440 Kpa
SOLUTION:
P= 110 kpa
tht tht
t
= t
t
ttͳ Ͳ ht t ht
t
t
= t t
P2= 440 kpa

9. A closed rigid container has a volume of 1 m3 and holds air at 344.8 kpa and 273oK. Heat is added until the
Temperature is 600oK. Determine change of internal energy
A. 758.80 KJ B. 1034.00 KJ C. 1230.35 KJ D. 1330.35 KJ
SOLUTION:
P= 344.8kpa
V= 1m3
R= 0.287KJ/kg-K
t1= 273K
t2= 600 K
PV=mRT
(344.8kpa)(1m³)= (m) (0.287KJ/kg-K)(273K)
m= 4.4kg
ΔU= (m) (Cv) (Δt)
= (4.4kg) (0.7186KJ/kg-K) (600-273) K
ΔU= 1034.088KJ
10. A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lb/lb-R and k = 1.26. If 20 Btu are added to 5 lb of this gas at
constant volume when the initial temperature is 90oF, find the change in entropy
A. 0.1350 Btu/oR B. 0.2350 Btu/oR C. 0.0350 Btu/oR D. 0.3350 Btu/oR
SOLUTION:
R=58.8ft-lb/lb-R
k= 1.26
Q= 20 Btu
m= 5lb
t= 90F
ΔS= Q/T
= 20Btu / (90+460)
ΔS= 0.0363Btu/R
11. A 2 kg mass oxygen expands at constant pressure pf 172 kpa in a piston-cylinder system from a
temperature of 32oC to a final temperature of 182oC. Determine the work done
A. 77.90 KJ B. 86.1 KJ C. 96.1 KJ D. 106.1 KJ
SOLUTION:
m= 2kg
P= 172 kpa
t1= 32C
t2= 182C
W= (m) (R) (Δt)
= (2kg) (8.314/32) (182-32)C
W= 77.94 KJ
12. While the pressure remains constant at 689.5 kpa the volume of a system of air changes from 0.567 m3 to
0.283 m3. Determine the heat added/rejected. A. 682.29 KJ B. 782.29 KJC. 882.29 KJ D. 982.29 KJ
SOLUTION:
P1= 689.5kpa
V1= 0.567m³
V2= 0.283m³
ht 䁉t
Q= t
t OL T Ͳ ͳ tOr ͳ T t r
= t t
Q= 685.36 KJ
13. A piston-cylinder containing air receives heat at a constant temperature of 500oK and an initial pressure of
200 kpa. The initial volume is 0.01 m3 and the final volume is 0.07 m3. Determine the work.
A. -3.89 KJ B. -4.89 KJ C. -5.89 KJ D. -5.89 KJ
SOLUTION:
t1= 500K
P1= 200kpa
V1= 0.01m³
V2= 0.07m³
P1V1=P2V2
(300kpa)(0.01m³)= (P2) (0.07m³)
P2= 28.57 kpa
t
W= P1V1 ln ( t)
tͳͳ Ͳ
= (200kpa) (0.01m³) ln (tO Tt Ͳ
W= 3.892 KJ
14. An ideal compressor compresses 12 kg/min of air isothermally from 99 kpa and a specific volume of 0.81
m3/kg to a final pressure of 600 kpa. Determine the work in kw
A. 8.89 kw B. 18.89 kw C. 28.89 kw D. 38.89 kw
SOLUTION:
m= 12 kg/min
P1= 99 kpa
v1= 0.81 m³/kg
P2= 600 kpa
h
v1=
h
0.81 m³/kg = tt om re
V1= 9.72 m³/min
V1= 0.162 m³/sec
t
W= P1V1 ln( t
LL Ͳ
= (99kpa) (0.162m³/sec) ln ( ͳͳ Ͳ
W= -28.89 kw
15. A rigid tank contains a perfect gas with R = 2.08 KJ/kgoK and k = 1.67. Calculate the final temperature in oC
if it initially at 30oC and 15 KJ/kg of heat is added. A 34.83 B. 36.54 C. 32.72 D. 38.43
SOLUTION:
R= 2.08 KJ/kg-K
k= 1.67
t1= 30C
Q= 15 KJ/kg
= cv (t2-t1)
t ͳO
o
15 KJ/kg= ( t t t (t2-30)
t2= 34.83C
16. A thermodynamic system contains 10 cubic meters of air at 300 kpa and 127oC. The weight of this system
in Newtons is A. 93 B. 127 C. 192 D. 256
SOLUTION:
P= 300 kpa
V= 10 m³
t1= 127C
PV=mRT
h
m=
rͳͳ Ͳ tͳ r
= ͳ tOt
o
ttt ttr
L Ot
= 26.13 kg × t o
m= 256.33 N
17. Air in a closed piston-cylinder device arranged to maintain a pressure of 400 kpa is heated from 27oC to
227oC. Initially the volume of the air is one liter. What is the final air volume?
A. 0.5 liter B. 0.00167 m3 C. 2.4 liter D. 0.036 m3
SOLUTION:
P1= 400 kpa
t1= 27C
t2= 227C
V1= 1 li
ht t
ht
= t
t r
thr tt ttr
tͳͳͳ hr
=ttt ttr
ht
V2= 0.00167 m³
18. Air is heated from 27oC to 327oC. How much does the specific internal energy of the air changed as a
result of this heating? A. 301.5 KJ/kg decrease B. 301.5 increase C. 215.4 decrease D. 215.4 increase
SOLUTION:
t1 = 27
t2 = 327
Cv = Cp - R
O rt
= (1.005KJ/kg-K)-(tO Lt
Cv = 0.718 KJ/kg-K
ΔU = (Cv) (Δt)
= (0.718KJ/kg-K) (327-27)
ΔU = 215.4 KJ/kg increase
19. Oxygen at 200 kpa, 27oC is contained in a piston-cylinder device arrange to maintain a constant pressure.
How much work in KJ/kg is produced by this system when it is heated to 227oC?
A. 0 B. 11.2 C. 37.1 D. 52.0
SOLUTION:
t1 = 27
t2 = 227
P = 200 kpa
= R (t2-t1)
O rt
=( ttt tt
rt
= 51.96 KJ/kg
= 52.0 KJ/kg
20. Air at 1 Mpa, 27oC is contained in a piston-cylinder device that is arranged to maintain a constant pressure.
How much heat in KJ/kg is required to raise the temperature of this air to 527oC?
A 180 B. 370 C. 500 D. 1040
SOLUTION:
t1 = 27
t2= 527
Cp (t2-t1)
= (1.005KJ/kg-K) (527-27)
502 KJ/kg
21. A piston-cylinder device contains 1 kg hydrogen gas. Heat is transferred to the hydrogen as its temperature
Increases by 10oC. What is the boundary work done during this process?
A.143 KJ B. 102 KJC. 80 KJ D. 41 KJ
SOLUTION:
M = 1 kg
W = mRΔt
O rt
= (1kg) ( t ) (10 )
W = 41.57 KJ
22. Air enters an adiabatic, steady-flow turbine at 1 Mpa, 527oC through a one square meter duct with a velocity
of 100 m/sec. The air leaves the turbine at 100 kpa, 157oC. The mass flow rate of the air in kg/sec is:
A. 87.4 B. 137.3 C. 327.2 D. 435.6
SOLUTION:
P1= 1000 kpa; T1= 527
A = 1 m²; ʋ = 00 m/sec
P2= 100 kpa; T2= 157
Q= Aʋ
= (1m²) (100m/sec)
Q= 100 m³/sec
PQ=mRT
(1000kpa)(100m³/sec) = (m)(0.287KJ/kg-K)(527+273)K
m= 435.54 kg/sec
23. A 0.5 kg steel (c = 0.5 KJ/kgoK) rivet cools from 800oK to 300oK upon being installed in a riveted structure.
The entropy change in KJ/oK of this rivet is: A. -0.631 B. -0.245 C. 0.245 D. 0.631
SOLUTION:
m= 0.5 kg
c= 0.5 KJ/kg-K
t1= 800 K
t2= 300 K
t
ΔS= mcpln t
Oͳͳ
= (0.5kg) (0.5KJ/kg-K) ln (rͳͳ )
ΔS= -0.245 KJ/K
24. A 1750 kg car is raised to a height of 1.8 m by hydraulic hoist. The hydraulic pump has a constant pressure
of 800 kPa on its piston. How much volume in m3 should the pump displace to deliver the required work for
lifting the car? A. 0.0386 B. 0.0581 C. 0.0213D. 0.0472
SOLUTION:
m= 1750 kg
h= 1.8 m
P1= 800 kpa
P1= mgh
= (1750kg)(9.81m/s²)(0)
P1= 0
P2= mgh2
= (1750kg)(9.81m/s²)(1.8m)
t
P2= 30901.5 kg·m²/s²×t o tm㤵
t
P2= 30901.5 J×tͳͳͳ = 30.9015 KJ
ΔV=
rͳ LͳtT
ΔV= Oͳͳ m
ΔV= 0.0386 m³
25. The rate of heat transfer to the surroundings from a person at rest is about 400 KJ/hr. suppose that the
Ventilation system fails in an auditorium containing 100 people and assuming that the energy goes into the
air of volume 1500 m3 initially at 300oK and 101 kPa, calculate the rate in oC/min of air temperature change.
A. 0.81 B. 0.53 C. 0.24 D. 1.0

SOLUTION:
Q= 400 KJ/hr
Person= 100
V= 1500 m³
t1= 300 K
P1= 101 kpa
t
Q= Ͳ㌳䁜㤵e×total no. of persons
ͳͳ m 䁜
= Ͳ㌳䁜㤵e
×100 person
t 䁜
Q= 40000 KJ/hr× ͳ re
Q= 666.667 KJ/min
PV=mRT
(101kpa) (1500m³) = (m) (0.287KJ/kg-K) (300K)
m= 1759.58 kg
Q= mcvΔT
666.667KJ/min = (1759.58kg) (0.716KJ/kg-K) (ΔT)
ΔT= 0.529 m re
26. A fresh poured concrete hardens the chemical transformation release energy at a rate of 2 W/kg. Assume
the center of a poured layer does not have any heat loss and that it has as average heat capacity of 0.9
KJ/kgoK, find the temperature rise in oC during one hour of the hardening (curing) process.
A. 7 B. 6 C. 8 D. 9
SOLUTION:
P = 2 watts/kg→2 㤵 o
t r ͳͳ㤵㌳䁒
P = 2㤵 ×
o tͳͳͳ
× t 䁜
P = 7.2 KJ/hr-kg=Q
= mcvΔT
7.2KJ/hr-kg = (0.9KJ/kg-K)(ΔT)
ΔT= 8 m 䁜
27. Air at a pressure of 100 kpa has a volume of 0.32 m3. The air is compressed in a reversible adiabatic
manner until the temperature is 190OC. The reversible work is –63 KJ/kg. Determine the initial temperature
A. 98.23oC B. 102.19oC C. 123.45oC D. 143.45oC
SOLUTION:
P1= 100 kpa
V1= 0.32 m³
t2= 190
W= -63 KJ/kg
t1=?
t t
= t e
ͳ tOt
‫ ܥ‬tLͳ t
o
-63KJ/kg = t t
t1= 102.19
28. Air at a pressure of 100 kpa has a volume of 0.32 m3. The air is compressed in a reversible adiabatic
manner until the temperature is 190OC. The reversible work is –63 KJ/kg. Determine the change of internal
energy A. 68.68 KJ B. 18.68 KJ C. 20.34 KJ D. 38.68 KJ
SOLUTION:
P1= 100 kpa
V1= 0.32 m³
t2= 190
W= -63 KJ/kg
t1=?
t t
= t e
ͳ tOt
‫ ܥ‬tLͳ t
o
-63KJ/kg= t t
t1= 102.19
PV=mRT
(100kpa)(0.32 m³)= (m) (0.287KJ/kg-C)(102.19 )
m= 1.09 kg
ΔU= (m) (R) (t2-t1)
= (1.09kg) (0.287KJ/kg-C) (190-102.19)
ΔU= 68.678 or 68.68 KJ
29. Three cubic feet of oxygen are compressed in a piston-cylinder in reversible adiabatic process from a
Temperature of 300oK and a pressure of 102 kpa until the final volume is one tenth the initial volume.
Determine final temperature A. 753.56oK B. 853.56oK C. 953.56oK D. 1,053.56oK
SOLUTION:
t
V1= 3 ft³× r tOt
= 0.0849 m³
t1= 300 K
P1= 102 kpa
t
V2= tͳ V1
t
= (tͳ)(0.0849m³)
V2= 0.00849 m³
t ht t
=(
t ht
t ͳ ͳO Lm
rͳͳ
=(ͳ ͳͳO Lm t t
t2= 753.56 K
30. In a reversible adiabatic manner, 17.6 m3/min of air are compressed from 277oK and 101 kpa to 700 kpa.
Determine the change of enthalpy A. 56.24 kw B. 66.24 kw C. 76.24 kw D. 86.24 kw
SOLUTION:
V1= 17.6 min /min
t1= 277 K
P1= 101 kpa
P2= 700 kpa
t
t t
t
=( t
t t
t tͳͳ Ͳ
ttt
=(tͳt Ͳ
t
t2= 481.61685 K
PV=mRT
t re
(101kpa) (17.6m³/min× ͳ㤵㌳䁒) = m (0.287KJ/kg-K) (277K)
m= 0.37266 kg/sec
Δh= mcp(t2-t1)
= (0.37266 kg/sec) (1KJ/kg-K) (481.61685K-277K)
Δh= 76.25 kw
31. In a reversible adiabatic manner, 17.6 m3/min of air are compressed from 277oK and 101 kpa to 700 kpa.
Determine the power required A. 34.71 kw B. 44.71 kw C. 64.71 kw D. 54.71 kw
SOLUTION:
V1= 17.6 m /min
t1= 277 K
P1= 101 kpa
P2= 700 kpa
tht tht t t
W= t
;V2= V1 ( t
t
t
ht䂾 t t
W= t
t
t
rm tͳt Ͳ t re
tt re䂾tͳͳ t tͳͳ Ͳ
t tͳt t
ͳsec
= t t
W= -54.71 KW
32. Air contained in a piston-cylinder and is compressed in a reversible adiabatic manner from a temperature of
300oK and a pressure of 120 kpa to a final pressure of 480 kpa. Determine final temperature
A. 345.79oC B. 445.79oC C. 545.79oC D. 645.79oC
SOLUTION:
t1= 300 K
P1= 120 kpa
P2= 480 kpa
t t t
t t
t Oͳ t t
t
rͳͳ ttͳ
t2= 445.79
33. Air contained in a piston-cylinder and is compressed in a reversible adiabatic manner from a temperature of
300oK and a pressure of 120 kpa to a final pressure of 480 kpa. Determine work per kilogram.
A. -94.61 KJ/kg B. -124.61 KJ/kg C. -104.61 KJ/kg D. -304.61 KJ/kg
SOLUTION:
t1= 300 K
P1= 120 kpa
P2= 480 kpa
t t t
t t
t Oͳ t t
t
rͳͳ ttͳ
t2= 445.79
t t
= t
ͳ tOt
T tL rͳͳ
o
= t t
= -104.61 KJ/kg
34. Air is compressed polytropically from 101 kpa and 23oC and delivered to a tank at 1500 kpa and 175oC.
Determine per kilogram of air the heat removed during compression
A. 131.38 KJ B. 231.38 KJ C. 331.38 KJ D. 431.38 KJ
SOLUTION:
P1= 101 kpa
t1= 23
P2= 1500 kpa
t2= 175
t t e t
e
t t
ttT ttr tTͳͳ Ͳ e t
e
tr ttr tͳt Ͳ
e t
1.51351= t OTt O e
e t
Ln (1.51351) = e ) (ln14.85148)
e t het TtrTt
e
= het OTt O
n- 1= 0.1536012n
n= 1.18147
e
Cn= Cv (t e)
t t tOt t
= 0.7186KJ/kg-K ( t t tOt t
)
Cn= -0.865
= cn (t2-t1)
= (-0.865) (175-23)
= -131.48 KJ/kg
35. One kilogram per second of air initially at 101 kpa and 300oK is compressed polytropically according to the
process PV11.3 = C. Calculate the power necessary to compress the air to 1380 kpa.
A. 37.72 kw B. 137.72 kw C. 237.72 kw D. 337.72 kw
SOLUTION:
P1= 101 kpa
t1= 300 K
n= 1.3
P2= 1380 kpa
t trOͳ Ͳ t r t
tr
rͳͳ tͳt Ͳ
t2= 548.5 K
t t
W= t e
t o ͳ tOt
T O T rͳͳ
㤵 o
= t tr
W= 237.73 KW
36. Air is compressed polytropically in a cylinder according to PV2 = C. The work required is 180 KJ/kg.
Determine the change of internal energy.
SOLUTION:
W= 180 KJ/kg
=t e
ͳ tOt
o
180 KJ/kg= t t
ΔT= 627.1777K
= cvΔT
= (0.716KJ/kg-K)(627.1777K)
= 449.059 KJ/kg
37. Air is compressed polytropically in a cylinder according to PV2 = C. The work required is 180 KJ/kg.
Determine the heat transferred. A. 107.77 KJ/kg B. 269.44 KJ/kg C. 127.77 KJ/kg D. 137.77 KJ/kg
SOLUTION:
W= 180 KJ/kg
=t e
ͳ tOt
o
180 KJ/kg= t t
ΔT= 627.1777K
= cvΔT
= (0.716KJ/kg-K)(627.1777K)
= 449.059 KJ/kg
Q= ΔU+W
= 449.059KJ/kg+180 KJ/kg
Q= 269.059 KJ/kg
38. Air is expanded from 1 Mpa, 327oC to 200 kpa in a closed piston-cylinder device executing PV1.2 = constant
Process. The work produced during this process in KJ/kg is:
A. 202.6 B. 263.4 C. 361.7 D. 422.8
SOLUTION:
P1= 1000 kpa
P2= 200 kpa
t1= 327 =600 K
t t e t
t
= t
e
tt t
t tͳͳ Ͳ
ͳͳ
= tͳͳͳ Ͳ
tt
t2= 458.83469 K
=t e
ͳ tOt
ͳͳ TO Or L
o
= t tt
= 202.56 or 202.6 KJ/kg
39. An air compressor has an inlet air enthalpy of 35 Btu/lb and exit enthalpy of 70 Btu/lb. The mass flow of air
is 3 lbs/s. If heat loss is 466.62 Btu/min, find the work input to the compressor.
A. 139.51 hp B. 149.51 hp C. 159.51 hp D. 169.51 hp
SOLUTION:
Q= 466.62 Btu/min
h1= 35 Btu/lb
h2= 70 Btu/lb
m= 3 lbs/s
W= Q+m(h2-h1)
ͳ㤵㌳䁒
= 466.62Btu/min + (3lbs/s×t re)(70-35)Btu/lb
t Ͳ
W= 6766.62 Btu/min× t m re
W= 159.59 hp
40. An air compressor has an inlet enthalpy of 32 Btu/lb and exit enthalpy of 68 Btu/lb. If heat loss is 5 Btu/lb,
find the compressor work. A. 41 Btu/lb B. -41 Btu/lb C. 20 Btu/lb D. -20 Btu/lb
SOLUTION:
h1= 32 Btu/lb
h2= 68 Btu/lb
Q= W + (h2-h1)
= 5 Btu/min + (68-32)Btu/lb
Q= 41 Btu/lb
1. In an air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 12% of the displacement volume. Find the
Compression ratio and or thermal efficiency.
A. 0.52 B. 0.55 C. 0.53 D. 0.60
SOLUTION:
c= 0.12
t 䁒
rk= 䁒
t tt
= ͳ tt
rk= 9.33
t
e= 1-䁜 t
t
= 1 - L rrt t
e= 0.59
2. A Carnot cycle has a maximum temperature of 220oC and minimum temperature of 20oC. Find the cycle
Efficiency. A. 54.23%B. 58.35% C. 43.20% D. 40.57%
SOLUTION:
t2= 220 +273= 493K
t1= 20 + 273= 293K
t t
e= t
Lr tLr
= Lr
e= 0.4057
e= 40.57%
3. A steam engine operation between 150oC and 500oC. What is the theoretical maximum thermal efficiency?
A. 99% B. 27% C. 49% D. 45.30%
SOLUTION:
t2= 500 +273= 773K
t1= 150 + 273= 423K
t t
e= t
ttr tr
= ttr
e= 0.4527
e= 45.3%
4. An engine has a bore of 15 cm and stroke of 48 cm. If the v1olumetric compression is 2200 cm3, find the
engine efficiency. A. 46.2 B. 44.2 C. 45.4 D. 40.3
SOLUTION:
D= 15 cm
L= 48 cm
V2= 2200 cm
Vd= D²L
= ) (15cm) ² (48cm)
Vd = 8482.3 cm³
V1= V2+Vd
= 2200cm³+8482.3cm³
V1= 10682.3 cm³
ht
rk= ht
tͳ Ot r䁒
= ttͳͳ䁒
rk= 4.86
t
e= 1-䁜 t
t
=1- O t t
e= 0.4686
e= 46.8%
5. A Carnot engine requires 40 KJ/sec from the hot source. The engine produces 20 kw of power and the
temperature of the sink is 26oC. What is the temperature of the hot source?
A. 245.57oC B. 210.10oC C. 250.18oC D. 325.00oC
SOLUTION:
t1= 26 +273= 299 K
W= 20 kw
Q= 40 KJ/sec
t t
e= = t
tͳ 㜮 t tLL
ͳ m㤵㌳䁒
= t
t2= 598 K
t2= 598-273
t2= 325
6. A Carnot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot reservoir at 600oF and rejects 49 Btu of heat.
Calculate the temperature of the cold reservoir.
A. -21.9oF B. -60.46oF C. -20.8oF D. -22.7oF
SOLUTION:
t2= 600 + 460= 1060 R
Qa=130 Btu
Qr= 49 Btu
W= Qa-Qr
= 130-49
W= 81 Btu
t t
e = = t 11
Ot tͳ ͳ t
= tͳ ͳ
trͳ
t1= 399.538R
t1= 399.538-460
t1= -60.46
7. The maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle operating between 1400oF and 280oF is:
A. 58% B. 58.73% C. 60.22% D. 57.40%

SOLUTION:
t2= 1400 + 460= 1860R

t1= 280 + 460= 740R
t t
e= t
tO ͳ t ͳ
= tO ͳ
e= 0.60215×100
e= 60.22%
8. A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1380 oC and 230oC. Engine supplied with 14,142
KJ per KWH. Find the Carnot cycle efficiency in percent.
A. 70.10 B. 65.05 C. 67.56 D. 69.32
SOLUTION:
t1= 1380
t2= 230
t
e=1- t
Tͳr
=1- t Tr
e= 0.6957×100
e= 69.57%
9. An Otto engine has clearance volume of 9%. It produces 350 kw power. What is the amount of heat
rejected in KW? A 204.45 B. 160.50 C. 152.10D. 145.85
SOLUTION:
c= 9%
W= 350 kw
t 䁒
rk= 䁒
t ͳ ͳL
= ͳ ͳL
rk= 12.11
t
e= 1- 䁜 t
t
= 1- tt ttt t
e= 0.631
e=
rTͳ 㜮
0.631 =
Qa= 554.675 kw
W= Qa-Qr
350kw= 554.675- Qr
Qr= 204.675 kw
10. An air standard engine has a compression ratio of 15 and a cut-off ratio of 3. If the intake air pressure and
temperature are 100 kpa and 28oC, find the work in KJ per kg.
A. 2976 B. 2166 C. 2437 D. 992.50
SOLUTION:
t 䁜䁒 t
e= 1-䁜 t ( 䁜䁒 t
)
t rt t
= 1-tTt t (t r t
)
e= 55.81%
t1= 301K
Process 1 to 2 is isentropic process
ht
t2= t1 (ht t
= 301K (tT t t
t2= 889.207 K
r hr
= =rc
t ht
t3= 889.207 K (3)
t3= 2667.621K
Qa= mcp(t3-t2)
= (1) (2667.621 – 889.207)K
Qa= 1778.414 KJ/kg
e=
0.5581= tttO t m o
W= 992.5 KJ/kg
11. The thermal efficiency of a particular engine operating on an ideal cycle is 45%. Calculate the heat
supplied per 1500 watt-hr of work developed in KJ. A. 12,343 B. 12,000 C. 14,218D. 11,108
W=1500 w-hr
W=1.5 kw-hr
W=1.5(3600)
W=5400 KJ
e=W/Q
0.45=5400/Q
Q=12000 KJ
12. An Otto cycle has an initial condition of 98 kpa and 30oC. The compression ratio is 11 and the maximum
temperature of the cycle is 1400oC. Find the heat added in KJ/kg.
A. 632 B. 689 C. 763 D. 876
T2/T1=(r) k-1
T2/303 = (11)1.4-1
T2 = 790.68
Q = (m) (Cv) (T3-T2)
Q=634
13. An Otto cycle has an initial condition of 100 kpa and 30oC. The compression ratio is 10 and the maximum
temperature is 1400oC. Find the cycle mean effective pressure per kg of air.
T2/T1=(V1/V2)k-1
T2/303=(10)1.4-1
T2=761.10
Q = 1 (0.7186) (1673-761.10)
Q = 655.29
e=1-1/1011.4-1
e = 0.6019
0.6019 = W/655.29
W = 394.42
PV = mRT
100(V1) = 1(0.287)(303)
V1 = 0.86961
V2 = 0.86961/10 = 0.086961
Pm=W/V1-V2
Pm=503.95
14. An Otto cycle has a heat added of 1000 Btu and work output of 550 Btu. Find the percent clearance.
A. 6.32% B. 8.97% C. 12.04% D. 15.72%
E = W/Q e=1-1/rk-1 r=1+c/c

e =550/1000 e=7.36 7.36=1+c/c
e=55% c=15.72%
15. Air is compressed in an Otto cycle from 100 kpa to 700 kpa. Find the cycle efficiency.
A. 42.65%B. 39.45% C. 48.56% D. 58.34%
T2/T1 = (P2/P1) k-1/k

T2/T1 = (700/100)1.4-1/1.4
T2/T1 = 1.74
T2/T1 = (r) k-1
1.74 = (r) 1.4-1
r=3.99
e=1-1/rk-1
e=1-1/3.991.4-1
e=42.6%
16. A diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 8 and cut-off ratio of 2.5. Find the cyle efficiency.
A. 42% B. 44% C. 46% D. 48%
e=1-1/rk-1(rck-1/k (rc)-1)
e=46%
17. A diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and cut-off ratio of 2. If heat added is 1500 KJ, find the heat
rejected. A. 857.60 KJ B. 982.34 KJ C. 1,082.34 KJ D. 1209.34 KJ
e= Qa-Qr/Qa
42.83% = 1500-Qr/1500
Qr = 857.60KJ
18. A diesel cycle has an initial temperature of 30oC, compression ratio of 14 and cut-off ratio of 5. Find the
maximum temperature of the cycle. A. 3984oC B. 4081oC C. 4764.33oC D. 5836.40oC
T2/T1 = (rk) k-1 rc = T3/T2

T2/303 = (14)1.4-1 5=T3/1143.75
T2 = 870.75 T3 = 5718.75
19. In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 Kpa and 300K. The compression ratio is 12 to 1.
The maximum cycle temperature is 2000K. Determine the cycle efficiency.
A. 60.34% B. 56.23% C. 54.22% D. 45.45%
T2/T1 = (V1/V2) k-1

T2/673 = (12/1)1.4-1
T2 = 1548.20
Rc = V3/V2 = 2000/1548.20 = 1.292
e=1-1/ (12)1.4-1 ((1.292)1.4-1)/1.4(1.292-1)
e=60.94%
20. A diesel engine is operating on a 4-stroke cycle, has a heat rate of 10,000 KJ/KW-hr brake. The
compression ratio is 10. The cut-off ratio is 2. Using K = 1.32, what is the brake engine efficiency.
A. 63.5 B. 51.2 C. 73.5 D. 78.72
e=1-1/rkk-1 ((rc^k-1)/ k (rc-1))

e=0.4573
e = (1kw-hr) (3600)/10000
e=78.72
21. Determine the air-standard efficiency of an engine operating on the diesel cycle with clearance of 6% when
the suction pressure is 100 Kpa and the fuel is injected for 5% of the stroke. Assume K = 1.4.
A. 54.96%B. 63.68% C. 43.07% D. 76.05%
V3-V2=0.05Vd rk=1+0.06/0.06=17.6
V2=0.06Vd e=1-1/rk k-1((rck-1)/ k (rc-1))
V3-0.06Vd=0.05Vd e=63.7%
V3=0.11Vd
rc=0.11Vd/0.06Vd
rc = 1.83
22. An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 54%. If heat added is 400 KJ, find the work done.
A. 216 KJ B. 218 KJC. 220 KJ D. 222 KJ
e=W/Qa
54% = W/400 KJ
W=216 KJ
23. An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 60%. If work is 700 KJ, find the heat rejected.
A. 466.67 KJ B. 476.67 KJ C. 486.67 KJ D. 496.67 KJ
e=W/W+Qr
60%=700/700+Qr
Qr = 466.67 KJ
24. An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 48%. If heat rejected is 1000 Btu, find the heat added.
A. 1716 Btu B. 1918 Btu C. 1923 Btu D. 2023 Btu
e=Qa-Qr/Qa
48%=Qa-1000/Qa
Qa=1923 Btu
25. An Otto cycle has an initial condition of 31oC and 100 Kpa. The compression ratio is 8 and the heat added
during the process is 1000 KJ/kg. Find the mean effective pressure.
e=1-1/8^1.4-1 V2=0.87248/8=0.10906
e=0.5647 Pm=W/Vd
e=W/Qa Pm=564.72/0.87248-0.10906
0.5647=W/1000 Pm=739.73 KJ/kg
W=564.72
PV=mRT
(100)(V)=1(0.287)(304)
V1=0.87248
26. The compression ratio of Otto cycle is 10. If maximum temperature of the cycle is 1200oC, find the
temperature after expansion. A. 30.5.41oC B. 307.41oC C. 311.41oC D. 313.41oC
T3/T4 = (rk) k-1

1473/T4 = (10)1.4-1
T4 = 586.41-273
T4 = 313.41
27. The initial temperature and pressure of Otto cycle are 28oC and 100 Kpa respectively. The compression
ratio is 6 and heat added during the process is 1300 KJ/kg. Find the maximum pressure of the cycle.
A. 4648 Kpa B. 4748 Kpa C. 4848 Kpa D. 4948 Kpa
P2/P1=(rk)^k T3=2425.4226
P2/100=(6)^1.4 P3/P2=T3/T2
P2=1228.6035 P3/1228.6035=2425.4226/616.3494
T2/T1=(rk)^k-1 P3=4834.73
T2/301=(6)1.4-1
T2=616.3494
Q=mCv(T3-T2)
1300=0.7186(T3-616.3494)
28. An diesel cycle has a cycle efficiency of 58%. If heat added is 1600 KJ/kg, find the work.
A. 928 KJ B. 938 KJC. 948 KJ D. 958 KJ
e =W/Qa
58%=W/1600 KJ/kg
W=928 KJ
29. A diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 8 and initial temperature of 34oC. If maximum temperature of the
cycle is 2000oK, find the cycle efficiency. A. 40.06%B. 41.06% C. 42.06% D. 44.06%
T2/T1 = (rk)k-1
T2/307 = (8)1.4-1
T2= 705.30
rc = 2273/705.30 =3.22
e=1-1/ (rk)k-1 ((rc)k-1/k(rc-1)
e=42.01%
30. An Ocean –Thermal Energy Conversion power plant generates 10,000 KW using a warm surface water
inlet temperature of 26oC and a cold deep-water temperature of 15oC. On the basis of a 3oC drop in the
temperature of the warm water and a 3oC rise in the temperature of the cold water due to removal and
addition of heat, calculate the power required in KW to pump the cold-deep water to the surface and
through the system heat exchanger if the required pumping pressure increase is 7kPa.
Assume a Carnot cycle efficiency and density of cold water to be 1000 kg/m3.
A. 108 B. 120 C. 146 D. 160

e=TH-TL/TH Qr=mCp∆t
e=26-15/26 m=20843.73 kg/s
e=0.03678 Q=m/e=20.8
e=W/Qa h=P/α=7/9.81
0.03678=10000/Qa h=0.71356
Qa=271818.18-10000 P=αQh
Qr=261818.18 P=9.81(20.8)(0.71356)
P=145.9 kw
31. The compression ratio of an air-standard gasoline engine is 8. The heat added is 1850 KJ/kg. If the initial
pressure and temperature are 100kPa and 25oC respectively. Determine the temperature in oC at the end
of the isentropic expansion. A. 1368 B. 1147 C. 969 D. 1452
e=1-1/rk k-1 or Qa-Qr/Qa Qr=mCv (T4-T1)

Qr = 805.259 T4=1145.594
32. Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Diesel cycle operating with a compression ratio of 23 and
cut-off ratio of 2.25 A. 0.603 B. 0.587 C. 0.656 D. 0.714
e=1-1/rk k-1((rc) k-1/k (rc-1))

e=0.656
33. Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air-standard limited pressure cycle with a compression ratio of 23,
initial pressure and temperature of 100 kPa and 25oC respectively, a pressure limited of 12 MPa, and total
heat input of 1500 KJ/kg of air. A. 0.687 B. 0.593 C. 0.648 D. 0.714
T2=T1 (rk) k-1 Q = m Cv (T3-T2)+ m Cp(T4-T3)

T2 = (257273)(23)1.4-1 T4 = 2688.0911
T2=1044.497 K rp = P3/P2 =1200/8061.5577
P1V1k=P2V2k rp = 1.48815
P2=8061.5577 rc = T4/T3 = 2688.0911/1554.782
P3/T3=P2/T2 rc = 1.7289
12000/T3=8061.5574/1044.497 e=1-1/rkk-1 ((rp)(rc)k-1/rp-1+rp(rc-1))
T3=1554.782 e=68.68%
34. An elastic sphere containing gas at 120 kPa has a diameter of 1.0 m. Heating the sphere causes it to
expand to a diameter of 1.2 m. During the process the pressure is proportional to the sphere diameter.
Calculate the work done by the gas in KJ. A. 41.8 B. 50.6 C. 45.6 D. 35.4
P2/P1 = (V1V2 k
P2/120 = (1.2/1.0) 1.4
P2=154.894141
W = (P2V2-P1V1)/k-1
W = (154.894141(1.0)-120(1.20))/1.4-1
W=27.24
35. An ideal gas with a molecular weight of 7.1 kg/kg mol is compressed from 600 kPa and 280 oK to a final
specific volume of 0.5 m3/kg. During the process the pressure varies according to p = 600 + 150v + 95v2
where p is in kPa and v in m3/kg. Calculate the work of compression in KJ/kg?
A. 32.8 B. 28.7 C. 35.6 D. 30.4
PV=mRT
600 (V) = 7.1 (0.287) (280)
V1 = 0.9509
V2 = 1.9018
W = 35.6
36. Air is used in a Carnot engine where the volumes at the beginning of the constant temperature heat addition
and the constant-temperature heat rejection are 0.356 m3 and 5.573 m3 respectively. Calculate the thermal
efficiency. A. 0.754 B. 0.782 C. 0.713 D. 0.667
e = (Qa-Qr)/Qa
e = (5.573-0.356)/5.573
e=0.9361
37. An air-standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of compression the pressure and
temperature of air are 100 kPa and 25 oC respectively. The heat added is 1500 KJ/kg. Calculate the mean
effective pressure in kPa. A. 1230 B. 1132 C. 1354 D. 1068
e=1-1/8^1.4-1 V2=0.85526/8=0.10691
e=0.5647 Pm=W/Vd
e=W/Qa Pm=847.05/0.85526-0.10691
0.5647=W/1500 Pm=1131.89
W=847.05
PV=mRT
100(V) = 1(0.287) (298)
V1=0.85526
38. The cycle work of an air-standard Otto engine is 1000 KJ/kg. The maximum cycle temperature is 3200oC
and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is 650 oC. Calculate the compression ratio of the
engine. A. 8.5 B. 7.22 C. 8.0 D. 0.311
T3/T4 = (rk) k-1

(3200+273) / (650+273)=(rk) 1.4-1
rk=0.311
39. Calculate the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Diesel cycle with minimum temperature and pressure of
20 oC and 100 kPa, and maximum temperature of 1000oC. The heat added is 800 KJ/kg.
A.0.223 B. 0.365 C. 0.283 D. 0.311
T1=20+273=293 K
P1=100 kpa
T3=1000+273=1273 K
Qa=800 KJ/kg
Qr=mCv(T4-T1)
e=W / (W+Qr)
e=0.283
40. An inventor presented the following test results of the engine he designed: power developed, 35 KW; fuel
consumption, 3.1 kg/hr; fuel heating value, 49,540 KJ/kg; operating temperature limits, 28oC and 1200oC.
A. his claim is valid B. his claim is not valid C. inconclusive D. none of the above
e=(TH-TL)/TH
e=(1200-28)/1473
e=79.56%
e=P1/Q
e=35/0.00042625
e=82.045
Therefore his claim is not valid
41. A three-process cycle operating with 5.0 kgs of air as the working substance has the following process:
constant volume (1-2); constant pressure (2-3); and constant temperature (3-1). Given that P1 = 100kPa,
T1 = 300oK and V1/V3 = 6, determine the heat added in KJ.
A. 6141 B. 5382 C. 7710 D. 1504
P2=P3
V2/T2=V3/T3
V1/V3=V2/V3=6
V2/V3=T2/T3=6
6=T2/ 300
T2=1800 K
Q =m Cv (T2-T1)
Q = (5Hg) (0.7186)(1800-300)
Q=5389.5 KJ
42. Two Carnot engines A and B operate in series between a high-temperature reservoir at 1200oK and low-
temperature reservoir at 450oK. Engine A rejects heat to engine B, which in turn rejects heat to the low-
temperature reservoir. The heat received by engine A is 600 KJ. The two engines have equal thermal
efficiencies. Calculate the work of engine B in KJ. A. 300 B. 168.5 C. 254.7 D. 140.6
e = (TH-TL)/TH at engine B
e = (1200-450)/1200 Qr = 84.375
e = 0.625 Wnet=engine A-engine B
at engine A Wnet=225-84.375
e = (Qa-Qr)/Qa Wnet=140.625
0.625 = (600-Qr) /600
Qr = 225
43. A heat engine has a thermal efficiency of 45%. How much power does the engine produce when heat is
transferred into it at a rate of 109 KJ/hr? A. 50 MW B. 75 MW C. 100 MW D. 125 MW
e=BP/Q
0.45=BP/109 x1hr/3600s
BP=125 MW
44. The thermodynamic efficiency of a heat engine that rejects heat at a rate of 20 MW when heat is supplied to
it at a rate of 60 MW is: A. 33.3% B. 50% C. 66.7% D. 75%
e = (Qa-Qr) / Qa
e = (60-20)/60
e = 66.7%
45. A Carnot engine operates using a 527oC energy reservoir and a 27oC energy reservoir. The
thermodynamic efficiency of this engine is: A. 50% B. 62.5% C. 73.6% D. 103%
TH=527+273=800
TL=300
e=(TH-TL)/TH
e=62.5%
46. An inventor claims to have created a heat engine which produces 10 KW of power for a 15 KW input while
operating between energy reservoirs at 27oC and 427oC. Is this claim valid?
A. Yes B. No C. Probably D. None of the above
W=Qa-Qr
W=5 Kw
e=W/Qa
e = (TH-TL)/TH
e = (427-27)/427
e = 0.9368
0.9368 = 5/Qa
Qa=5.3375
47. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8 and a maximum temperature of 627oC. At the beginning of the
compression stroke, the pressure and temperature of the working fluid are 100kPa and 27oC. Based upon
the cold air-standard analysis assumption, how much work is produced per cycle completion?
e=1-1/(rk) k-1
e = 0.5647
T2/T1 = (rk) k-1
T2/300 = (8) 1.4-1
T2 = 689.219
T3 = 900
Qa = mCv(T3-T2)
Qa = 151.4672
E = W/Qa
W=85.54 KJ/kg
48. A Sterling engine uses an energy source whose temperature is 727oC and energy sink whose temperature
is 27oC. How much heat must be added to the engine to produce 1 unit of work?
A. 1.0 B. 1.19 C. 1.43 D. 2.01
Q = (TH-TL)/TH
Q = (727-27)/727
Q=0.96~1.0
49. A Brayton cycle has a compression ratio of 9. Find the cycle efficiency.
A. 42.62%B. 44.62% C. 46.62% D. 48.62%
e=1-1/r^k-1
e=1-1/(9)^1.4-1
e=48.27%
50. A Brayton cycle has an initial air temperature of 30oC. If pressure ratio is 12, find the compressor work.
T2/T1 = (rp) k-1/k

T2=616.28
Q = m Cp (T2-T1)
Q=314.85 KJ/kg
51. A Brayton cycle has an initial temperature of 27oC and pressure ratio of 8. If maximum temperature is
1400oC, find the heat added in the combustor.
T1/T2=(rp)^k-1/k
300/T2=(8)^1.4-1/1.4
T2=165.61
Qa=mCp(T3-T2)
Qa=1514.93 KJ/ kg
52. The maximum temperature of Brayton cycle is 1600oC and its pressure ratio is 6. Find the turbine work.
T3/T4 = (rp)1.4-1/1.4
1873/T4 = (6) 1.4-1/1.4
T4=1122.56
W=mCp(T3-T4)
W=754.19 KJ/kg
53. The compression ratio of Brayton cycle is 10. Find the cycle efficiency.
A. 60.19%B. 56.18% C. 54.18% D. 52.18%
e=1-1/(r) k-1
e=1-1/ (10) 1.4-1
e=60.19%
54. The temperature of four corners of Brayton cycle are t1 = 30oC, t2 = 400oC, t3 = 1300oC, t4 = 100oC. Find
the cycle efficiency. A. 56.39%B. 64.34% C. 76.45% D. 92.22%
e=1-((T4-T1)/ (T3-T2))
e=1-((100-30)/1300-400))
e=92.22%
55. A Brayton cycle has an initial condition of 28oC and maximum temperature of 1450oC. If pressure ratio is
10, find the backwork ratio. A. 0.227 B. 0.337 C. 0.447 D. 0.557
T2/T1 = (rp) k-1/k Qa=mCp(T3-T2)

T2/301 = (10) (1.4-1)/1.4 Qa=1147.57
T2 = 581.14 e = (Wt-Wc)/Qa
T3/T4 = (rp) (1.4-1)/1.4 W=240.40
T4 = 892.42 BW=Wc/Wt=0.288
E = (T4-T1)/ (T3-T2) =51.79%
W=m Cp (T3-T4)
W=834.73
56. A gas turbine on an air standard Brayton cycle has air entering into the compressor at atmospheric
condition and 23oC. The pressure ratio is 10 and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 1000oC.
Compute the cycle efficiency per kg of air in percent.
A. 48.21% B. 31.89% C. 38.23% D. 56.23%
Solution:
t t
㌳ t t
t t t
䁜Ͳ tͳ t
ሺ ᐐ
57. Air enter the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit at 500 Kpa, 227oC and 40 m/s. The products of
combustion leaves the combustor at 598 kpa, 1007oC and 150 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value
of 43,000 KJ/kg. The combustor efficiency is 92%. What is the air-fuel ratio? Properties of air: At 500oC,
h = 503.02; At 1280oC, h = 1372.25 KJ/kg A. 44.95 B. 43.40 C. 50.05 D. 32.52
QA
combustor efficiency
Qf
t
ma Cpa Tt Tt m Vt t Vt t
ecombustor t
mf Qh
A ma ecomb Qh
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t
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F t
t tͳͳt ttt tTͳt ͳt
tͳͳͳ
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58. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 102 kpa and 320oK with a volume flow rate of 6 m3/s. The
compressor pressure ratio is 10 and its isentropic efficiency is 82%. At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure
is 1000 kpa and the temperature is 1450oK. The turbine has isentropic efficiency of 0.87 and the exit
pressure is 102 kpa. On the basis of air standard analysis, what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle in
percent? A. 29.98 B. 30.18 C. 28.97 D. 31.94
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59. In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kpa, 227oC and 43 m/s. The products of
combustion leave the combustor at 511 kpa, 1004oC and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of
43,000 KJ/kg. For fuel-air ratio of 0.0229, what is the combustor efficiency of the unit in percent?
Properties of air: At 500oC: h = 503.02 ; At 1280oC: h = 1372.25

A. 64 B. 92 C. 80 D. 102
t
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㌳䁒 t
n 㤵 䁜
t
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60. An ideal gas turbine operates with a pressure of 8 and temperature limits of 20oC and 1000oC. The energy
input in the high temperature heat exchanger is 200 KW. Determine the air flow rate in kg/hr.
A. 650 B. 859 C. 970 D. 732
t
t t
t t
t t t
O t
tͳttr
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t
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1. At 180oC the entropy of a substance is 5.2 KJ/K, the quality of the substance is:
A. 34.23%B. 68.83% C. 56.34% D. 87.56%
s sf xsfg
Tt t trL x t
䁞
2. A 10 m3 vessel initially contains 5 m3 of liquid water and 5 m3 of saturated water vapor at 100 Kpa.
Calculate the internal energy of the system using the steam tables.
At 100 Kpa: vf = 0.001043 m3/kg, vg = 1.6940 m3/kg, Uf = 417.3 KJ/kg, Ug = 2506 KJ/kg
A. 5 x 106 KJ B. 8 x 105 KJ C. 1 x 106 KJ D. 2 x 106 KJ

mv
x
mv ml
vl ml vl ml vf
T ml ͳ ͳͳtͳ r tLr O rL
vv mv vv mv vg
T mv t L ͳ t LTt kg
t LTt
x ͳ ͳ tT
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u tt r tͳOO t ͳ ͳ tT tO TO TT tL Ot
u txtͳ KJ
3. A vessel with a volume of 1 m3 contains liquid water and vapor in equilibrium at 600 Kpa. The liquid water
has a mass of 1 kg. Using steam tables, calculate the mass of the water vapor.
At 600 Kpa: vf = 0.001101 m3/kg, vg = 0.3157 m3/kg,
A. 0.99 kg B. 1.57 kg C. 2.54 kg D. 3.16 kg
Solution:
䁉 h䁉䁉䁉o
r
t t ͳ ͳͳttͳt 䁉 ͳ rtTt
䁞
4. A steam has a condition of 2 Mpa and 250oC undergoes constant pressure process until its quality is 50%.
What is the heat rejected by steam?
Solution:
t tTͳ
t tLͳt T
o
t o LͳO tL Tͳ tOLͳ t tOT t
o
t t tLͳt T tOT t ሺ 䁞
5. Steam with specific volume of 0.09596 m3/kg undergoes a constant pressure process at 1.70 Mpa until its
specific volume 0.13796 m3/kg. What is the work done?
W P Vt Vt
t
W ttͳͳ ͳ trtL ͳ ͳLTL t ሺ
6. Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.5 KJ/kg undergoes a constant pressure process at 0.90 Mpa until the
enthalpy becomes 2056.1 KJ/kg. What is the internal energy?
A. -703.2 KJ/kg B. 703.2 KJ/kg C. 564.3 KJ/kg D. 984.4 KJ/kg
Solution:
t tO r T ͳL
o
By interpolation:
t t rr Lt
o
t tͳT t t t Or tͳtr t
ͳ TOt
t t t Or tOrO ͳ TOt
t tLrͳ r
o
t t tLrͳ r t rr Lt t t
7. One kg of steam at 260oC and with enthalpy of 1861 KJ/kg is confined in a rigid container. Heat is applied
until the steam becomes saturated. Determine the heat added.
A. 770 KJB. 828 KJC. 790 KJ D. 800 KJ
Solution:
tO t t ͳ
o
tO t ttr rt t tT
ͳ rtͳtt
t tttO rL t tͳ ͳ rtͳtt tttt t t o
o
Since,
t o
tTLL tttt t t ᐐ
8. One kilogram of steam at 121oC and 10% moisture undergoes a constant volume process until the pressure
becomes 0.28 Mpa. Determine the final temperature.
A. 200.4oC B. 374.5oC C. 206.5oC D. 873.4oC
Solution:
ttt t o tTrͳ r
o
9. A tank contains 0.50 m3/kg of steam. Heat is transferred at constant volume until the pressure reaches 100
kpa. Determine the final steam quality. A. 23.34% B. 45.32% C. 29.47% D. 39.45%
䁉䁉䁉 o
r r r
ͳ Tͳ t ͳ rt tͳ t L tͳ t ͳ rt tͳ
眳 ሺt ᐐ
10. There are 2.27 kg/min of steam undergoing an isothermal process from 27.5 bar, 316oC to 6.8 bar.
Determine the change in entropy, KJ/min-K. A. 1.6176 B. 2.1734 C. 3.465 D. 0.204
Solution:
rt ͳ O 㤵t tr L
o
rt t tT 㤵t T Ot
o
o
㤵㤵t 㤵t t tt tr L T Ot
re
䁞 tᐐᐐ䁞䁞
11. Steam at 200oC and with entropy of 5.6105 KJ/kg-K expands isothermally to 0.515 Mpa. For 5 kg mass,
what is the work done? A. 2119.06 KJ B. 1103.4 KJ C. 1372.4 KJ D. 1408.2 KJ
Solution:
tͳͳ 㤵 t rrͳL 㤵 o tͳt
OTͳ T o tt t
T tͳT 㤵㤵o
tL L t
t tt Tt r
By interpolation:
tͳͳ TtT
㤵t tͳ rT t t tr
o o
㤵t 㤵t t t
T tͳͳ ttr t ͳ rT T tͳT t tr tt T t
ሺ ᐐᐐ
12. One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 Mpa and 374oC to 93oC. Find the final quality.
A. 76.44% B. 87.34% C. 93.15% D. 98.34%
Solution:
tt rt 㤵t t ͳtT t
Lr 㤵 t tttt 㤵 r ttrOt
㤵t 㤵㤵o
t ͳtT t t tttt ttrO
眳 ᐐ
13. Steam flows isentropically through a nozzle from 1500 kpa, 288oC to 960 kpa. For 0.454 kg/s mass
determine the change in volume. A. 0.031 m3/s B. 0.043 m3/s C. 0.054 m3/s D. 0.076 m3/s
mr r
t TMPa tOO v t T Ttxtͳ
kg
r
mr
ͳ L MPa tOO vt t t t xtͳ
kg
r r
䁉䁉t 䁉t ͳ T t tt tͳ t T Tt tͳ ሺሺ ᐐ
14. A steam turbine receives 0.52 Mpa of steam at 300oC. Then expanded in an irreversible adiabatic process
a pressure of 0.012 Mpa. If the exhaust steam is dry and saturated, calculate the stage efficiency of the
process. A. 67.45% B. 69.50% C. 74.23% D. 87.45%
Solution:
ͳ Tt MPa rͳͳ
KJ
u tOͳt
kg
KJ
ͳ ͳttMPa u t tt
kg
input ut t tt
e ͳ OttTOr
output ut tOͳt
t ᐐ
15. Steam at 1.4 Mpa and 270oC flows steadily through a steam throttle valve that reduces its pressure by 50%.
Find the change in entropy, KJ/kg-K. A. 0.31 B. -0.058 C. 0.63 D. 0.76
Solution:
Pt t MPa ttͳ
v ttt tT
u ttrr t
h tLtr r
s Orrt
Pt t T ͳ tMPa
t
ᐐ
16. A steam calorimeter receives steam from a pipe at 0.1 Mpa and 20 oSH. For a pipe steam pressure of 2
Mpa, what is the quality of the steam? A. 88.34% B. 90.34% C. 92.34% D. 95.56%
Solution:
ͳ t MPa tͳ°SH
ͳ tMPa tsat tͳ° tLL r tͳ°
KJ
h tttT OTr via interpolation
kg
tMPa hf LͳO tL hfg tOLͳ t
ht ht hf xhfg
眳ᐐ ᐐ䁞
17. An isobaric steam generating process starts with saturated liquid at 20 psia. The change in entropy is equal
to the initial entropy. What is the change in enthalpy. At 20 psia: (hfg = 960.2 Btu/lb, sf = 0.3359 Btu/lb-R).
A. -230.4 Btu/lb B. -196.2 Btu/lb C. 196.2 Btu/lb D. 230.4 Btu/lb
Solution:
BTU
tͳ psia hf tL tt
lb
Since s st
∴ 眳䁞 t
18. A cylinder and piston arrangement contains saturated water vapor at 110oC. The vapor is compressed in a
reversible adiabatic process until the pressure is 1.6 Mpa. Determine the work done by the steam per
kilogram of water. (Hint: Use steam table to solve this problem)
A. -637 KJ/kg B. -509 KJ/kg C. -432 KJ/kg D. -330 KJ/kg
Solution:
KJ
ttͳ ug tTtO t
kg
KJ
t MPa ug tTL ͳ
kg
t
W ugt ugt
19. A car with frontal area a = 2 m2, and traveling at 80 km/hr in air at 20 oC is experiencing a drag force of Fd =
0.225Apairv2. How much power in KW is needed in order to maintain its speed?
A. 8.92 B. 3.64 C. 7.81 D. 5.92
Solution:
t
Oͳ tͳͳͳ Oͳ tͳͳͳ
ͳ ttT t t t tͳͳͳ
r ͳͳ r ͳͳ
ᐐ眳
1. A steam condenser in a Rankine cycle has an inlet condition of 150 kpa and 90% quality. If the mass of
steam is 2 kg/s, find the gallons per minute of cooling water in the condenser for 12oC rise in temperature.
A. 1093.34 gpm B. 1198.34 gpm C. 1284.56 gpm D. 1274.48 gpm
Solution:
o
tTͳ t ttt
o
t o t t tͳ L
o
㤵 t tt t tͳ L t tt
㜮
‫Ͳܥ‬ tOt tt
o thr to h ͳ 㤵㌳䁒
㜮 tL t
㤵 o r tOT hr re
䁞ሺ ሺ
2. A boiler feed pump operate at 40oC suction. If pump efficiency is 85% and needs 20 kw power of motor
needed to drive the pump, find the maximum pressure of the boiler could attain for a mass of 2 kg/s.
Solution:
㜮㌳䁜㌳Ͳ 䁉r r
ͳ OT tͳ t t ͳͳtO tͳ r ͳ ͳͳtrO tͳͳͳ
ሺ ሺሺ ᐐ眳t
3. A boiler feed is available at 5 Mpa and 200oC. The boiler has a steam generated at 10 kg/s at 5 Mpa and
380oC. Find the developed boiler horsepower of turbine.
A. 1092.45 hp B. 1265.34 hp C. 1573.45 hp D. 2336 hp
Solution:
㤵㤵 tͳ r ͳͳ rt T L OTr L
rTrtt rTrtt
㷊 ᐐ 眳眳㷊t
4. A Rankine cycle has an output of 5000 kw. The overall efficiency of 65% and factor of evaporation of 1.2.
Find the mass of steam evaporated. A. 982.45 kg/hr B. 10,224.60 kg/hr C. 6171.27 kg/hr D. 8745.23 kg/hr
Solution:
㤵㌳䁒 t 
Tͳͳͳ r ͳͳ
䁜
rTrttt
㌳

ͳ T 䁜
㤵 t t ttTt

rTrtt
ሺ䁞
t
5. A Rankine cycle has a steam throttle condition of 4 Mpa and 400oC. The turbine exhaust is 1 atm, find the
cycle efficiency. A. 23.23% B. 27.06% C. 34.23% D. 43.23%
Solution:
ͳͳ t rttr 㤵t 㤵t t Lͳ
t ͳ tͳtrtT tO LLtt o ttTt ͳ
㤵 t rͳ tͳtT 㤵 o ͳ Or T
㤵t 㤵㤵o
ͳ Lͳrt
t o
t t Tt r t tt r tO LLtt
䁉r r r
r
䁉r t ͳ r LtT tͳ tr ͳTLLr t
t t r
㌳䁞眳ᐐ
t
6. A Rankine cycle has a turbine work of 600 KJ/kg and efficiency of 88%, pump work is 3 KJ/kg and efficiency
of 75%. If cycle efficiency is 26%, find the heat added to the cycle.
Solution:
Ͳ
㌳
ͳͳ OO r tT
ᐐ
t
7. A Rankine cycle has an initial mass of liquid flowing at 15 kg at 75oC. If final enthalpy is 1200 KJ/kg, find the
change of enthalpy of the system. A. 655.75 KJ B. 834.34 KJ C. 763.45 KJ D. 885.97 KJ
Solution:
tT rtr Lr
o
t t ttͳͳ rtr Lr 䁞 t
8. A turbine has an available enthalpy of 3300 KJ/kg in a Rankine cycle. The pump work has also 25 KJ/kg.
For a flow of 3 kg/s, find the system output. A. 5960 kw B. 6080 kw C. 6343 kw D. 9825 kw
Solution:
r rrͳͳ tT 眳 ᐐ
9. In a Rankine cycle, the system turbine inlet has a condition of 3126 KJ/kg enthalpy and entropy of 6.68
KJ/kg-K. The quality after expansion is 82% and enthalpy of 2103 KJ/kg with hf = 233 KJ/kg. Find the
efficiency of the cycle. A. 23.45% B. 35.40% C. 30.34% D. 38.44%
Solution:
t t rtt ttͳr
㌳ ᐐ 䁞
t rtt trr
10. The available enthalpy of steam at the exit of boiler in a Rankine cycle is 2900 KJ/kg and enthalpy at the
entrance of turbine is 2870 KJ/kg. If mass of steam is 3.5 kg/s, find the heat loss between the boiler exit
and turbine entrance. A. 105 kw B. 30 kw C. 20 kw D. 50 kw
Solution:
r T tLͳͳ tOtͳ ᐐ
11. In a Rankine cycle steam enters the turbine at 3 Mpa (enthalpies & entropies given) and condenser of 60
Kpa (properties given), what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?At 3 Mpa: hg = 2804.2 sg = 6.1869
At 60 kpa: hf = 359.86 hfg = 2293.6 sf = 1.1457 sfg = 6.3867 vf = 0.0010331
A. 25.55% B. 45.23% C. 34.23% D. 12.34%
Solution:
r 㤵o 㤵t tO L
∴ 㤵t 㤵t 㤵㤵o
ͳ tOLrtt
t o tttͳ t t
o
tOͳ t tttͳ t t
㌳ ᐐ眳
tOͳ t rTL O
12. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During 24 hrs period, the plant consumed 220 gallons of
fuel at 28oC and product 4,000 kw-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28oAPI and was purchased at P15.50 per liter at
15.6oC. What should be the cost of fuel to be produced per kw-hr?
A. P1.05 B. P2.10 C. P3.20 D. P1.00
Solution:
䁒㤵 ttͳ r tOT
tT T
䁜 ͳͳͳ t
13. A 750 bhp diesel engine uses fuel oil of 30oAPI gravity, fuel consumption is 0.75 lb/bhp-hr. Cost of fuel is
P17.95 per liter. For continuous operation, determine the minimum volume of cubical day tank in m3,
ambient temp is 45oC. A. 4.98 B. 6.25 C. 7.135 D. 9.04
Solution:
t tT
rͳ° trt T
ͳ Ot t
ͳ Ot t t ͳͳͳt T tT ͳ OTOttL
o
OTO ttL r
t o
tTͳ t tT ttt OL
t tͳT ͳ t
ttt OL
h t ᐐ
OTO ttL
14. A diesel power plant uses fuel that has a density of 892.74 kg/m3 at 15.66oC. Find the heating value.
A. 44,690 KJ/kg B. 19,301 Btu/lb C. 43,000 KJ/kg D. 4356.2 KJ/kg
Solution:
OLt t
ͳ OLtt
tͳͳͳ
t tT
° trt T tt°
ͳ OLtt
㷊th
ttrͳ trL tt° t ͳTT t tͳT 眳眳
䁥
15. A diesel power plant uses fuel with heating value of 45,038.8 KJ/kg. What is the density of fue at 30oC?
A. 0.9 kg/li B. 0.877 kg/li C. 0.850 kg/li D. 0.878 kg/li
Solution:
TͳrO O ttrͳ trL °
t tT
° tO° trt T
ͳ OOtt t
ͳ OOtt t t ͳ ͳͳͳt rͳ tT ͳ OtOt
t
16. A diesel engine consumed 940 li of fuel per day at 30oC. If the fuel was purchased at 15oC and 30 oAPI at
P4.00/li, determine the cost of fuel to operate the engine per day.
A. P5,677.50 B. P4677.50 C. P3721.98 D. P5,000.00
Solution:
t tT
° trt T
ͳ Ot t
ͳ Ot t t ͳ ͳͳͳt rͳ tT ͳO L
䁒㤵 ͳO L
L ͳ t ᐐ m
ͳ Ot t
17. A cylindrical tank 3 m long and 2 m diameter is used for oil storage. How many days can the tank supply
the engine having 27oAPI with fuel consumption of 65 kg/hr? A. 5.84 B. 5.39 C. 7.83 D. 7.39
Solution:
t r
h t r L t tt
t tT
tt° trt T
ͳ OLtt
t
  㤵 L t tt ͳ OLtt ᐐ 眳
T t
18. The specific gravity of fuel oil having a heating value of 44,899.2 KJ/kg is:
A. 0.90 B. 0.80 C. 0.877 D. 0.893
Solution:
OLL t ttrͳ trL °
t tT
° tt° trt T
ࡳ 眳 t
19. Steam flows into a turbine at a rate of 10 kg/s, and 10 kilowatts of heat are lost from the turbine. Ignoring
elevation and kinetic energy effects, calculate the power output of the turbine. Inlet conditions are 2.0 Mpa
and 350oC (h = 3137 KJ/kg) and 0.10 Mpa & 100% quality (h = 2675.5 KJ/kg).
A. 4000 KW B. 4375 KW C. 4605 KW D. 4973 KW
Solution:
t t tͳ rtrt t tT T tͳ
ሺ䁞 ᐐ
1. A fuel is represented with C5 H8 is burned with 40% excess air. If mass of fuel is 0.17 kg, find the mass of
air needed.
A. 3.38 kg B. 1.638 kg C. 2.34 kg D. 5.34 kg
Theo = 32(x) + 28 (3.76) (x) /12 (n) + m

n = 5; m =8; x = 7
= 32(7) + 28 (3.76) (7) /12 (5) + 8
= 14.13
A/F = THEO A/F (1+e)
= 14.13 (1+0.4)
=19.782
A/F = ma/mf
19.782 = ma/0.17
ma = 3.38kg
2. The analysis of a product of combustion on dry basis, when C6 H18 was burned with atmospheric air, is as
Follows: CO2 = 12%, CO = 1.75%, O2 = 3.01%, N2 = 83.24%. Compute the actual air-fuel ratio.
A. 12.34 B. 15.29 C. 17.35 D. 14.73
=1716 (n) (N2) /47 (CO+CO2) (12n+m)

=1716 (6) (.8324) /47 (0.0175+0.12) (12(6) + 18)
=14.73
3. A boiler burns fuel oil with 15% excess air. The fuel may be represented by C14 H30. Calculate the molal
air-fuel ratio.
A. 14 B. 117.69 C. 102.34D. 17.14
X= 21.5
Theo Air – Fuel ration = x+3.76x
= 21.5+3.76(21.5)
= 102.34
4. Given the following ultimate analysis: C = 71%, N2 = 4%, H2 = 4%, O2 = 3%, S2 = 5%, Ash = 6%,
Moisture = 8%. Using 20% excess air, determine the actual air-fuel ratio.
A. 11.56 B. 11.21 C. 21.21 D. 9.22
Theo A/F = 11.5C + 34.5(H-O/8) +4.3S

= (11.5) (0.71) + 34.5(0.04)-0.03/8) + 4.3(0.05)
= 9.63
= 9.63(1+0.2)
=11.56
5. A certain coal has the following ultimate analysis C = 70%, N2 = 4%, H2 = 2.5%, O2 = 3.5%, S2 = 7%,
Ash = 5, Moisture =? Determine the heating value of fuel in Btu/lb.
A. 27,299.65 B. 11,735.35 C. 26,961.45 D. 27,320
Qh = 33820C+144212(H-O/8) + 9304S
= 33820 (0.7) + 144212(0.025-0.035/8) + 9304 (0.07)
=27229.6525 KJ/kg (1/1.055) (1/2.205)
=11,735.35BTU/lb
6. A fuel gas has the following volumetric analysis: CH4 = 68% C2H6 = 32% Assume complete combustion
with 15% excess air at 101.325 Kpa, 21oC wet bulb and 27oC dry bulb. What is the partial pressure of water
vapor in Kpa?
A. 9.62 B. 12.81 C. 17.28 D. 15.94
Partial Pressure H2O = (z) (P)/ (m) (T)

=2.32(101.325) / 1.32 + 2.32 + 3.76(1.15) (2.48)+ (0.15) (2.48)
=15.95kpa
7. There are 23 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion of a fuel oil C12 H26. What is
the excess air in percent?
A. 46.67 B. 26.67 C. 36.67 D. 45.66
Theo = 32 (x) + 28 (3.76) (x) /12 (n) + m

=32 (18.5) + (28) (3.76) (18.5) / 12 (12) + 26
=14.94
22=14.94(1+e)
e=0.4667x100
e= 46.67%
8. By how much is the change of volume of the products of combustion of benzene (C6H6) with theoretical
air? Both volumes of reactants and products are taken at the same pressure and temperature.
A. 1.3% increase B. 1.3% decrease C. no change D. 9.2% increase
By mass balance
1+7.5+3.76(7.5) = 6+3+3.76(7.5)
%change=V2-V1 / V1
=1.3%increase
9. Calculate the amount of air in kg necessary for combustion of 1 kg of octane (C8H18) with theoretical air.
A. 12.5 B. 14.8 C. 15.1 D. 13.5
Theo = 32(x) + 28 (3.76) (x) /12(n) + m

=32(12.5) + 28 (3.76) (12.5) /12 (8) + 18
=15.1
10. Calculate the mass in kg of the combustion products of 12 kg diesel fuel oil (C16H30) with 30% excess air.
A. 185.2 B. 284.6 C. 208.7 D. 235.44
Theo = 32 (x) +28 (3.76) (x) / 12 (n) + m

=32 (23.5) + 28 (3.76) (23.5) / 112 (16) +30
=14.53
=14.53(1+.3)
=18.89
A/F = ma/mf
18.89=ma/12
Ma=226.68
11. Five kg-mol of octane are burned with stiochiometric amount of air. How much water is formed in the
products if the combustion is complete?
A. 15 kg-mol B. 25 kg-mol C. 35 kg-mol D. 45 kg-mol
9(5) = 45kg-mol
12. Methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is burned with 30% excess air. How much unburned oxygen in kg-mol-oxygen/kg-
mol-fuel will there be in the products if the combustion is compete?
A. 0.35 B. 0.45 C. 0.55 D. 0.65
By mass balance
1+2(1.15)(x)=2+2+1.5(x)(2)
F=1.5
Unburned = f(excess)
=1.5(0.03)
=0.45
13. Dodecane (C12H26) is burned at constant pressure with 150% excess air. What is the air-fuel for this
process?
A. 37.5 B. 42.3 C. 48.7 D. 51.3
Theo = 32 (x) +28 (3.76) (x) / 12 (n) + m

=32 (18.5) + 28 (3.76) (18.5) /12 (12) + 26
=14.94
=14.94(1+1.5)
=37.35
14. A complete combustion of one kilogram of C16H32 resulted to 20 kilograms of products of combustion.
Calculate the percent excess air.
A. 29.16 B. 40.5 C. 35.4 D. 55.6
Theo = 32 (x) + 28 (3.76) (x) /12 (n) +m

=32 (24) + 28 (3.76) (24)/12 (16) + 32
=14.71
A/F = THEO AF (1+e)
20-1 = 14.71 (1+e)
E = 0.2916x100
E = 29.16%
15. Calculate the heating value of coal having the following composition by weight using Dulong formula.
Carbon 75%, hydrogen 5%, oxygen 6%, nitrogen 1.5%, sulfur 3%, water 1.5%, ash 8%
A. 150,450 Btu/lb B. 13,658 Btu/lb C. 12,640 Btu/lb D. 14,580 Btu/lb
Qh = 33820C+144212(H-O/8) + 9304S
= 33820 (0.75) +144212 (0.05-0.06/8) + 9304 (0.03)
=31773.73KJ/kg
=13,658BTU/lb
SITUATIONAL PROBLEM
A central station has annual factors as follows:
Load factor = 58.50% Capacity factor = 40.95% Use factor = 45.20%
The reserve carried over and above the peak load is 8900 kw. Find the following
16. Installed capacity.
A. 59,600 kw B. 49,600 kw C. 39,600 kw D. 29,667 kw
RC = (PL) (LF/ CF – 1)
= PC - PL
RC =29,667kw
17. Annual energy production:
A. 106 x 106 kw-hrs B. 206 x 106 kw-hrs C. 306 x 106 kw-hrs D. 406 x 106 kw-hrs
CF = (AEP / PC x 8760)
= 1064208560 KW-hrs
18. Hours per year not in service.
A. 880 hrs. B. 823 hrs. C. 800 hrs. D.750 hrs.
UF = AEP / (PC) (t)

T = 7436.95
= 8760-7436.95
T =823hrs
19 A water tube boiler has a heating surface area of 500 m2. For a developed boiler hp of 933. Determine the
percent rating of the boiler.
A. 169.81% B. 150.17% C. 160.17% D. 180.17%
RBH = HS/0.91
=500/0.91
=549.45
%R= DBH/RBH x 100
=933/549.95
=169.81%
20 The factor of evaporation of the boiler is 1.12 and a steam rate of 0.73 kg/s. What is the developed boiler
hp?
A. 1.98 hp B. 188.074 hp C. 1.88 hp D. 198.2 hp

FE = (hs-hf) /2257
Hs-hf = (2257) (1.12)
DBH = ms (hs-hf) /35322
= (0.73) (3600) (2257x1.12) /35322
=188.074hp
21. The percent rating of water tube boiler is 200%, factor of evaporation is 1.1 and heating surface are is 300
m2. Find the rate of evaporation.
A. 8,153.02 kg/hr B. 8513.02 kg/hr C. 9,380.61 kg/hr D. 9830.61 kg/hr
RBH = HS/0.91
=300/0.91
=329.67
%R= DBH/RBH
2=DBH/329.67
=659.34
659.34=ms (2257x1.1)/35322
ms = 9380.61kg/hr
22. The actual specific evaporation of a certain boiler is 8. Factor of evaporation is 1.15. If the heating value is
26,000 KJ/kg. Find the boiler efficiency.
A. 79% B. 78.11% C. 76.39% D. 80.00%
Nb = (ms) (hs-hf) / (mf) (Q) (h)

Ms/mf = 8
Nb = 8(2257x1.15) / 26000
= 79%
23. The ASME evaporation units of a boiler is 24,827,500 KJ/hr. The boiler auxiliaries consumes 2.5 MW.
What is the net boiler efficiency if the heat generated by fuel is 32,000,000 KJ/hr.
A. 49.46% B. 59.40% C. 64.75% D. 60.10%
Nnet = ms (hs-hf)-Boiler Aux / (mf) (Q) (h)

= (24,827,500/3600)-(2.5x10000 / 32000000/3600)
=49.46%
24. A 150,000 kg of coal supplied to two boiler. One has a capacity of 350 kg/hr and the other boiler has a
capacity of 100 kg/hr. How many days to consume the available fuel?
A. 15 B. 14 C. 51 D. 13
M = mf1+mf2
=350+100
=450kg/hr
No. of days = 150000 / 450
=333.33hrs (1/24)
=14 days
25. A boiler operates at 82.5% efficiency while the mass of steam generated is 995,000lbs in 5 hrs. The
enthalpy of steam is 1400 Btu/lb and feed is 250 Btu/lb while the fuel used for boiler has a heating value of
14,850 Btu/lb. Find the mass of fuel needed in short tons per day.
A. 10.78 B. 98.34 C. 224.16D. 313.45
Nb=ms (hs-hf) / (mf) (Q) (h)

0.825 = 995000/5 (1400-250) / mf (14850)
Mf= 18679.72656(1shortton/2000lb) (24hrs/1day)
Mf=224.15 short ton / day
26. A coal-fired power plant has a turbine-generator rated at 1200 MW gross. The plant required about 10% of
this power for its internal operations. It uses 10,000 tons of coal per day. The coal has a heating value of
6,500 Kcal/kg and the steam generator efficiency is 85%. What is the net station efficiency of the plant in
percent?
A. 30% B. 25% C. 33% D. 38%
Station eff=1200 (1000) KW (1-0.01)/ 6500 kcal/kg (4.187KJ/kcal)

(10000x2000/1x1/2.205) (1/24x1/3600)
E= 37.8%
27. Two boilers are operating steadily on 94,000 kg of coal contained in a bunker. One boiler producing 1600
kg/hr of steam at 1.2 factor of evaporation and an efficiency of 65% and another boiler produces 1464 kg/hr
of steam at 1.15 factor of evaporation and efficiency of 60%. How many hours will the coal in the bunker
run the boilers if the heating value is 7,600 Kcal/kg?
A. 240.4 B. 220.5 C. 230.09D. 225.3
Nb = (hs) (hs-hf) / (mf) (Q) (h)

MT = mf1+mf2
= 230.09
28. A typical steam generator with an efficiency of 75% is producing 10 kg/sec of steam. The enthalpy of the
entering water is 125.79 KJ/kg and is superheated to an enthalpy of 3034.8 KJ/kg. The fuel used has s
heating value of 42150 KJ/kg. The A/F ratio by weight is 14. Determine the amount of air needed in kg/hr.
A. 38371 B. 48378 C. 56873 D. 46378
Nb = (ms) (hs-hf)/ (mf) (Q) (h)

0.75 = 10(3034.8-125.79 / mf (42150)
Mf=3312.75kg/hr
Ma=A/F (mf)
=14(3312.75
Ma =46378kg
29. A steam generator evaporated 20,000 kg of water per hour from feed water with enthalpy of 461.3 kJ/kg of
steam with enthalpy of 2706.3 kJ/kg. Coal consumption is 2100 kg/hr. Its heating value as fired is 28,300
kJ/kg. Calculate the Boiler Horsepower. A. 1271 B. 1352 C. 1586 D. 1873
BH = (ms) (hs-hf) /35322

=20000(2706.3-461.3) / 35322
BH = 1271Hp
30. A diesel power plant consumes 650 li of fuel at 26oC in 24 hrs with 28oAPI. Find the fuel rate in kg/hr.
A. 23.83 B. 24.85 C. 22.85 D. 26.85
SG15.6 = 141.5 / 131.5 + API

= 141.5 / 131.5 + 28
SG15.6 = 0.887
SG26= 0.887(1-0.0007(26-15.6))
=0.8805
SG26 = ρfuel/ ρwater
ρ=m/v
M=0.8805 (650li) / 24hrs
M= 23.83 kg/hr
31. The following data were obtained in a small power generating plant:
Power developed by the steam turbine = 2800 KW
Heat supplied to the steam turbine generator = 3500 KJ/kg
Heat rejected by the steam to the cooling water in the condenser = 2200 KJ/kg
Power required by the feed water pump to return the condensate to the steam generator = 12 KW
Determine the mass flow rate of steam in kg/sec.
A. 1.685 B. 2.537 C. 3.082 D. 2.145
WT-WP = m (Qa - Qr)

M=2.145kg/s
32. A simple Rankine cycle produces 40 MW of power, 50 MW of process heated and rejects 60MW of heat to
the surroundings. What is the utilization factor of this cogeneration cycle neglecting the pump work?
A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%
UF = (Qprocess) + Work / Qin

=40 +50 / 60 + 40 +50
=60%
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. A steam engine develops 60 Bhp with saturated steam at 1034.25 Kpa absolute and exhaust at 124.11
Kpa. Steam consumption is 736.36 kg/hr. Calculate the indicated engine efficiency based on 90%
mechanical efficiency.
A. 69.74% B. 67.74% C. 66.74% D. 68.74%
H1=hg at 1.03425 mpa

H1= 2779.4 kj/kg (interpolated)
S1= sg at 1.03425 mpa
S1= 6.5748 kj/kg-k
At 0.12411 mpa(by interpolation)
Sf = 1.37165
Sgf= 5.9152
S1=s2=sf+xsfg
Hf= 443.43
Hfg= 2241.56
6.5748=1.37165+x(5.9152)
X=8.8796
H2= 443.43+0.8796(2241.56)
H2=2415.16 kj/kg
Indicated power= (60/0.9)x0.746
=49.733kw
Nei= IP/ms(h1-h2)
=49.733/(736.36/3600)2779.4-2415.1)
=66.74%
2. The crank of a double acting steam engine rotates at 220 rpm. The bore and stroke of the steam engine is
300 mm x 470 mm, and the mean effective pressure acting upon the piston is 4.5 kg/cm2. Find the indicated
horsepower developed in the cylinder.
A. 144.14 KW B. 144.14 hp C. 150.14 hp D. 153.51 KW
IP= PmixVD
Pmi= 4.5x101.325/1.033
=441.4
Vd= 2(pi/4d2LN)
=2(pi/4)(0.3)2(0.47)(220/60)
=0.24336 m3/sec
Ip=441.4(0.2436)=107.525kw
Ip= 107.525/0.746
=144.14HP
3. Steam enters a steam engine at 2 Mpa and 230oC and exit at 0.1 Mpa. Steam consumption is 1500 kg/hr.
Determine the equivalent Rankine efficiency.
A. 31.22%B. 21.22% C. 33% D. 22.12%
At 2mpa @ 230C
H1=2849.6
S1=6.4423
At 0.1mpa
Sf=1.3026
Sfg=6.0568
Hf= 417.46
Hg= 2675.5
NR= hi-h2/h1-h4
H2=2687.8893
H4=hg
Nr= 21.22%
4. The indicated efficiency of a steam engine is 65%. The engine entrance is 2600 KJ/kg and exit is 2100
KJ/kg. if steam consumption is 3000 kg/hr and mechanical efficiency is 90%, what is the brake power of the
engine? A. 55 KW B. 84 KW C. 243.75 KW D. 70 KW
nei= IP/ms(h1-h2)
0.65= IP/(3000/3600)(2600-2100)
Ip= 270.833
Nm= BP/IP
0.9= BP/270.833
Bp=243.75kw
5. A steam engine 18” x 24” runs at 250 rpm. The diameter of piston rod is 3.5 in. The indicator card is 3.5 in
long and the area of the head end is 1.96 sq. in. Area of the crank end card is 1.86 sq. in. Spring scale is
800 lb. In the test, a prony brake with 10 ft lever arm registered an average load on the scale of 100 psi/in.
What is the mechanical efficiency of the engine?
A. 86.50% B. 88.00% C. 92.20% D. 84.10%
Nm= BP/IP
=2piTN/(AL)(K)(PI/4)LN(D2+(D2-d2)
=2pi(800x10x12)/(1.86+1.96/2(3.5)(pi/4)(2)(18(18)+(18(18)-(3.5(3.5))
Nm= 92.2%
6. A steam engine has 10% brake thermal efficiency and consumes 750 kg/hr steam. The enthalpy of steam
at the entrance and exit of the engine are 2800 and 450 KJ/kg respectively. Determine the brake power of
the engine in KW. A. 87 B. 76 C. 49 D. 35
nbt= BP/mfQ
=750(2800-450)(0.1)/3600
Bp=49kw
7. Available enthalpy of turbine is ∆h = 1200 KJ/kg, turbine efficiency is 75%, full load capacity is 4,300 kw.
Find the full load steam consumption in kg/kw-hr.
A. 2.34 B. 4.51 C. 4.0 D. 7.45
Ms=3600/0.75(1200)
=4kg/kw-hr
8. A steam condenser receives 12 kg/s of steam with an enthalpy of 2670 KJ/kg. Steam condenses into a
liquid and leaves with an enthalpy of 260 KJ/kg. Cooling water passes through the condenser with
temperature increases from 13 degrees C to 28oC. Calculate the water flow rate in kg/s.
A. 533 B. 518 C. 460.50D. 528
M(h1-h2)=mCpT
12(2670-260)=m(4.187)(28-13)
M= 460.6kg/s
9. Steam expands adiabatically in a turbine from 2500 kpa, 400oC to 350 kpa, 240oC. What is the
effectiveness of the process in percent assuming an atmospheric pressure of 15oC. Neglect changes in
kinetic and potential energy. Steam Properties are: At 2500 Kpa and 400oC: h = 3239.3 s = 7.0148 At
350 Kpa and 240oC: h = 2945.8 s = 7.4174
A. 61 B. 72 C. 80 D. 86
Effectiveness= Qs/Qs+Q
=3239.3-2945.8/(3239.3-2945.8)+(15+273)(7.4174-3.0148)
=72%
10. A heat exchanger was installed purposely to cool 0.80 kg of gas per second. Molecular weight is 28 and
k = 1.32. The gas is cooled from 150 oC to 70oC. Water is available at the rate of 0.50 kg/s and at a
temperature of 14oC. Calculate the exit temperature of the water in oC.
A. 48 B. 42 C. 46 D. 51.44
mCpt=Mcpwt
0.8(8.314/28(1.32)/1.31-1(150-70)=0.5(4.187)(t2-14)
T2=51.44C
11. A steam turbine with 90% stage efficiency receives steam at 5 Mpa and 550C and exhausts as 50 Kpa.
Determine the turbine work. At 5 Mpa and 550C:h1 = 3550.3 s1 = 7.1218
At 50 Kpa: hf = 340.49 hfg = 2305.4 sf = 1.091 sfg = 6.5029
A. 117 KJ/kg B. 132 KJ/kg C. 964.60 KJ/kg D. 143 KJ/kg

Wt=(h1-h2)Nt
=3550.3-248.52(0.9)
Wt= 964.60Kj/kg
12. A steam turbine with 92% stage efficiency receives steam at 7 Mpa and 550oC and exhausts as 20 Kpa.
Determine the actual exhaust enthalpy.
At 7mpa and 550c

H1=3530.9kj/kg
S1=6.9486
At 20kpa
Sf=0.8320
Sfg=7.0766
Hf=251.4
Hfg=2358.3
S1=s2=sf+xsfg
6.9486=0.8320+x(7.0766)
X=0.8643
H2=251.40+0.8643(2358.3)
=2289.78 KJ/Kg
Nst= h1-h2a/h1-h2
0.9=2330.9-h2a/3530.9-2289.78
H2a= 2413.89
Wt= 2413.89 KJ/kg
Wt= h2-h2a
=3530.9-2413.89
Wt= 117.01 Kj/Kg
13. A steam turbine of 6 MW capacity has a Willan’s line equation of ms = 5.5L + 3,200 kg/hr. Determine the
steam consumption at 73% load, kg/hr.
A. 27,290 B. 26,100 C. 30,000 D. 28,920
Ms=5.5(600)(0.73)+3200
Ms=27920 kg/hr
14. A 18,000 KW geothermal plant has a generator efficiency and turbine efficiency of 90% and 80%,
respectively. If the quality after throttling is 16% and each well discharges 220,000 kg/hr, determine the
number of wells are required to produce if the change of enthalpy at entrance and exit of turbine is 500
KJ/kg.
A. 4 wells B. 5 wells C. 6 wellsD. 8 wells
No. of wells = 1800(3600)/0.9(0.8)(0.16)(500)/220000

=5.1/5wells
15. In a 10 MW geothermal power plant, the mass flow of steam entering the turbine is 20 kg/sec. The quality
after throttling is 25% and enthalpy of ground water is 750 KJ/kg. Determine the overall efficiency of the
plant.
A. 7.4% B. 9.6% C. 16.67% D. 15.4%
Overall eff = 10000/(20/0.25)(750)

=16.67%
16. A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives water at 204C. The separator
pressure is 1.04 Mpa. A direct contact condenser operates at 0.034 Mpa. The turbine has a polytropic
efficiency of 0.85. For a cycle output of 40 MW, what is the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg/s?
At 204C: hf = 870.51 KJ/kg
At 1.04 Mpa: hf = 770.38 hfg = 2009.2 hg = 2779.6 sg = 6.5729
At 0.034 Mpa: hf = 301.40 hfg = 2328.8 sf = 0.9793 sfg = 6.7463
A. 2871 B. 2100 C. 1725.31 D. 2444
Solutions:
h3=hg at 1.04 Mpa
h3= 2779.6 KJ/kg
Solving for h4:
S3= S4 = Sf +(x) (Sfg)
6.5729 = 0.9793+(x4) (6.7463)
x4 =0.829
h4 = 301.4 + 0.829(2328.8)
h4 = 2232.2 KJ/kg
Wt = Ms (h3-h4)
50000 = Ms (2779.6-2232.3)(0.75)
Ms = 121.8 kg/sec
Solving for X2:
h1 = h2 = hf+(x) (hfg)
870.51 = 770.38 +(x) (2009.2)
X2 = 0.049836
Therfore;
Ms =(x) (Mg)
121.8 = 0.049836(Mg)
Mg = 2444 kg/sec
17. Ground water in a Geothermal Plant has a ground water flow of 46 kg/s. If the quality of hot water entering
the flash tank is 12%, find the mass of steam entering the turbine.
A. 5.52 kg/s B. 2.54 kg/s C. 3.40 kg/s D. 4.80 kg/s
Given:
Mf= 46 kg/sec
X= 0.12
Solutions:
Ms= (x) (Mg)
Ms= 0.12(46)
Ms= 5.52 kg/s
18. In a 13 MW geothermal power plant, the mass flow of steam entering the turbine is 27 kg/s. The quality
after throttling is 23% and enthalpy of ground water is 730 KJ/kg. Determine the overall efficiency of the
plant.
A. 15.72%B. 15.49% C. 15.17% D. 15.38%
Given:
Generator Output = 13 MW
Ms = 27 kg/sec
X = 0.23
hf = 730 KJ/kg
Solutions:
Ms =(x) (Mg)
27 =0.23(Mg)
Mg= 117. 39 kg/sec
Overall efficiency = G.O/ (Mg) (hf)
Overall efficiency = 13000/117.39(730)
Overall efficiency = 15.17%
19. Steam in a Rankine cycle is expanded from a 200 psia saturated vapor state to 20 psia. The turbine has an
efficiency of 0.8. What is the actual enthalpy after expansion.
At 200 psia (saturated vapor): h = 1199.3 Btu/lb, s = 1.5466 Btu/lb-R
At 20 psia: sf = 0.3359 Btu/lb-R, sfg = 1.3963 Btu/lb-R, hf = 196.2 Btu/lb, hfg = 960.2 Btu/lb
A. 960.2 Btu/lb B. 986.1 Btu/lb C. 1028.7 Btu/lb D. 1062.8 Btu/lb
Solutions:
S1 = S2 = 1.5466 = 0.3359+(x) (1.3963)
X = 0.8671
h2 = hf+ (x) (hfg)
h2 = 196.2+0.8671(960.2)
h2 = 1028.79 Btu/lb
Wt = (h1 - h2) (e)
= (1193.3 - 1028.79) (0.8)
Wt = 136.4259 Btu/lb
Wt = h1 - h2a
136.4259 = 1193.3 - h2a
h2a = 1062.8 Btu/lb
20. A 150 MW turbo-generator requires 700,000 kg of steam per hour at rated load and 22,000 kg per hour at
zero load. Calculate the steam rate in kg/KW-hour at 75% of its rated load.
A. 5.83 B. 4.72 C. 3.54 D. 6.32
Solutions:
Steam Rate = ms/G.O
= 700000/150000
= 4.667(0.75)
Steam Rate = 3.5 kg/kW-hour
21. A 10 MW steam turbine-generator power plant has a full load steam rate of 5.5 kg/KW-hr. No load steam
Consumption is around 10% of the full load steam consumption. Calculate the hourly steam consumption at
Half load in kg/hr.
A. 30250 B. 29830 C. 32510 D. 31820
Solutions:
Ms = (MsFL - MsNL) % + (Ms) (NL)
= 5.5 (10000)
MsFL = 55000 kg/hr
MsNL = MsFL (0.1)
MsNL = 5500 kg/hr
Ms = (55000 - 5500) (0.5) + 5500
Ms = 30250 kg/hr
22. A 5-MW steam turbine generator power plant has a full-load steam rate of 6.0 kg/KW-hr. Assuming no-load
Consumption at 10% of the full-load. Compute the hourly steam consumption at 60% load in kg/hr.
A. 14500 B. 19200 C. 26500 D. 35600
Solutions:
Ms = (MSfL - MsNL) % + MsNL
= 6 (5000)
MsFL = 30000 kg/hr
MsNL = 30000 (0.1)
MsNL = 3000 kg/hr
Ms = (30000 - 3000) (0.6) + 3000
Ms = 19200 kg/hr
ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

Cebu Main: 4th floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center (Infront of UC main), Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84
Manila Branch: 3rd floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. During the dynamometer test of an engine for 1 hr steady load, the engine consumes 40 kg fuel having
43,300 KJ/kg heating value. If the torque developed is 2.5 KN-m during the test at 600 rpm, what is the
efficiency of the engine?

A. 31.22%B. 32.65% C. 55.77% D. 25.99%
Given:
t = 1hr
T = 2.5 KN-m
N = 600rpm
Mf = 40 kg
Qh = 43,300 KJ- kg
Reqired =?
Solutions:
BP = 2(3.1416) TN
e = 2(3.1416) TN / m=MfQh
e = 2(3.1416) (2.5)(600 / 60) / 40(43,300)
e = 0.000090693x10(1hr (3600sec / 1hr)
e = 32.65%
2. A 4-stroke Gasoline engine has a bore and stroke of 400 mm x 450 mm running at 750 rpm. If the
Clearance volume is 0.0527 m3/s, calculate the engine efficiency.
A. 55.82%B. 65.82% C. 35.82% D. 45.82%
Given:
4 -stroke
D = 0.4m - stroke
N = 750rpm
V2 = 0.0527 m3/sec
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) DLN
= (3.1416/4) ((0.16) (.45) (750/60))
Vd = 0.3534m3/sec
V1 = Vd + V2
V1 = 0.3534+0.0527
V2 = 0.4062 m3/sec
rk = V1/V2
rk = 7.71
e = 1 - (0.44175)
e = 55.82%
3. A 3 MW diesel engine consumes 240 li of 25oAPI fuel and generates 900 KW-hr. Determine the rate of fuel
consumed by the engine.
Given :
BP = 3MW
V = 240li
API = 25
G.O = 900 KW - hr
Solutions:
S.G = 141.5 / 131.5+API
S.G = 0.9042
P1 = 0.9042(1kg/li)
P1 = 0.9042kg/li
m = P1V
m = 0.9042(240li)
m = 216.997 kg
m = Mf (G.O) / BP
216.997 = Mf (900)(3600) / 3000
Mf = 0.2009 kg/sec
4. A 20 cm x 35 cm diesel engine with 4 cylinders and operating on a four stroke, has a rated power of 160 kw
and is running at 250 rpm. Find the volume displacement per brake power developed.
A. 0.9 m3/min-kw B. 0.1 m3/min-kw C. 0.06 m3/min-kw D. 0.0344 m3/min-kw
Given:
D = 0.2m
L = 0.35m
N0. Of cylinders = 4
BP = 160 KW
N = 250 rpm
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((D) (D)) (LN)
Vd = (3.1416 /4) ((0.04) (0.35)(250 /2(6))
Vd = 0.023
Vd = 0.023(4)
Vd = 0.09163
Vd = 0.09163(60)
Vd = 5.468
Vd / BP = 5.468 / 160
Vd / BP = 0.0344 cu.meter min-kw
5. An engine has a power output of 8.5 hp with 70% efficiency. What will be the kw/hp? Registered to the
meter?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 41.33% D. 4
Given:
G.O = 8.5 Hp
e = 70%
Solutions:
KW/HP = 8.5(.746) / 0.7(8.5)
KW/HP = 1.07 or 1
6. A 2500 KW diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl oil per 550 KWH produced. Oil is 25API. Efficiency of generator
90%, mechanical efficiency of engine 83%. What is the thermal efficiency of engine based on indicated
power(%)?
A. 31.69 B. 41.33 C. 39.60 D. 35.60

Given:
BP = 2500 KW
1bbl = 42 gals
Ng = 90%
Nm = 83%
Solutions:
SG = 141.5 / 131.5+API
SG = 0.904
Mf = V(w)
Mf= (42x3.785)(0.904x1)
Mf = 143.724 kg
Qh = 41,130+139.6(API)
Qh = 41,130+139.6(25)
Qh = 44,620 KJ/kg
indicated work = 550KW / 0.90(0.83)
indicated work = 786.278 KW- hr
Nti = 786.278(3600) / 143.724(44,620)
Nti = 42.33%
7. A single-acting, four-cylinder, 4 stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore x stroke of 22 x 28 cm, operating at
375 rpm, consumes 9 kg/h of fuel whose heating value is 43,900 KJ/kg. The indicated mean effective
pressure is 500 Kpa. The load on the brake arm, which is 100 cm is 115 kg. What is the brake mean
effective pressure in Kpa?
A. 415.20 B. 332.98 C. 319.95 D. 645.33
Given:
D = 0.22m
L = 0.28m
N = 375rpm
4 cylinders
Fbrake = 115 kg
Dbrake = 110 cm
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((D) (D)) (LNc)
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((0.484)(0.28)(375/2(60))(4)
Vd = 0.133 m3/sec
T =Fr
T = (115X0.00981) (1)
T = 1.12815 KN -m
BP = 2(3.1416) TN
BP = 2(3.1416) (1.12815) (375 / 60)
BP = 44.30 KW
BP = Pmb (Vd)
(44.30) = Pmb (0.133)
Pmb = 333.083 Kpa
8. In a double acting, 2 stroke compression ignition engine, 12-cylinder, the diameter of the cylinder is 750
mm, stroke is 1450 mm and the piston rod diameter is 240 mm. When running at 120 rpm, the indicated
mean effective pressure above and below the pistons are 6 bar and 5 bar respectively. Calculate the brake
power of the engine with a mechanical efficiency of 80% in kilowatts.
A. 6050 B. 6030 C. 12,900 D. 8375
Given :
D1 = 0.75m
D2 = 0.24mL
N =120 rpm
12 cylinders
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((D) (D)) (LNc)
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((0.5625) (1.45)(120 / 60))(12)
Vd = 15.37 m3
IP = Pm (Vd)
IP = (6X100) (15.37)
IP = 9,222KW
Vd = (3.1416/4) (0.5625) - (0.0576)(1.45)(120 /60)(12)
Vd = 13.80 m3/sec
IP2 = Pm2 (Vd)
IP2 = (5X100) (13.8)
IP2 = 6900
IPt = IP1+IP2
IPt = 9,222+6,900
IPt = 16,122KW
BP = IPt(Nm)
BP = 16,222(0.8)
BP = 12,897.6KW
9. Determine the output power (KW) of a diesel power plant if the engine and generator efficiency is 80% and
96%, respectively. The engine uses 250API fuel and has a fuel consumption of 0.08 kg/s.
A. 2741.45 B. 2815 C. 1096.6 D. 9758.6
Given:
API = 25
Ne = 0.80
Ng = 96%
Mf = 0.8 kg/sec
Required:
G.O =?
Solutions:
G.O = Mf (Qh)
G.O = (0.8) (41,130+139.6) (25)
G.O = 3,569.6 KJ/sec
G.O = 3,569.6(0.8) (0.96)
G.O = 2,741.4528 KW
10. A four-cylinder four-stroke Diesel engine with 20 cm bore and 25 cm stroke running at 1000 rpm has a
reading of 350 kpa mean effective pressure in the indicator diagram. Calculate the indicated power
generated in KW. A. 183.26 B. 114.54 C. 229.1 D. 91.63
Given:
D = 20cm
L = 25cm
N =1000 rpm
4-stroke
Pmi = 350 Kpa
4 cylinders
Required:
B.P =?
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((D) (D)) (L) (N/2) c
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((0.0625) (o.25) (1000/2)) (12)
Vd = 0.2618 m3/sec
BP = Pmi (Vd)
BP = 350 (0.2618)
BP = 91.63 KW
11. A prony brake for m
easuring the power generated of a six-cylinder, two-stroke Diesel engine running at
2000 rpm indicates a reading of 180 N. The length of the arm of the prony brake is a 1.25 m. In an hour
operation it consumes 14 kg of fuel with a heating value of 53,000 KJ/kg. Determine the brake thermal
efficiency.
A. 0.2391 B. 0.2857 C. 0.2583D. 0.2286
Given:
m = 14kg
t = 1hr
Qh = 53,000 KJ/kg
N = 2000 rpm
F = 180 N
r = 1.25m
Solutions:
Mf = 14 /3600
Mf = 0.003889 kg/sec
BP = 2(3.1416) TN
BP =2(3.1416) (.180X1.25) (2000 /60)
BP = 47.120 KW
Ntb = BP / Mf Qh
Ntb = 47.120 / (0.003389) (53,000)
Ntb = 0.2286
12. The following data are the results on a test of an Otto cycle engine torque = 1200 N-m; indicated mean
effective pressure = 800 kPa, fuel consumption = 0.004 kg/sec; fuel heating value = 43,816 KJ/kg;
bore x stroke = 30 cm x 32cm; speed = 300 rpm. Calculate the brake mean effective pressure.
A. 253 B. 333 C. 393` D. 287

Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((D) (D)) LNc
Vd = (3.1416/4) (0.09) (0.32) (300/2(60) (2)
Vd = 0.1131 m3/sec
BP = 2(3.1416) TN
BP = 2(3.1416) (1.2) (300/60)
BP = 37.699 KW
BP = Pmb (Vd)
37.699 = Pmb (0.1131)
Pmb = 333 Kpa
13. A Diesel engine consumed 400 liters of fuel having a density of 860 gms/liter and a heating value of 42500
KJ/kg. If the thermal efficiency is 35%, how many hp-hrs will be generated?
A. 1678 B. 2152 C. 1812 D. 1905
Given:
Mf = 400li
et = 35%
Qh = 42,500KJ/kg
Required:
BP =?
Solutions:
m = 400li (860grams/1li) (1kg/1000grams)
m = 344 kg
et = BP / Mf (Qh)
0.35 = BP (0.746) / (344/3600) (42,500)
BP = 1905.347 hp - hrs
14. Determine the brake power of an engine having a brake thermal efficiency of 35% and uses 25oAPI fuel with
fuel consumption of 40 kg/hr.
A. 165.84 KW B. 173.52 KW C. 133.54 KW D. 60.67 KW
Given:
API = 25
Mf = 40kg/li
et = 35%
Required:
Qg =?
Solutions:
Qh = 41,130+139.6(API)
Qh = 41,130+139.6(25)
Qh = 44,620 KJ/kg
Qg = Mf (Qh)
Qg = (40/3600)(44,620)
Qg = 496.78 (0.35)
Qg = 173.52 KW
15. A diesel engine develops a torque of 5 KN-m at 1800 rpm. If the brake thermal efficiency is 31%, find the
heat generated by fuel.
A. 3050 KW B. 3040.25 KW C. 3000.25 KW D. 5000 KW

Given:
T = 5KN -m
N = 1800 rpm
et = 31%
Required:
P =?
Solutions:
P = 2(3.1416) TN / et
P= 2(3.1416) (5) (1800/60) / 0.31
P= 3,040.25 KW
16. A 500 KW diesel engine operates at 101.3 Kpa and 27oC in Manila. If the engine will operates in Baguio
having 93 Kpa and 23oC, what new brake power developed if mechanical efficiency is 85%?
A. 600 kw B. 754 KW C. 459 KW D. 971 KW
Solutions:
W1 = P /RT
W1 = 101.325 / (0.287) (27+273)
W1 = 1.1765 kg/m3
W2 = P /RT
W2 = 93 / (0.287) (23+273)
W2 = 1.0947 kg/ m3
Nm = BP / IP
0.85 = 500 / IP
IP = 588.23 KW
FP = IP - BP
FP = 588.23 - 500
FP = 88.23 KW
(IP2/IP1) = (W2/W1)
(IP2/588.23) = (1.0947/1.1765)
IP2 = 600 KW
17. A 50 Bhp blast furnace engine uses fuel with 10 ft3/Bhp-hr. The heating value of the gas is 33,700 KJ/m3.
Determine the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 28.15 % B. 56% C. 28.34% D. 25.24%
Solutions:
Qg = (1oft3/1 Bhp -hr) (50Bhp) (1hr/3600sec) (1m3/3.281 ft3) (33,700)
Qg = 132.52 KW
Ntb = 50(0.746) / 132.52
Ntb = 28.15%
18. During the dynamometer test of an engine for 1 hr steady load, the engine consumes 40kg fuel having
44,000 KJ/kg heating value. If the torque developed is 2.5 KN-m during the test at 600 rpm, what is the
brake thermal efficiency?
A. 30.11% B. 32.13%C. 34.556% D. 23.45%

Solutions:
Mf= 40 / 3600
Mf = 0.0111 kg/sec
BP = 2(3.1416) TN
BP = 2(3.1416) (2.5) (600/60)
BP = 157.08 KW
Ntb = BP / Mf (Qh)
Ntb = 157.08 / (0.0111) (44,000)
Ntb = 32.13%
19. Find the power which a 2.81MW natural gas engine can developed at an altitude of 1981.2 m taking into
consideration the pressure change alone.
A. 1.975 MW B. 2.199 MW C. 1.769MW D. 1.997MW
Solutions:
B =29.92(1981x3.281)
B = 23.42mm - Hg
Pc = 2.81 (23.42/29.92)
Pc = 2.199 MW
20. A waste heat recovery boiler produces 4.8 Mpa ( dry saturated ) steam from 1040C feedwater. The boiler
receives energy from 6 kg/s of 9540C dry air. After passing through a waste heat boiler, the temperature of
air is has been reduced to 3430C. How much steam in kg/s produced? Note: At 4.80 Mpa dry saturated,
h= 2796. A. 1.89 B. 1.3 C. 1.55 D. 2.55
Solutions:
hf = Cpt
hf = (4.187)(104)
hf = 435.45 KJ/kg
MgCp(t1 - t2) = Mf(hg - hf)
6(1.0) (953 - 343) = Mf (2,786 - 435.5)
Mf = 1.55 kg/sec
21. A water brake coupled to an engine on test absorbs 90 kw of power. Find the mass flow of fresh water
through the brake, in kg/min if the temperature increases of the water is 12oC. Assume all the heat
generated is carried away by the cooling water.
A. 107.50 kg/min B. 110 kg/min C. 100 kg/min D. 128 kg/min
Solutions:
Q = mCp (t2 - t1)
90 = m (4.187) (12)
m = 1.7913 kg/sec (60sec / 1min)
m = 107.48 kg/min
22. A 350 hp diesel engine has a cooling water that enters at 100oF and leaves at 180oF with cp = 4.19 KJ/kg-K.
Find the gallons per minute of water required.

A. 10.23 B. 19.61 C. 14.56 D. 16.5
Solutions:
Q = 350 HP (0.746KW/1HP)
Q = 260.995 KW
Q= MfCp(t2 -t1)
260.995 = Mf (4.187)(82.22 - 37.5)
Mf = 1.4112 kg/sec (60/3.785)
Mf = 19.61 gal/min
23. A 310 mm x 460 mm four stroke single acting diesel engine is rated at 170 KW at 280 rpm. Fuel
consumption at rated load is 0.28 kg/KW-hr with a heating value of 43,912 KJ/kg. Calculate brake thermal
efficiency. A. 31.53%B. 27.45% C. 29.28% D. 54.23%
Solutions:
m = (0.287) (0.70) (1/3600)
m = 0.0132 kg/sec
Nt = 170 / (0.0132) (43,912)
Nt = 29.28%
24. A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76 mm bore x 89 mm stroke was run in the laboratory at 1800
rpm, when it was found that the engine torque was 163.5 N-m with all cylinders firing but 133 N-m when one
cylinder was out. The engine consumed 12.5 kg of fuel per hour with a heating value of 52,120 KJ/kg and
252 kg of air at 15.6oC per hour. Determine the indicated power.
A. 32.1 kw B. 38.4 kw C. 34.5 kw D. 48.3 kw
Solutions:
BP =2(3.1416) TN
BP = 2(3.1416) (0.1635)(1800/60)
BP = 30.82 KW
P = 30.82(5/6) - 2(3.1416)(0.133)(1800/60)
P = 0.6134 (6)
P = 3.68 KW
IP = BP - P
IP = 30.82- 3.68
IP = 34.5 KW
25. A car engine produces an average of 25 KW of power in a period of 10-min during which 1.25 kg of
gasoline is consumed. If the heating value of gasoline is 43000 KJ/kg, the efficiency of this engine during
this period is: A. 24% B. 28% C. 32% D. 36%
Solutions:
Mf = 1.125/ 10 min (60sec/ 1min)
Mf = 0.002083 kg/sec
Nt = 25 / (0.002083) (43,000)
Nt = 27.9%
26. A 4 liter ( 2-liter per revolution at standard pressure and temperature) spark ignition engine has a
compression ratio of 8 and 2000 KJ/kg heat addition by the fluid combustion. Considering a cold air-
standard Otto cycle model, how much power will the engine produce when operating at 2500 rpm?
A. 50.2 hp B. 73.1 hp C. 97.4 hp D. 151.39 hp
Solutions:
e = 1- (0.4353)
e = 56.47%
Mf = (2/ 1000) (12)(2500/60)
Mf = 0.1 kg/sec
Qg = 0.1 (2000)
Qg = 200 KW
0.5647 = W / 200
W = 112.945 KW (1HP / 0.746 KW)
W = 151.4 HP
27. A pure Diesel cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15, and a cut-off ratio of 2.5. what is the rate of
heat input in KJ/sec required for this cycle to produce 300 hp?
A. 227 B. 386 C. 438 D. 556
Solutions:
e = 57.95%
Q = BP / efficiency
Q = 300(0.746) / 0.5795
Q = 386 KW
28. A 15.24 cm x 22.86 cm single acting, 8 cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine operates at 1200 rpm. The load on
the brake arm is 101.6 cm length is 120 kg. What is the brake mean effective pressure in kPa?
A. 451 kPa B. 500 C. 625 D. 354
Given:
D = 15.24cm
L = 22.86cm
N = 1200 rpm
8 cylinders
Required:
Pmb =?
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4)((D) (D)) LNc
Vd = (3.1416/4) (0.02323) (0.2286) (1200/60) (8)
Vd = 0.3336 m3/sec
T =Fr
T = (170X0.000981) (1.016)
T = 1.196 KN - m
BP = 2(3.1416) TN
BP = 2(3.1416) 1.196 (1200/60)
BP = 150.3 KW
BP = Pmb (Vd)
150.3 = Pmb (0.3336)
Pmb = 450.5 Kpa
29. A gasoline engine generates 250 kw while consuming 0.018 kg/sec of fuel. The friction power is 25 kw.
The higher heating value of fuel is 44,000 kJ/kg. Calculate the indicated thermal efficiency.
A. 0.372 B. 0.333 C. 0.347 D. 0.316
Given:
FP = 25 KW
Mf = 0.018 KJ/sec
Qh = 44,000 KJ/ kg
IP = 250 KW
Required :
Nti = ?
Solutions :
Nti = IP / Mf Qh
Nti = 250 / (0.018) (44,000)
Nti = 0.316 or 31.6%
30. Calculate the volumetric efficiency of a tour stroke six-cylinder car engine of 8.5 cm bore and 9.5 cm stroke
running at 2000 rpm with 2.0 m3/min of entering air.
A. 0.71 B. 0.75 C. 0.55 D. 0.62
Given:
D = 8.5cm
L = 9.5cm
N = 2000 rpm
Va = 2.0 cu.meter/min (1min/60sec)
Va = 0.0333 m3/sec
6 cylinders
Reqiured:
Vd =?
Solutions:
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((D) (D)) LNc
Vd = (3.1416/4) ((0.007225) (0.095) (2000/2(60)) (6)
Vd = 0.0539 m3/s
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. In a hydroelectric power plant the tailwater level fixes at 480m. The net head is 27 m and head loss is 5% of
the gross head. What is the head water elevation?
A. 508.97 m B. 456.7 m C. 508.421 D. 903.9 m
h hg  h f
27 hg  0.05hg
hg 28.421m hg
HW  TW
28.421 HW  480
HW 508.421m
2. For a proposed hydroelectric plant, the tailwater and the head water elevation is 160m and 195 m,
respectively. If the available flow is 10m3/s and head loss of 4% of available head. What is the water power?
A. 3261.825 KW B. 3678.2 KW C. 3296.16 KW D. 2425.78 KW
hg HW  TW
hg  195 160 hg
35m
h hg  h f
h 35  0.04(35) h
33.6m
P  Qh
P (9.81) (10) (33.6)
P 3296.16KW
3. In a hydroelectric plant the brake power is 1,850 KW running at 450rpm and net head of 30m. Determine
the specific speed of the turbine.
A. 90.17 rpm B. 65.65 rpm C. 72.41 rpm D. 76.87 rpm
Solutions:
T
Ns = 0.2623 /h
T
Ns = 0.2623 tOTͳ / (30)
Ns = 74.4rpm
4. In a Francis turbine, the pressure gage leading to the turbine casing reads 400 kPa and center of spiral
casing is 3m above the tail race. If the velocity of water entering the turbine is 8m/s, what is the net head of
the turbine?
A. 45 m B. 65 m C. 54 m D. 47 m
Solutions:
H = P2 – P1 / + ht ht t /2g +z
H = 400 – 0/9.81 + O ͳ t /2(9.81) +3
H = 47m
5. From a height of 65m, water flows at the rate of 0.85 m3/s and driving a water turbine connected to an
electric generator revolving at 170 rpm. Calculate the power developed by the turbine in KW if the total
resisting torque due to friction is 540 N-m and the velocity of the water leaving the turbine blades is 4.75 m/s.
A. 623.34 B. 656.89 C. 522.8 D. 541.98
Solutions:
Hf = ht /2g
Hf = tT t /2(9.81)
Hf = 1.15m
H = hg – hf
H = 65 – 1.15
H = 63.85m
Pnet = P – BP
Pnet = Qh-2(3.1416) TN
Pnet = (9.81) (0.85) (63.85) - 2(3.1416) (0.54) (170/60)
Pnet = 522.8KW
6. A pelton type turbine was installed 31m below the head gate of the penstock. The head loss due to friction
is 15% of the given elevation. The length of the penstock is 80 m and the coefficient of friction is 0.00093
(Morse). Determine the diameter in meters of the penstock and the power output in KW.
A. 0.422, 820.50 B. 2.457; 12,345.7 C. 1.899; 2,348.20 D. 1.686; 13,128.05
Solutions:
H = ht /2g
Hg – hf = ht /2g
31 – 0.15(31) = ht /2(9.81)
V = 22.74m/sec
Hf = t h䁉t /gD
31(0.5) =t ͳ ͳͳͳLr Oͳ tt t t / (9.81) (D)
D = 1.686m
P = ρQh
P = ρ (v) (A) (h)
P = (9.81) (22.74x (2.8426(31 – 0.15(31))
P = 13, 123.36KW
7. At a proposed hydroelectric plant site, the average elevation of headwater is 600 m, the tailwater elevation
is 480m. The average annual water flow is determined to be equal to that volume flowing through a
rectangular channel 4m wide and 0.5 m deep and average velocity of 5.5m/s. Assuming the plant will
operate 350 days/year, find the energy Kwh that the plant site can developed if the hydraulic turbine that will
be used has an efficiency of 78% and generator efficiency of 90%. Consider a headwork loss of 4% of the
available head.
A. 76,876,852 B. 76,900,353 C. 78,987,567 D. 73,304,488
Solutions:
Hg = HW – TW
Hg = 600 – 480
Hg = 120m
Q = Av
Q = 4(0.5) (5.5)
Q = 11 r /sec
G.O = (wQh) Nt (Ng)
G.O = ((9.81) (11) (115.2)) (78%) (90%)
G.O = 8726.725 KW
G. O = 8726.725(24) (350)
G.O = 73, 304, 488.86 KW-hr / year
8. A running at 400 rpm has a specific speed of 60 rpm and head available is 41 m. If the rating of each
turbine installed is 100 kw, how many turbines must be used?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 7
Solutions:
T
60 = 0.2623 (400) tͳͳ / h
H = 9.87m
No. of Tubines = 41 / 9.87
No. of turbines = 4.15 or 4
9. The available flow of water is 25 m3/s at 39 m elevation. If a hydroelectric plant is to be installed with
turbine efficiency of 0.86 and generator efficiency of 92%, what maximum power that the plant could
generate?
A. 7567.63 kw B. 8520.3 kw C. 6520.30 kw D. 6545.90 kw
Given:
Q=25 m3/s h= 39m Gen. Eff= 92% turbine eff.= 0.86
Solution:
Water Power= wQh Gen. Output = (Water Power) (Gen. Eff) (Turbine Eff)
= (9.81) (25) (39) = (9564.75) (.86) (.92)
= 9564.75Kw Gen. Output=7567.63Kw
10. The difference between the head race and the tail race of a hydro-electric plant is 190 m. The friction loss
through the penstock is equivalent to 8 m. Water flow at the rate of 2.5 m3/sec. Power loss due to friction in
the turbine is 65 kw and the leakage loss is 0.02 m3/sec. Determine the electrical power generated in kw if
the generator efficiency is 96%.
A. 5052 B. 4188 C. 4631 D. 3942
Given:
h= 190-8=182m Q= 2.5-0.02=2.48m3/s Gen. Eff=96% Friction loss=
65Kw
Solution:
P=wQh (Gen. Eff)-Friction Loss
= [(9.81) (2.48) (182)(.96)]-65
P=4185.72Kw
11. A 40-m wide and 5-m deep river lows at the rate of 1.5 m/sec. A hydroplant installed nearby develops a
gage pressure of 320 kPa at the turbine entrance. Calculate the maximum power available in MW.
A. 98 B. 84 C. 96 D. 90
Given:
L=40m w= 5m v=1.5 m/sec P=320Kpa
Solution:
Q= Av
= (40x5)(5)= 300m3/s
h= (P/Ɣ) + (v2 / 2g) P= QƔh
= (320/9.81) + [(1.5)2 / 2(9.81)] = (300) (9.81) (32.734)
= 32.734m P=96 337.5 kW or 96.3 MW
12. The specific speed of turbine is 75 rpm and running at 450 rpm. If the heated is 28 m and generator
efficiency is 96%, what is the maximum power delivered by the generator.
A. 1610 kw B. 650.5 kw C. 750 kw D. 853 kw
Given:
Ns= 75rpm N= 450rpmh=28
Solution:
Ns= (N hp ) / h5/4 Gen. Out= (2247.03 x 0.746)(.96)
= (450 hp ) / (28x3.281)5/4 Gen. Out= 1610Kw
Hp= 2247.03
13. For a generator running at 5 rps and 60 hz, find the number of generator poles.
A. 18 poles B. 8 poles C. 24 poles D. 20 poles
Given:
N= 5rps f= 60hz
Solution:
N= 120f / P
(5x60)= 120(60) / P
P= 24 poles
14. In Francis turbine, the pressure gage leading to the turbine casing reads 385 kpa and center of spiral casing
is 3.5 m above the tailrace. If the velocity of water entering the turbine is 9 m/s, what is the net head of the
turbine?
A. 45 m B. 46 m C. 47 m D. 48 m
Given:
P= 385 kpa z= 3.5m v= 9 m/s
Solution:
h= (P/w) + z + (v2 / 2g)
h= (385/9.810 + 3.5 + (92 / 2(9.81))
h= 47m
15. A Pelton type turbine has 30 m head friction loss of 5.0 m. The coefficient of friction head loss (from
Morse) is 0.00093 and penstock length of 85 m. What is the penstock diameter?
A. 1.52m B. 1.69 m C. 1.58 mD. 1.89 m
Given:
h= 30-5=25m hl=5m L= 85m
Solution:
v= 2(9.81)(25) hl= (2fLv2) / gD
= 22.1472m/s 5= [2(0.00093)(85)(22.152)] / 9.81D
D=1.58m
16. From a height of 70 m water flows at the rate of 0.85 m3/s and is driving a turbine connected to 160 rpm
generator. If frictional torque is 545 N-m, calculate the turbine brake power.
A. 532.95 kw B. 574.563 kw C. 560.74 kw D. 579.48 kw
Given:
h= 70m Q= 0.85 m3/s N= 160rpm T= 545 N-m
Solution:
Wt= wQh - 2лTN
= (9.81)(0.85)(70) - 2л(545)(160/60)
Wt= 574.563kw
17. A boiler uses 2400 kg of coal per hour and air required for combustion is 15 kg per kg coal. If ash loss is
10%, determine the mass of gas entering the chimney.
A. 42,250 kg/hr B. 38,160 kg/hr C. 40,250 kg/hr D. 37,200 kg/hr
Given:
mf= 2400kg A/F= 15 kg loss= 10%
Solution:
mg= ma + mf - mash
A/F= ma / mf
15= ma / mf
ma= 15mf
mg= 15mf + mf - 0.1 mf
mg= 15.9mf
mg= 15.9(2400)
mg= 38 160 kg/hr
18. The gas density of chimney is o.75 kg/m3 and air density of 1.167 kg/m3 . If the driving pressure is 0.26
kpa, determine the height of the chimney.
A. 65.71 m B. 63.56 m C. 64.63 m D. 87.2 m
Given:
dg= 0.75 kg/m da= 1.167 kg/m3
3
P= 0.26 kpa
Solution:
hw= H(da-dg)
0.26= H(1.167-0.75)(0.000981)
H=63.56m
19. The actual velocity of gas entering in a chimney is 5 m/s . The gas temperature is 25oC and pressure of 97
kpa with a gas constant of 0.287 kJ/kg-k. Determine the chimney diameter if mass of gas is 53,000 kg/hr.
A. 1.82 m B. 1.37 m C. 1.58 m D. 1.92 m
Given:
Pg= 97kpa mg= 53 000kg/hr Tg= 25 ℃ v= 5m/s
Solution:
PgVg= mgRgTg Vg= A x v
97(Vg) = (53000 / 3600)(0.287)(25+273) = л/4 (D2) x 5
Vg= 12.98m /s
3
Vg= 1.82 m
20. A coal fired steam boiler uses 3,000 kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5 kg/kg of coal at
barometric pressure of 98.2 kpa. The flue gas has temperature of 285oC and an average molecular weight
of 30. Assuming an ash loss of 11% and allowable gas velocity of 8.5 m/s, find the diameter of chimney.
A. 1.794 m B. 1.91 m C. 2.3 m D. 1.81 m
Given:
mf= 3000 kg A/F= 15.5 kg/kg P= 98.2kpa t= 285℃ mw= 30
Loss 11% v= 8.5 m/s
Solution:
Amt. of air required= 15.5(3000)
= 46 500kg/hr
R= 8.314/ M
= 8.314/ 30
R=0.227 Kj/kg-°K
By mass balance;
ma + mf= mash + mg
46 500 + 3000= 0.11(3000) + mg
mg= 49 170kg/hr
PV= mRT
98.2(Vg)= (49 170/3600)(0.277)(285+273)
Vg= 21.48 m3/s
Let D= diameter of chimeny

Q= A x v
21.498= л/4D2 x v
D= 1.794m
21. A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft loss of 22.17 cm of water. If the
stack gases are at 177oC and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 kpa and 26oC, what theoretical height of stack
in meters is needed when no draft fan are used? Assume that the gas constant for the flue gases is the
same as that for air.
A. 560 m B. 550 m C. 589 m D. 540 m
Given:
Draft loss= 22.17cm tg= 177oC P= 101.3 kpa; t= 26oC
Solution:
w== P / RT
da= 101.3 / (0.287)(26+273) dg= 101.3/ (0.287)(177+273)
da= 1.180kg/m3 dg= 0.784kg/m3
Draft = 0.2217(1000)
= 221.7 kg/m2
Draft= H(da-dg)
221.7= H (1.18-0.784)
H= 560m
22. A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96 kpa and 24oC . Flue gases at a rate of 5.0
kg/sec enter the stack at 200oC and leaves at 160oC . The flue gases gravimetric analysis are 18% CO2
, 7% O2 and 75% N2 . Calculate the height of stack necessary for a driving pressure of 0.20 kpa.
A. 57.33 m B. 52.42 m C. 59.2 m D. 50.2 m
Given:
P= 96 kpa; t= 24oC Flue Gas= 5.0 kg/s; t1=200oC, t2= 160oC Driving
Pressure= 0.20kpa
18% CO2 7% O2 75% N2
Solution:
Solving molecular weight
CO2 18 0.18 / 44 = 0.00409
O2 7% 0.07 / 32 = 0.00219
N2 75% 0.75 / 28 = 0.03306
Mg= 1 / 0.03306 = 30.25

Rg= 8.314 / 30.25 = 0.275
Tg= (200+160) / 2 = 180 oC
dg= P / RT da= P / RT
= 96 / (0.275)(180+273) = 96 / (0.275)(24+273)
dg= 0.7706 kg/m 3 da= 1.175 kg/m3
Draft= H (da-dg)
0.20= H (1.1750 - 0.7706)(0.00981)
H= 50.2m
23. A boiler uses 2500 kg of coal per hour. The amount of air needed for the combustion of one kg of coal is
16 kg. If ash loss is 10%, calculate the mass of gas entering the chimney.
A. 42250 B. 50300 C.35600 D. 48950
Given:
mf= 2500kg A/F= 16kg loss= 10%
Solution:
mg= ma + mf - mash
A/F= ma / mf
16= ma / mf
ma= 16mf
mg= 16mf + mf - 0.1 mf
mg= 16.9mf
mg= 16.9(2400)
mg= 42 250 kg/hr
24. A hydro-electric power plant consumes 52,650,000 KW-hrs per annum. Expected flow is 1665 m3/min and
overall efficiency is 65%. What is the net head in meters?
A. 52 B. 35 C. 74 D. 34
Given:
Overall eff.= 65% Gen. Out= 52 650 000 KW-hrs per annum Q=1665 m3/min
Solution:
Overall eff = Gen. Out. / Water Power
0.65 = (52 650 000 / 8760) / Water Power
Water Power = 9246.575 kw
Water Power = wQh
= (9.81)(1665/60)(h)
Water Power = 34m
25. A hydroelectric power has the following data: catchment area -- 120 sq km, average annual rain fall -- 135
cm, run off – 85% , available head – 350 m, overall station efficiency – 85%. Calculate the power that it can
develop in kw.
A. 12,743 B. 10,641 C. 11,435 D. 13,502
Given:
A = 120 sq. Km ave. Annual rainfull = 135cm run off = 85% h= 350m
Eff. Total = 85%
Solution:
P = wQheteo
P = [(120)(10002)(1.35)(9.81) / (8760)(3600)] (350)(0.85)(0.85)
P = 12 743 kw

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. What is the required base area (ft2) of the foundation to support an engine with specific speed of 1200 rpm,
and weight of 11000 kg, assume bearing capacity of soil as 48 kpa. Use e = 0.12.
A. 11.6 B. 131.2 C. 124.803 D. 126.8
Given:
Ns = 1200rpm m= 11000kg P= 48 kpa e= 0.12
Solution:
Wf = (e) (We) ( N )
= 0.12(1100) ( 1200 )
Wf= 45 726.14 kg
Sb= (We + Wf) / A

48 = (11 000 + 45 726) (0.00981) / A
A= 11.6
2. Determine the required speed of an engine having a weight and foundation area to be 23,750 lbs and 150
ft2, respectively. Assume a soil bearing capacity as 0.45 kg/cm2. Use e = 0.11.
A. 1500 rpm B. 1520 rpm C. 1820 rpm D. 1920 rpm

Given:
We = 23 750 lbs = 105.663KNA = 150ft2 = 13.934m2 e = 0.11
Sb = 0.45 kg/cm2 = 44.139KPa
Solution:
Sb = ( We + Wf) / A Wf = e x We x N
44.139 = (105.663 + Wf) / 13.934 51.924 = 0.11 x 10 770.975 x N
Wf = 509.3827 KN = 51.924kg N = 1920.68 rpm
3. The heat transfer across a 5” wall of firebrick is 500 W/m2. If the surface temperature on cold side is 30oC
and thermal conductivity of brick is 0.7 Btu/hr-ft-oF, find the temperature on hot side.
A. 82.41oC B. 65.37oC C. 73.45oC D. 87.25oC
Given:
x= 5in Q = 500 W/m2 tb= 30oC
k= (0.7 BTU/hr-ft-oF) x (1.055kj/1BTU) x (1hr/3600s) X (3.281ft/1m) x (9/5)
= 1.2115 W/m-oC
Solution:
Q/A = k (ta-tb) / x
500 = 1.2115(ta / 30o)/(5/39.37)
ta = 82.41 oC
4. Two walls of a storage plant composed of insulating material (k = 0.25 KJ/hr-m-oC) with 15 cm thick and
concrete (k = 3.2382 KJ/hr-m-oC) with 10 cm thick. The surface temperature on hot side is 35oC and cold
side is -10oC. If the area is 8 m square, find the temperature between walls. Note: Insulating material is on
cold side.
A. 28.34oC B. 34.12oC C. 32.79oC D. -7.78oC
Given:
k1 = 3.2382 KJ/hr-m-oC ; x = 15cm; k2 = 0.25 KJ/hr-m-oC; x = 10cm ta = 35oC
tc = -10oC A = 8m
Solution:
k1 = 3.2382 KJ/hr-m-oC (1000) / 3600 = 0.8995 W/m-oC
k2 = 0.25 KJ/hr-m-oC (1000) / 3600 = 0.06944 W/m-oC
Q = A (ta-tc) / (x1 / k1) + (x2 / k2)

= 8(35 - (-10)) / ((10 / 1000) / 0.8995) + ((15 / 1000) / 0.06944)
Q = 158.508 W
Q = k1 A(ta-tb) / x1
158.50 = 0.8995(8)(35-tb) / (10/100)
tb = 32.79oC
5. Determine the thermal conductivity of a material that is used a 4 m2 test panel, 25 mm thick with a
temperature difference of 20oF between surfaces. During the 4 hrs of test period, the heat transmitted is 500
KJ.
A. 0.0432 W/m-oC B. 0.0723 W/m-oC C. 0.0321 W/m-oC D. 0.0195 W/m-oC

Given:
Temp. Diff. = 20oF = -6.6667oC A = 4 m2 x = 25mm time = 4hrs
heat trans. = 500kj
Solution:
Q = kA(∆t) / x
[(500 / (4)(3600)] (1000) = k (4)(-6.6667) / (25/1000)
k = 0.0321 W / m-oC
6. Steam initially is saturated at 250oC passed through a 12 cm steel pipe for a total distance of 200 m. The
steam line is insulated with material having k = 10 W/m2-K and thickness of 6 cm. The ambient temperature
of 25oC. Determine the surface film conductance of air if the moisture at the discharge end is 10% and
steam rate is 0.13 kg/s.
A. 0.124 W/m2-oC B. 0.872 W/m2-oC C. 0.661 W/m2-oC D. 0.452 W/m2-oC
Given:
Tsat = 250oC t ambient = 25oC L = 12 cm d = 200m
k = 10 W/m -K t = 6 cm
2
moisture = 10% m= 13kg/s
Solution:
By using steam table:
@250oC
hf = 1085.36 h2 = 1085.3 + 0.9(1716.14)
hg = 2801.5 h2 = 2629.886 kJ/kg
x = 0.9
Q = m(h1 - h2)
Q = 22 309.82 W
Q = (t2 - t1) / [ (ln (r1 - r2) / (2лk1L)] + (1/Aho)
22 309.82 = (250 - 25) / [ (ln (12 - 24) / (2л(10)(250))] + (1/л(48)ho)

ho= 0.661 W/m2-oC
7. At an average temperature of 110oC, hot air flows through a 5 m pipe with outside diameter of 80 mm and
pipe thickness is 1 cm. The temperature of the tube along its entire length is 24oC. If heat transfer is 650 W,
find the convective film coefficient, W/m2-oC .
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Given:
temp. ave = 110oC L = 5m r = 80mm thickness = 1cm
temp. entire length = 24oC Q = 650W
Solution:`
A = 2лrL Q = uA∆t
= 2л(0.08)(5) 650 = u(2.513)(110-24)
A = 2.513m2 u = 3 w/m2-oC
8. A tank contains liquid nitrogen at -190oC is suspended in a vacuum shell by three stainless steel rods 0.80
cm in diameter and 3 meters long with a thermal conductivity of 16.3 W/m-oC. If the ambient air outside the
vacuum shell is 25oC, calculate the magnitude of the conductive heat flow in watts along the support rods.
A. 0.143 B. 0.0587 C. 0.182 D. 0.176
Given:
D = 0.80cm L = 3m k = 16.3 W/m-oC to = 25oC
Solution:
A = 3(л/4)(d)2 Q = kA∆t / x
= 3(л/4)(0.8/100) = (16.3)(1.50796x10-4)(25+190)
A = 1.50796x10-4 m2 Q = 0.176W
9. The volume of concrete needed for the foundation of an engine is 12 cubic meters. The concrete mixture is
1:3:5 by volume. Calculate the number of 40 kg-bags of cement needed considering the density of cement
as 1500 kg/m3.
A. 60 B. 55 C. 45 D. 50
Solution:
No. Of sacks = 1800(12) / 40(9) = 50
10. A composite furnace is to be constructed. The inside wall temperature is 1300oC while the outside wall
temperature is 40oC. Three types of bricks are available with the following properties:
Brick Thermal Thickness Maximum allowable
Conductivity temperature
(W/moK) (meters) (oC)
A 1.5 0.12 2000
B 0.2 0.070 1000
C 0.7 0.10 500
The heat loss must not exceed 800W/m2. Calculate the minimum wall thickness in meters.
A. 0.76 B. 0.88 C. 0.82 D. 0.77
Given:
ti= 1300oC to = 40oC Q/A = 800W/m2
Solution:
Q/A = k(∆t) / x
800 = 1.5(1300 - t1) / 0.12
t1= 1236oC
800 = 1.5(1236 - t2) / 0.12

t2 = 1172oC
800 = 1.5(1172 - t3) / 0.12

t3 = 1108oC
800 = 1.5(1108 - t4) / 0.12

t4 = 1044oC
800 = 1.5(1044- t5) / 0.12

t5 = 980oC
800 = 0.2(980 - t6) / 0.07

t7 = 700oC
800 = 0.2(700 - t7) / 0.12

t7 = 420oC
800 = 0.2 (420-40) / x

x = 0.095
tm = 0.12(5) + 2(0.07) + 0.095

tm = 0.035m
11. The surface of a furnace wall is at a temperature of 1350oC. The outside wall temperature is 42oC. The
furnace wall is made of 25 cm of refractory material having a thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/moK. The
outside wall is steel, 1 cm thick with thermal conductivity of 47 W/moK. Calculate the thickness in meters of
brick to be installed in between the refractory material and steel if its thermal conductivity is 0.28 W/moK and
the heat loss is not to exceed 750 W/m2.
A. 0.438 B. 0.402 C. 0.481 D. 0.513
Given:
Q/A = 750 W/m2 ta = 1350oC tb = 42oC
k1 = 1.4 W/m K ; x = 25 cm
o k2 = 0.28 W/moK k3 = 47 W/moK; x =
1cm
Solution:
Q/A = (ta - tb) / [(x1 / k1) + (x2 / k2) + (x3 / k3)]
750 = (1350 - 42) / [(.25/1.4) + (x2 / 0.28) + (0.01 / 47)]
x2 = 0.4382m
12. A counterflow heat exchanger is designed to cool 0.65 kg/sec of oil with specific heat Cp = 3.4 KJ/kgoK from
150oC to 70oC. Water for cooling, Cp = 4.18 KJ/kgoK is available at 20oC and flow rate of 0.6 kg/sec.
Calculate the length of a 3.5 cm inside diameter tubing in meters. The overall coefficient of heat transfer is
90 W/m2 oK.
A. 337 B. 452 C. 296 D. 543
Given:
m1 = 0.65 kg/sec;Cp = 3.4 KJ/kgoK t1 = 20oC t2 = 70oC
m2 = 0.6 kg/sec; Cp = 4.18 KJ/kgoK t3 = 150oC t4 = 90oC
Solution:
Q = (0.65)(3.4)(150-70)
= 176.8kw
176.8 = (0.6)(4.18)(x-20)
x = 90.49oC
tb = 150-90.49 = 59.06oC
ta = 70-20 = 50 oC
∆t = (59.06-50) / ln(59.06/50)
∆t = 54.61499oC
176.8 = (0.09)(2л(0.035/2)(L))(54.62oC )
L = 327.12m
13. A cold soda initially at 2oC gains 18 KJ of heat in a room at 20oC during a 15-minute period. What is the
average rate of heat transfer during the process?
A. 20 W B. 18 W C. 12 W D. 10 W
Given:
Q = 18 KJ ta = 2oC tb = 20oC time = 15min
Solution:
Q = 18 / [15(60)]
= 0.02KW
Q = 20W
14. The air contained in a room loses heat to the surroundings at a rate of 50 KJ/min while work is supplied to
the room by computer. TV, and lights at a rate of 1.2 KW. What is the net amount of energy change in KJ of
air in the room during a 30-minute period?
A. 0.36 B. 70 C. 660 D. 1100
Given:
Q = 50 KJ/min P = 1.2 KW time = 30min
Solution:
Qnet = (Qrate - Qloss) (time)
= (72-50) (30)
Qnet = 660KJ
15. Saturated steam at 500oK flows in a 0.20 m inside diameter, 0.21 m outside diameter pipe. The pipe is
covered with 0.08 m of insulation with a thermal conductivity of 0.10 W/m-K. The pipe’s conductivity is 52
W/m-K. The ambient temperature is 300oK. The unit convective coefficients are h1 = 18,000 W/m2-K and
ho = 12 W/m2-K. Determine the heat loss from 4 m of pipe.
A. 778.21 watts B. 825.80 watts C. 830.80 watts D. 835.80 watts
Given:
T2 =500oK T1 = 300oK d1 = 0.2m d2 =0.21m d3 = 0.37m
k1 = 0.10 W/m-K k2 = 52 W/m-K h1 = 18,000 W/m2-K ho = 12 W/m2-K.
Solution:
Q = (t2 - t1) / [ (1/(Aihi)) + (1/(Aoho)) + (ln (d2 - d1) / 2лk1L) + (ln (d3 - d2) /
2лk2L)
Q = (500- 300) / [ (1/ (л(0.2)2)(12)) + (1/(л(0.21)2)(18000) + (ln (0.21- 0.2) /
2л(0.10)(0.20)) + (ln (0.37- 0.21 / 2л(52)(0.21))
Q = 821.882watts
16. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32C, has an inside diameter of 50 mm
with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the
surface coefficient of still air, ho = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150C with
film coefficient hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal conductivity of pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12
W/m-K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit length of pipe.
A. 110 W B. 120 W C. 130 W D. 140 W
Given:
T2 =150C T1 = 32C r1 = 0.25m d2 =0.035m r3 = 0.0625m
k1 = 0.12 W/m-K k2 = 45 W/m-K h1 = 6000 W/m2-K ho = 12 W/m2-K.
Solution:
Q = (t2 - t1) / [ (1/(Aihi)) + (1/(Aoho)) + (ln (d2 - d1) / 2лk1L) + (ln (d3 - d2) /
2лk2L)
Q = 119.98W or 120W
17. Sea water for cooling enters a condenser at 25oC and leaves at 40oC. The condenser temperature is 45oC,
what is the log mean temperature difference?
A. 16.34oC B. 10.82 oC C. 23.34oC D. 12.34oC
Given:
ta = 25oC tb = 40oC tc = 45oC
Solution:
ta = 45 - 25 = 30oC
tb = 45 - 40 = 5oC
Log mean ∆t = (20-5) / ln(20/5) = 10.82oC
18. The hot combustible gasses of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its surrounding, which are
28oC, by a brick wall 120 mm thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.23 W/m-oK and a surface
emissivity of 0.82. At steady state conditions the outer surface temperature is 120oC. Air surface film
conductance is 15 W/m2-oK. What is the total heat transmitted for 20 square meter area.
A. 42.15 KW B. 23.45 KW C. 45.45 KW D. 52.45 KW
Given:
e = 0.82 Ó = 5.67x10-8 W/m2-oK A = 20m2 to = 120oC ti = 28oC
ha = 15 W/m2-oK
Solution:
Qr = eÓA[ (to)4 - (ti)4]
= (0.82)(5.67x10-8)[ (120+273)4 - (28+273)4]
Qr = 14 567 or 14.57 kw
Qa = haA∆t
= (15)(20)(120-28)
Qa = 27 000w or 27.6kw
QT = Qa + Qt
= 14.57 + 27.6
QT = 42.17 KW
19. A counterflow heat exchanger is designed to heat fuel oil from 26oC to 100oC while the heating fluid enters
at 138oC and leaves at 105oC. The fuel oil is 27oAPI and has a specific heat of 2.3 KJ/kg-oK and enters the
heat exchanger at the rate of 1000 gallons per hour. Determine the heating surface area if overall
coefficient of heat transfer is 420 Kcal/hr-m2-oK.
A. 4.21 m2 B. 3.12 m2 C. 2.34 m2 D. 5.84 m2
Given:
t1 = 26oC t2 = 100oC t3 = 138oC t4 = 105oC oAPI = 27
Cp = 2.3 KJ/kg-oK Vf = 1000 gallons per hour U = 420 Kcal/hr-m2-oK
Solution:
Vf = 1000 gal/min = 1.0514 m3/s
U = 420 Kcal/hr-m2-oK = 0.42247Kj/sec-m2-oK
SG15.6=141.5 / (API)(131.5)
= 0.89274
Ɣ = m /v
1000(0.8927) = m / 1.0514
m = 0.9386kg/s
∆ta = t4 - t1 = 79oC
∆tb = t3 -t2 = 38oC
∆temp total= 56.0215
Q = mCp∆t
= (0.9386)(2.3)(100-26)
Q = 159.7497kw
Q = UA∆t
159.7497 = (0.4224) A (56.0215)
A = 5.34m2
20. A plate-type solar energy collector with an absorbing surface covered by a glass plate is to receive an
incident radiation of 800 W/m2. The glass plate has a reflectivity of 0.12 and a transmissivity of 0.80. The
absorbing surface has an absorptivity of 0.90. The area of the collector is 5 m2. How much solar energy in
watts is absorbed by the collector?
A. 2500 B. 2880 C. 3510 D. 3168
Given:
Qr= 800 W/m2 A = 5 m2 et = 0.80 ea = 0.90
E = Qr A et ea
E = (800)(5)(0.8)(0.9)
E = 2880 W
21. What is the log mean temperature difference in oC of a double-pipe counterflow heat exchanger where a
fluid enters at 90oC and exits at 50oC. Inside the inner pipe another fluid enters at 20oC and exits at 60oC.
A. 0 B. 30 C. 75 D. 35
Given:
∆ta= 90-60 = 30oC ∆tb = 50 - 20 = 30
Solution:
Log mean ∆t = (∆ta-∆tb ) / ln(∆ta/∆tb )
= (30-30) / ln(30/30)
Log mean ∆t = 0
22. Heat is transferred from hot water to an oil in a double-pipe counterflow heat exchanger. Water enters the
outer pipe at 95oC and exits at 40oC while the oil enters the inner pipe at 25oC and exits at 50oC. Calculate
the log mean temperature difference.
A. 38.05 B. 30.83 C. 27.31 D. 52.5
Given:
∆ta= 95 - 50 = 45oC ∆tb = 40 - 25 = 15oC
Solution:
Log mean ∆t = (∆ta-∆tb ) / ln(∆ta/∆tb )
= (45-15) / ln(45/15)
Log mean ∆t = 27.31oC
23. The filament of a 100-watt bulb maybe considered a black body radiating into a black enclosure at 80oC.
Considering only radiation, calculate the filament temperature in oC if the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and
the length is 6 cm.
A. 2514 B. 2837 C. 3122 D. 2674
Given:
e = 0.10 Ó = 5.67x10-8 W/m2-oK L = 6cm to = 80oC
Q = 100watts do = 0.10mm
Solution:
Qr = eÓA[ (to)4 - (ti)4]
A = 2л( 1x10-4 / 2)(0.06)
A = 1.88x10-5m2
100 = 1(5.67x10-4)(1.88x10-5)[(t1 + 273)4 - (80 + 273)4]
t1 = 2837.11oC

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. A pump delivers 1000 gallons per minute of water at a head of 100 ft. Find the water power needed.
A. 12.34 hp B. 34.12 hp C. 23.23 hp D. 25.28 hp
Given:
Q = 1000 gal/min h = 100ft
Solution:
Wp = wQh
= (9.81)[(1000gal/minx0.003785m3/gal)/60sec](100ft(0.3048m/1ft))
Wp = 18.85 / 0.746
Wp = 25.28hp
2. Find the power of motor needed to pumped the water at a head of 100 m at the rate of 400 lps if pump
efficiency is 70%.
A. 301.34 kw B. 627.56 kw C. 560.57 kw D. 426.24 kw
Given:
Q =400lps h = 100m
Solution:
Wp = wQh
= (9.81)(.400)(100)
Wp = 392.4 / 0.746
Wp = 560.57hp
3. A pump has a suction condition of 50 mm Hg vacuum pressure, 100 mm diameter pipe and discharge
condition of 250 kpa at, 90 mm diameter. The discharge tank is 50 m elevation and the suction is 5 m below
the pump center line. If discharge is 0.20 m3/s, find the pump efficiency for 260 kw brake power.
A. 74.32% B. 77.12% C. 79.23% D. 82.45%
Given:
P1 = 50mm hg(101.325kpa/760mmhg)= 6.66Kpa P2= 250KPa
D1 = 100mm D2 = 90mm Z1 = 5mZ2= 50m Q = 0.20 m3/s BP = 260kw
Solution:
V1 = Q/A V2 = Q/A
= 0.20 / [(л/4)(0.1)] = 0.20 / [(л/4)(0.09)]
V1 = 25.46 m/s V2 = 31.43m/s
h = [(P2 + P1)/w] + [(v22-v11)/2g] + (z2-z1)

h = [(250+6.66 )/9.81] + [(31.432- 25.462)/2(9.81)] + (50-5)
h = 97.128m
e = wQh / BP
= (9.81)(0.20)(97.128) / 260
e = 74.32%
4. The suction diameter of 60 mm reads 2 psi vaccum and 50 mm diameter discharge with 250 kpag. The
suction water level is 5 m above water pump centerline and discharge water level is 25 m above pump
center line. The total head loss at suction and discharge is 2 m. If discharge is 0.01 m3/s, find the
horsepower needed to pump the water for 80% pump efficiency.
A. 6.23 hp B. 8.15 hp C. 16.23 hp D. 12.45 hp
Given:
P1 = 2psi(101.325/14.7)= 13.78kpa P2= 250KPa e = 80% hl = 2m
D1 = 60mm D2 = 50mm Z1 = 5mZ2= 25m Q = 0.10 m3/s
Solution:
V1 = Q/A V2 = Q/A
= 0.10 / [(л/4)(0.6)] = 0.10 / [(л/4)(0.5)]
V1 = 3.53 m/s V2 = 5.09m/s
h = [(P2 + P1)/w] + [(v22-v11)/2g] + (z2-z1) + hs

h = [(250+ 13.78 ) /9.81] + [(5.092-3.532)/2(9.81)] + (25-5) + 2
h = 49.57m
e = wQh / BP
0.8= (9.81)(0.10)(49.57) / BP
BP = 6.07 / 0.746
BP = 8.148hp
5. The suction water level of a reservoir A is 5 m above pump centerline a and discharge water level is 50 m
above pump centerline. The discharge is 0.2 m3/s with suction pipe of 100 mm diameter and 90 mm
diameter discharge pipe. The total head loss is 50% of the velocity head at suction pipe. If pump runs at 360
rpm, find the torque developed by the shaft of motor if pump efficiency is 76%.
A. 3.7 KN-m B. 8.9 KN-m C. 5.4 KN-m D. 6.7 KN-m
Given:
z1 = 5m z2 = 50m Q = 0.2m3/s e = 76%
D1 = 100mm d2 = 90mm hl = 50%hs N = 360rpm
Solution:
V1 = Q/A V2 = Q/A
= 0.20 / [(л/4)(0.1)] = 0.20 / [(л/4)(0.09)]
V1 = 25.46 m/s V2 = 31.43m/s
hl = (50%) (25.46)2 / 2(9.81)

hl = 16.52m
h T= [(v22-v11)/2g] + (z2-z1) + hl
h = [(31.4382 - 25.462)/2(9.81)] + (50-5) + 16.52
h =78.84
e = wQh / BP
0.76 = (9.81)(0.2)(78.84) / BP
BP = 203.55kw
BP= 2лTN
203.55 = 2л T (360/60)
T = 5.4 KN-m
6. A water jet has a diameter of 75 mm and has a velocity of 15 m/s. What is the horsepower exerted by the
jet.
A. 12 hp B. 10 hp C. 9 hp D. 8 hp
t
Q = AV = (0.075)2(15) = 0.06627 m3/sec P = wQh = (9.81)(0.06627)(11.47) = 7.455 kw
vt tT t t TT
h = tg = t L Ot =11.47m P =ͳ t = 10hp
7. A pump has a head of 20m at 450 rpm. What is the increase in head developed by the pump is speed
increased to 1000 rpm?
A. 43.23 m B. 83.56 m C. 65.23 m D. 78.76 m
ht nt t tͳ Tͳ t
ht
= nt ht
= tͳͳͳ
= 98.77 m ht = 98.77 – 20 = 78.76 m
8. The power developed by the pump is 30 kw. What is the percent decrease in power if speed
will decrease by 40%.
A. 78.4% B. 90.1% C. 65.3% D. 82.4%
Pt r
rͳ
t ͳ ͳ tt t ͳ tt tͳͳ t ሺ
Pt tOr
rͳ r
t ͳ : Pt tOr kw
Pt
9. A reciprocating pump has 350 mm x 400 mm cylinder running at 360 rpm. If percent slip is 10%, find the
volumetric efficiency of the pump.
A. 70% B. 80% C. 90% D. 98%
π π r ͳ Q ͳ tͳtOt
Vd Dt LN= ͳ rT t
ͳ 0.2309 m3/sec ᶯv = = 0.9 or 90%
ͳ Vd ͳ trͳL
Vd Q ͳ trͳL Q
%Slip= Vd
∗ tͳͳ ͳ trͳL
∗ tͳͳ ͳt
10. A pump develops a power of 50 kw at 300 rpm with fluid specific gravity of 1.02 when impeller diameter is
150 mm. If increases to 650 rpm, impeller diameter of 120 mm and specific gravity of 0.8. Find the new
power.
A. 190.34 kw B. 204.19 kw C. 207.23 kw D. 302.23 kw
rͳͳ r
Pt Ntr DtT ρt ͳ tTͳ r L Ot ∗ t ͳt Tͳ
ͳ
Pt Ntr DtT ρt Tͳ r Pt
ͳ ttͳ r L Ot ∗ ͳ O
ͳ
P2 = 204.2048 KW
11. A pump has a specific speed of 42 and 600 rpm when it delivers 0.01 m3/s. Find the head developed by the
pump.
A. 582.45 ft B. 813.45 ft C. 658.69 ft D. 1015.29 ft
Q = 0.01 m3/s = 158.5137 gpm

N Q ͳͳ tTO
㤵= r t h ᐐ 䁞tᐐ t
hrm
h
12. A boiler feed pump has a suction enthalpy of 2500 KJ/kg and exit of 2505 KJ/kg. Find the velocity of water
in the flowing in the pump.
A. 300 m/s B. 50 m/s C. 200 m/s D. 100 m/s
P m ht ht m ͳ ͳͳLOt h v tgh t L Ot TͳL OrLL
ht ht ͳ ͳͳLOt h v
tTͳT tTͳͳ ͳ ͳͳLOt h

h TͳL OrLL m
13. A swimming pool measuring 10 m by 25 m x 2 m is to be filled with water from an artesian well by a motor
pump operating with a total dynamic head of 50 m. Assuming an overall motor efficiency of 55%, energy
cost of P0.45/kw-hr, find the total cost of energy to fill up the swimming pool.
A. P23.23 B. P82.34 C. P55.74 D. P132.34
mr mr
Q tͳ ∗ tT ∗ t Tͳͳ ͳ trOOL
r ͳͳ s s
Energy cost = ₱ 0.45 kw/hr
ρQh L Ot ͳ trOOL Tͳ kw
P ttr O kw ͳ T
e ͳ TT hr
P= ₱ 55.7391/hr
14. A 20 m3 tank can be filled with water in one hour by a motor driven pump. Pump efficiency is 90% and
motor efficiency is 80% if the total head is 20 m, find the cost of one filling for energy cost of P0.40/kw-hr.
A. P0.606 B. P1.321 C. P0.812 D. P4.234

Pw ρQh L Ot ͳ ͳͳTTT tͳ t ͳLͳͳL kw
Pw
e overall
Pi
t ͳLͳͳL
ͳL ͳO
Pi
Pi t Tt ͳ kw
kw
cost of energy t Tt ͳ kw ͳ ͳ 䁞 ᐐ䁞 m 㷟
hr
15. A pump delivers 4 m3/min of water from 100 kPa to 300 kPa. The inlet and outlet pipe diameters are 15 cm
and 12 cm respectively. Both pipes are on the same level. The inlet and outlet temperatures are both 25oC
and mass density of water is 997 kg/m3. Calculate the pump work in KW.
A. 20 B. 14 C. 16 D. 12
Q m Q m
Vd π
ͳ
ͳ tt t
T OL L Vs π
ͳ
ͳ tT t
r tttO
A s A s
Pd Ps Vdt Vst rͳͳ tͳͳ T OL L t r tttO t

h tt rrt m
ρ tρ L Ot t L Ot
BP ρQh LLt ∗ ͳ ͳͳLOt ͳ ͳ t tt rrt 眳tᐐ眳
16. A centrifugal pump delivers 1.8 m3/s of water against a head of 30m when rotating at 1200 rpm. The
diameter of its impeller is 45 cm. If a pump with the same specific speed is to discharge 6.0 m3/sec at 1100
rpm, what is its impeller diameter?
A. 45 cm B. 60.5 cm C. 69.2 cm D. 74.3 cm
Qt Qt tͳͳcm
NtDtr NtDtr
Dt ͳ LtLL tm
䁞眳眳眳
tO ͳ
ttͳͳ T r ttͳͳ r
Dt
ͳ tͳͳ ͳ
17. A double suction centrifugal pumps delivers 25 ft3/sec of water at a head of 12 m and running at 650 rpm.
What is the specific speed of the pump?
A. 5014.12 rpm B. 6453.12 rpm C. 3097.77 rpm D. 9968.73 rpm
tttr
Tͳ
N Q t
Q r
tT ft ms ttttr gpm Ns r r 眳t 䁞㷟t
h rL rtt
h tt m rL rtt ft
N Tͳ rpm
18. Determine the number of stages needed for a centrifugal pump if it is used to deliver 420 gal/min of water
and pump power of 15 Hp. Each impeller develops a head of 30 ft.
A. 6 B. 4 C. 5 D. 7
Q tͳ gpm T tr t ftr mmin

ρQh t T tr t h h t t rtTr ft
P tT # of stages ሺt 㷟ᐐ t
rrͳͳͳ rrͳͳͳ rͳ ft rͳ ft
19. The suction pressure of a pump reads 3.5 in. of mercury vacuum and discharge pressure reads 140 psi is
use to deliver 120 gpm of water with specific volume of 0.0163 ft3/lb. Determine the pump work.
A. 4.6 KW B. 5.7 KW C. 7.4 KW D. 8.4 KW

L T tt OTtL
Ps -r T in Hg tt OTtL kpa h L Ot
LL Tttr in
t t lb KN
Pd t ͳ psi L T kpa ρ v ͳ ͳt r
tr L ftr
L L mr
Q ttͳ gpm ͳ ͳͳtTtͳ mrms BP ρQh L L ͳ ͳͳtTtͳ LL Tttr

V ͳ ͳt r ftrmlb BP t ttͳr kw
20. A submersible pump delivers 370 gpm of water to a height of 7 ft from the ground. The pump were installed
150 ft below the ground level and a drawdown of 8 ft during the operation. If water level is 25 ft above the
pump, determine the pump power.
A. 7.13 KW B. 4.86 KW C. 7.24 KW D. 9.77 KW
Q rtͳ gpm L TO ftrmmin BP tr ͳLtr hp ͳ t kw Lt t kw

ρwh t L TO t ͳ
BP rrͳͳͳ rrͳͳͳ
tr ͳLtr hp
21. A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft of 20C water. The pump pressure of water at this
temperature is 2.84 Kpa. The pump is incapable of lifting the water higher than 18 m. What is the
atmospheric pressure?
A. 159.30 B. 132.33 C. 198.22 D. 179.4
Patm ρh L Ot tO tt TO kpa tO t眳 ሺ t
22. A submersible, multi-stage, centrifugal deep well pump 260 gpm capacity is installed in a well 32 feet below
the static water level and running at 3000 rpm. Drawdown when pumping at rated capacity is 10 feet. The
pump delivers the water into a 25,000 gallons capacity overhead storage tank. Total discharge head
developed by pump, including friction in piping is 243 feet. Calculate the diameter of the impeller of this
pump in inches if each impeller diameter developed a head of 36 ft.
A. 3.68 B. 5.33 C. 3.71 D. 6.34

rͳͳͳ
V tgh πDN t rt t r π D D ͳ rͳ Tr ft r tO in
ͳ
23. Pump at its best efficiency point (BEP) has a capacity of 12,500 gpm while developing a head of 60 ft at a
rotative speed of 1450 rpm. What is the specific speed of the pump?
A. 2760 B. 1450 C. 7520 D. 6892
N Q t Tͳ ttTͳͳ
Ns r r tᐐ 眳 ᐐ䁞㷟t
h ͳ
24. A radial-flow pump operating at maximum efficiency at a specific speed of 2300 is to deliver 260 gpm
against a head of 129 ft at a rotative speed of 2100 rpm. Find the required number of stages
(i.e., impellers).
A. 2 stages B. 3 stages C. 4 stages D. 5 stages
N Q ttͳͳ t ͳ
Ns r r trͳͳ
h h
h r ͳOrt ft
# of stages ttLmr ͳOrt stages
25. A 30-hp pump delivers 475 gpm of gasoline (γ = 42.5 lb/ft3) at 20oC with 78% efficiency. What pressure rise
result across the pump?
A. 30.2 psi B. 84.5 psi C. 120.3 psi D. 73.2 psi

tT r OTt h
Q tT gpm r OTt ftrmmin ͳ tO rͳ h tO tL L ft
rrͳͳͳ
ρQh
p P
rrͳͳͳ
P wh t T tO tL L ttt r r Or lbmftt O tO psi
26. The diameter of the discharge pipe is 7 in. and that of the intake pipe is 9 in. The pressure gage at
discharge reads 32 psi, and vacuum gage at the intake reads 12 in Hg. If the discharge flow rate = 4.0 ft3/s
of water and the brake horsepower is 49.0, find the efficiency. The intake and the discharge are at the
same elevation.
A. 82.1% B. 80.9% C. 96.0% D. 58.46%
Q ͳ ft Q ͳ ft
Vd π t t
t Lt s
Vs π L t
L ͳT s
A A
tt tt
Pd Ps Vdt Vst rt TL t Lt t L ͳT t
h t TTt ft
ρ tρ t t t
ρQh t ͳ t TTt ͳ tͳ T
P ͳ tͳ T hp ㌳眳䁞
TTͳ TTͳ Lͳ
27. A piston positive-displacement pump (PDP) has 8-in diameter and a 2.5-in. stroke. Its crankshaft rotates at
300 rpm. Calculate its output at 94 percent volumetric efficiency.
A. 12.27 cfm B. 20.51 cfm C. 10 cfm D. 11.53 cfm
t t rͳͳ
h O tT tO rtOT inrmsec ͳ r r t ftrms
ͳ
ᶯ䁉 ͳL Q ͳ r ttL ͳ tͳ Tͳt cfm

h ͳr r t
28. A centrifugal pump (efficiency 86%) lifts water through a total height of 42m from reservoir to discharge.
Pumping is through 300m of 75mm diameter pipe at the rate of 20 liter/sec. If pipe friction factor, f = 0.025,
what KW is required?
A. 28.4 kW B. 33.4 kW C. 25 kW D. 9 Kw
L Ot ͳ ͳt t rtͳ
h to t L Ot t tO tͳ t 㤵㌳ ͳO
hht ͳ ͳtT rͳͳ tO tͳ t

h t rtͳ t眳
to t L Ot ͳ ͳtT
29. The speed of a centrifugal pump is triple. By what factor does the pump head change?
A. 0.125 B. 0.25 C. 4 D. 9
t et t t t t
r 眳
t et t t
30. A pump delivers 5000 gallons per minute of fluid with specific gravity of 0.9 at a head of 100 ft. Find the
horsepower needed for the motor if overall efficiency is 60% and motor efficiency is 80%.
A. 142.18 hp B. 178.45 hp C. 162.34 hp D. 189.54 hp
r
Tͳͳͳ oͲ O ttͳT
re
SG ͳL;h tͳͳ ft ; ᵉoverall ͳ ; ᵉm Oͳ
t ∗ͳ L O ttͳT tͳͳ
rrͳͳͳ ᵉ䁉㌳䁜 hh rrͳͳͳ ͳ
tOL T TO hp
1. An air compressor takes air at 99 kpa and compress it isentropically at 700 kpa. If volume flow at discharge
is 2 m3/sec, determine the capacity of air in cfm.
A. 14,153.34 B. 13,103.45 C. 15,244.24 D. 17,135.77
thte thte tͳͳ t t

LL ht t
r
ht O OͳOtͳ t 䁞ሺ
㤵
2. The discharge pressure of an air compressor is 5 times the suction pressure. If volume flow at suction is
0.5 m3/s, what is the compressor power using PV1.38 = C and suction pressure is 100 kpa.
A. 123.34 kw B. 136.23 kw C. 101.25 kw D. 213.23 kw
Pt T Pt ; Pt T tͳͳ Tͳͳ kpa ; V ͳ T mrms ; n t rO

e t t rO t
e tht Pt e t rO tͳͳ ͳ T Tͳͳ t rO
䁒 e t t
t 䁒 t rO t tͳͳ
t ᐐt䁞
3. A 12 hp motor is used to drive an air compressor . The compressor efficiency is 70%. Find the mass of air
needed per minute if air is available at 30oC. The pressure compresses to 6 times the initial pressure.
A. 2.12 kg/min B. 1.85 kg/min C. 3.12 kg/min D. 1.43 kg/min
ᵑ䁒 ͳt tt ͳ t
t 㜮
t t
t t ht t ht
t t t t
t ͳ ͳrͳtLT ∗ ͳ ሺt m
t tO ͳ tOt rͳ ttr
Vt t tO mms t
4. The initial condition of air in an air compressor is 98 kpa and 27oC and discharges at 500 kpa. The bore
and stroke are 360 mm and 380 mm, respectively with percent clearance of 7% running at 300 rpm. Find
the mass flow of air at suction?

t t
t e Tͳͳ t ͳ tOt tt ttr
ᵑ䁉 t 䁒䁒 t
ᵑ䁉 t ͳ ͳt ͳ ͳt LO
ͳ O TO h
; LO ͳt r
t t rͳͳ r
h ͳr ͳ rO ͳ tLr m㤵㌳䁒䁞 m
ͳ
r
ht ͳ tLr ͳ O TO ͳt r m㤵㌳䁒
5. An air compressor has a suction volume of 0.3 m3/s at 28oC at 1 atm and discharges to 650 kpa. How
much power saved by the compressor if two staging?
A. 9.84 kw B 8.23 kw C. 6.23 kw D. 7.34 kw
For single stage:

e t t t
e tht t e t tͳt rtT ͳ r Tͳ t
䁒t t
t tͳt rtT
t t TT 㜮
e t t t
For two stage:
t t tͳt rtT Tͳ tT r Ͳ
e t t t
te tht e t t tͳt rtT ͳ r tT r t
䁒t e t t
t t t tͳt rtT
t tt 㜮
Power Saved = 74.55 – 64.71 = 9.84 kw

6. The suction condition of air compressor is 99 kpa, 27oC and 0.21 m3/s. If surrounding air is 100 kpa and
22oC, determine the free air capacity in m3/s.
A. 0.345 B. 0.423 C. 0.123 D. 0.204
h 㤵h㤵 tͳͳ h LL ͳ tt
tt ttr tt ttr
h ሺሺ ᐐ
㤵
7. The compressor work of an air compressor in 120 kw. If piston displacement is 18 m3/min, determine the
mean effective pressure.
A. 400 kpa B. 300 kpa C. 500 kpa D. 600 kpa
tO
r∗h ttͳ r ∗ ͳ
r ሺ
8. A double acting air compressor has a cylinder dimensions of 50 cm x 60 cm, 650 rpm will have a volume
displacement of:
A. 4.12 m3/s B. 3.12 m3/s C. 2.55 m3/s D. 1.34 m3/s

t
t
Tͳ ͳ Tͳ
h t t ᐐᐐ ᐐ
tͳͳ tͳͳ ͳ
9. A 2-stage air compressor has an intercooler pressure of 4 kg/cm2. What is the discharge pressure if suction
pressure is 1 kg/cm2.
A. 14 B. 15 C. 16 D. 17
t t
t t
t 䁞
10. The piston speed of an air compressor is 150 m/min and has a volume displacement of 0.2 m3/s.
Determine the diameter of compressor cylinder.
A. 512.34 mm B. 319.15 mm C. 354.23 mm D. 451.35 mm
t t tTͳ
h ͳt ͳ
ͳ rtLtT ∗ tͳͳͳ 眳 ᐐሺ
11. A two stages compressor takes air at 100 kpa and 25oC with volume flow of 0.123 m3/s and discharges to
700 kpa. What is the heat rejected by the intercooler?
A. 12.45 kw B. 13.73 C. 45.34 kw D. 32.34 kw
t t tͳͳ tͳͳ t TO Ͳ
t t t
t TO t
t t tT ttr tͳͳ
Tx = 393.50 K
ͳ tOt tr ttr o
h ͳ ttr tͳͳ
ͳt O 㤵
‫Ͳܥ‬ t ͳt O t rtr Tͳ tr ttr ሺ

12. An air compressor takes air at 97 kpa at the rate of 0.4 m3/sec and discharges to 600 kpa. If power input to
the compressor is 110 kw, determine the heat loss in the compressor.
A. 16.34 kw B. 25.80 kw C. 18.34 kw D. 17.23 kw
e t t t
e tht t e t Lt ͳ ͳͳ t
䁒 t t Lt t 㜮
e t t t t Lt
h㤵㤵 t t ttͳ Lt t t 䁞
13. A two stage air compressor has a suction volume of 700 m3/hr at 100 kpa and 22oC discharges to 690 kpa,
determine the heat rejected in intercooler.
A. 21.53 kw B. 23.45 kw C. 45.23 kw D. 6.34 kw
t t tͳͳ Lͳ t t O Ͳa
t t t
t t O t
t t tt ttr tͳͳ
Tx = 388.74 K
tͳͳ ͳ tOt tt ttr o
h ͳ ttL
r ͳͳ tͳͳ 㤵
‫Ͳܥ‬ t ͳ ttL t rOO t tt ttr ᐐ
14. A single-acting compressor with a 15 cm bore and 18 cm stroke operates at 350 rpm. The clearance is 5%
and it receives air at 100 kPa and discharges it at 650 kPa. The compression is polytropic with n= 1.35.
Determine the power required in KW.
A. 4.6 B. 5.2 C. 3.1 D. 3.8

t t e t
t e Tͳ t rT e tht t e
ᵑ䁉 t 䁒䁒 t
ᵑ䁉 t ͳ ͳT ͳ ͳT tͳͳ
ͳ OT 䁒 e t t
t
t rT t
t t rTͳ t rT tͳͳ ͳ ͳtTOt Tͳ t rT
hd ͳ tT ͳ tO ͳ
ͳ ͳtO m㤵䁒 t rT t tͳͳ
t
ht ht o
ᵑ䁉 h
ͳ OT ͳ ͳtO
ht ͳ ͳtTOt 㤵
䁒眳
15. A two stage compressor with an ideal intercooler receives 0.2 kg/s of Helium at 150 kPa and 3000K and
discharges it at 7,500 kPa. Calculate the intercooler pressure in kPa.
A. 2050 B. 3820 C. 1061 D. 1503
t t tTͳͳ tTͳ 䁞䁞䁞
16. Calculate the compressor work in kJ required to compress 1 kg of an ideal gas from an initial volume and
pressure of 0.65 m3 and 101.3 kPa to a final pressure of 517 kPa. Compression is with n = 1.35.
A. 133.6 B. 105.8 C. 148.3 D. 142.7

e t t rT t
e tht t e t rT tͳt r ͳ T Ttt t rT
䁒 t t 䁞
e t t t rT t tͳt r
17. A 3-stages air compressor compresses air from 100 kpa to 700 kpa. Find the intercooler pressure between
the 2nd and 3rd stage.

t t
tt t r tͳͳ t
tͳͳ r tLt tL Ͳ
tLt tL
tͳͳ tLt tL
䁞ᐐ 眳
18. Find the air horsepower of an industrial fan that delivers 30 m3/s of air through a 700 mm x 1000 mm duct if
static pressure is 150 mm of water gage and air density is 1.18 kg/m3.
A. 89.70 hp B. 105.56 hp C. 102.75 hp D. 90.85 hp
䁉t tO t
∗h rͳ ͳt∗t h tO 䁉 t L Ot
Lr r m
㤵 to
dw tͳͳͳ
hs hw ds
ͳ tTͳ t tO
ttt tt m ht Lr r ttt tt ttͳ tT m
t
P ρQh t tO ∗ ͳ ͳͳLOt rͳ ttͳ tT t䁞 t
ͳt
19. A boiler requires 100,000 m3/hr of standard air. The mechanical efficiency of fan to be installed is 70%.
Determine the size of driving motor needed assuming fan can deliver a pressure head of 160 mm of water
and outlet velocity of 20 m/s.
A. 60 kw B. 81.80 kw C. 75.80 kw D. 71.81 kw
dw tͳͳͳ vt tͳ t
hs hw ͳt trr rr m hv t L Ot
tͳ rL m
ds tt tg
ht trr rr tͳ rL tTr tt m
tͳͳͳ
P ρQh t t ∗ ͳ ͳͳLOt tTr tt Tͳ tt kw
r ͳͳ
P Tͳ tt
size of motor t
installed ͳt
20. At 1.180 kg/m3 air density a fan can developed a brake power of 100 kw. If it will operate at 100 kpa and
35oC, find the new brake power needed.
A. 95.87 kw B. 96.78 kw C. 100 kw D. 85.37 kw
SOLUTION.
Wa=1.180 kg/m3
BP=100kw
t =100kpa
t =35 C
o
BP2=?
W= 䁉
W=1.180 kg/m3
PV=MRT
t
h t
tͳͳ
= tOt rT ttr
=1.1313 kg/m3
t t
t t
t tOͳ tͳͳ
t trtr t
t =95.87 KW
21. A fan has suction static pressure of 40 mm of water vacuum with air velocity of 5 m/s. The discharge has
160 mm of water gage and discharge velocity of 8 m/s. What is the total head of the fan if air density is 1.2
kg/m3, mm of water gauge.
A. 168.66 B. 170.55 C. 218.23D. 202.38
SOLUTION.
Hws = 40 min
Vs = 5m/s
Hwd = 160 mm
Vd = 8 m/s
Wa = 1.2 kg/m3
h=?
㜮㜮㤵㜮
hs = 㜮
t ͳ ͳ ͳ tͳͳͳ
= tt
=166.67 m
h t h㤵t
Hv = to
=1.9878 m
H = hs + hv
= 166.67 + 1.9878
H = 168.66 m
22. A 50 kw motor is used to drive a fan that has a total head of 120 m. If fan efficiency is 75%, what is the
maximum capacity of the motor needed if air is available at 100 kpa and 26oC.
A. 27.34 m3/s B. 48.59 m3/s C. 50.60 m3/s D. 49.58 m3/s
SOLUTION.
BP =50KW; H=120 m; Eff=75%; P1=100 kpa; T=26oC; Q=?
PV=MRT
h
tͳͳ
= tOt t ttr
r
r䁜 t t Tr om
h
r䁜Ͳ㜮㌳䁜
Fan eff = n䁜㌳Ͳ㜮㌳䁜
r䁜Ͳ㜮㌳䁜
=.75 = Tͳ 㜮
Pa = 37.5KW
Pa=QWh
37.5KW = Q (1.653 kg/m3x.00981 kN/1 kg) (120 m)
Q = 27.34 r /s
23. A fan that operates at 30oC and 101 kpa has a static pressure of 300 mm water gage. If the fan will operate
at 95oC and 14 psi, find the new static pressure required.
A. 136 mm B. 236 mm C. 250 mm D. 300 mm
SOLUTION.
T1 = 30oC
P1 = 101 kpa
Hw = 300 mm
T = 95oC
P = 14 psi
hs =?
PV=MRT
h
tͳt
= tOt rͳ ttr
㜮t =1.1614 kg/m3
t = (14 psi) (101.325 kpa/14.7 psi)
= 96.5 kpa
L T
t
tOt LT ttr
= 0.9137
t 㜮t
t 㜮t
t ͳ Ltrt
rͳͳ t t t
h2 = (0.23601 m) (1000 mm)
h2 = 236 mm
24. The total head of fan is 200 m and has a static pressure of 210 mm of water gage. What is the velocity of
air flowing if density is 1.16 m3/s.
A. 20 m/s B. 18.89 m/s C. 16.25 m/s D. 19.29 m/s
SOLUTION.
H =200m; hw =210 mm; Wa=1.16 m3/s
V=?
㜮㜮
hs=
= (.210 m) (1000 kg/m3) / 1.16 m3/s
Hs = 181.0344
H = hs + hv
200 = 181.0344 + hv
Hv = 18.9656
ht
Hv = to
ht
18.9656 = t L Ot
Vo = 19.29 m/s
25. A fan has a static head of 100 m at 1 kg/cm2 and 70oF. If air velocity is 15 m/s, find the total equivalent
head in mm of water gage.
A. 120.44 mm B. 129.53 mm C. 135.53 mm D. 140.56 mm
SOLUTION.
Hs = 100 m
P = 1 kg/cm2
T = 70oF
Vo = 15 m/s
Hw =?
Hv =tTt /2 (9.81)
Hv = 11.4679 m
P = (1 kg/cm2) (101.325 kpa/1.033 kg/cm2)
P = 98.0881 kpa
o
F= 9/5 rt
=21.11
㜮t =P/RT
LO ͳOOt
= tOt tt tt ttr = 1.1620 kg/ r
H = hs + hv
=100+11.4679= 111.4679 m
㜮㜮
h= 㜮
111.4679 = hw (1000)/1.1620
Hw = 129.53 mm
26. The fan is rated to deliver 600 m3/min when running at 350 rpm and required 7 kw motor to drive it. If the
fan speed is changed to 600 rpm and the air handled at 55oC instead of 28oC, find the power in kw.
A. 32.36 kw B. 40.25 kw C. 36.50 kw D. 45 kw
SOLUTION.
r
Q=600 /min
N=350 rpm
Pa=7KW
t =600 rpm
t =500
oC
t =28 C
o
t =?
*USING FAN LAWS

r
t / t =( t/ t
r
7 KW / t = (350/600
t =35.2653
at 600 rpm
㜮t /㜮t =P/R t /PR t
t/ t= t/ t
35.2653/ t =55+273/28+273
t =32.36 KW
27. What is the horsepower required for a fan to deliver 200 ft/sec of air through a 2 ft x 4 ft duct under a total
pressure of 4 in water gage?
A. 175.83 hp B. 194.24 hp C. 146.17 hp D. 204.25 hp SOLUTION.
P= Qh
ht 㜮㜮
to r䁜
tͳͳt tͳͳͳ
tt
t rt t tt
h=898.896 ft
hn
r䁜 ͳ ͳt OO r
r
h t tͳͳ t ͳͳ
㤵㌳䁒
P=0.07488(1600)(898.896)/550
P=195.81 hp
28. A certain fan delivers 6 m3/sec of air at 250C and 101.3 kPa is operating at 500 rpm and requires 3 kw of
power. If the air temperature is increases to 940C and the speed of the fan remains the same, calculate the
new power in kw.
A. 2.63 B. 3.00 C. 2.44 D. 3.7
SOLUTION.
Q = 6 r /s
t = 25 C
0
t = 101.325 kPa
t = 500 rpm
Pa =3 kw
T = 940C
t =?
㜮t = t / t
=101.3/ (.287) (25+273)
= 1.1844
W = 101.3/ (.287) (94+273)
= 0.9617
t / t= t/ t
3/ t = 1.1844/0.9617
t = 2.44
18. What is the static air powering watts of a fan designed to deliver 800 m3/hr of air with a static pressure of 5
cm of water column on full delivery.
A. 155.3 B. 95.7 C. 105.8 D. 122.6
SOLUTION.
Q = 800 r/hr (1 hr/3600 s)
=0.222 r /s
Hw = 5 cm
Hs = (.05m) (1000) / 1.2
= 41.67 m
Pa = .222 (1.2 x 9.81) (41.67)
=108.9 watts
1. A refrigeration system is used to cooled water in the evaporator a 8 kg/s of water from 30oC to 2oC. Find
the tons of refrigeration is required. A. 266.75 TR B. 137.45 TR C. 120.34 TR D. 130.84 TR
‫Ͳܥ‬
h
r Tt
= (8kg/s) (4.187) (30-2) oC /3.516
=266.75 TR
2. A reversed Carnot cycle has an evaporator temperature of -5oC and condenser temperature of 45oC. Find
the performance factor if it will operate in a heat pump.
A. 4.45 B. 3.45 C. 6.36 D. 5.23
SOLUTION.
ttr
‫ܥ‬
T ttr
=T T
=6.36
3. A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating temperature of -5oC and
a condensing temperature of 40 oC. For refrigerating capacity of 10 kW, determine the work of the
Compressor. At 40 oC, hf = 238.5 KJ/kg; at -5 oC, hg = 349.3 KJ/kg. Enthalpy entrance to the condenser
Is h = 375 KJ/kg. A. 1.205 kw B. 2.32 kw C. 3.502 kw D. 4.906 kw
SOLUTION.
t
‫ܥ‬
t t
r L r trO T
= rtT r Lr
=4.3113
h
䁒
‫ܥ‬
tͳ
= rtt
W=2.32 KW
4. A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have a refrigerating capacity of 60 TR. The evaporating
temperature is -10 oC and the condensing temperature is 42 oC. Determine the heat rejected by the
condenser. Enthalpy of condenser entrance = 440 KJ/kg, exit = 254 KJ/kg. Evaporator exit = 406
KJ/kg, evaporator entrance = 254 KJ/kg. A. 512.34 kw B. 417.35 kw C. 315.44 kw D. 258.15 kw
SOLUTION.
t
COP= t t
ͳ tT
= ͳ ͳ
=4.47
r Tt ͳ r Tt
‫ܥ‬ t tOO
‫ܥ‬ t
‫ܥ‬ h r Tt
t tOt t tͳ
RE= r Tt
=61.92 KW
t tOO t Lt r Tt
t OL
5. A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 1.6. How much work in KJ must be supplied to this
refrigerator for it to reject 1000 KJ of heat? A. 385 B. 627 C. 836 D. 1000
SOLUTION.
‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬ t t t t
tͳͳͳ
‫ܥ‬ rO t
‫ܥ‬ t
6. A Carnot heat pump uses thermal reservoirs at -27oC and 57oC. How much power does this pump
consume to produce a 100 KW heating effect? A. 9.1 KW B. 12.7 KW C. 15.3 KW D. 20.7 KW
SOLUTION.
n㤵 Tt ttr
‫ܥ‬ r LtO
Tt tt
tͳͳ
‫ܥ‬ tT T ͳ tT r
‫ܥ‬ r LtO
7. A manufacturer claims that its has a COP of 1.4 when cooling food at 7oC using ambient air at 23oC as a
heat sink. Is his claim valid? A. Yes B. No. C. Probably D. None of the above
SOLUTION.
NO NOT VALID 7 23
8. A reversed Carnot cycle is used for cooling. The input work is 12 kw, while the COP is 3.8 . Calculate the
refrigerating effect in tons of refrigeration. A. 12.97 B. 10.6 C. 15.4 D. 9.65
SOLUTION.
tt r O
RE= r Tt
tt Lt
9. Consider a refrigeration whose 40 watts light bulb remains on continuously as a result of a malfunction of
the switch. If the refrigerator has a COP of 1.5 and the cost of electricity is 10 cents per kw-hr, determine
the increase in the energy consumption of the refrigerator and its cost per year if the switch is not fixed.
A. P58.40 B. P47.59 C. P65.40 D. P83.59
SOLUTION.
h ͳ
‫ܥ‬
‫ܥ‬ tT
=26.67 KW
‫ܥ‬ h t t
t 䁜㤵 r T
t TO ͳtL 䁜
t t ㌳䁜
t
TO ͳtL tͳ TO ͳ
tͳͳͳ
10. A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450 watts and a COP of 2.5 is to cool six large
watermelons, 12 kg each, to 8oC. If the watermelons are initially at 20oC, determine how long will take for
the refrigerator to cool them. The watermelons can be treated as water whose specific heat is 4.2 KJ/kg-oK.
A. 1220 seconds B. 2230 seconds C. 3226 seconds D. 4250 seconds
SOLUTION.
RE= ‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬ ͳ Tͳ t T t ttT
RE= 䁒Ͳ
tt o
1.125= tͳ O t rtt 㤵㌳䁒
11. When a man returns to his wall-sealed house on a summer day, he finds that the house is at 32oC. He
returns on the air conditioner which cools the entire house to 20oC in 20 minutes. If COP is 2.7, determine
the power drawn by the airconditoner. Assume the entire mass within the house is 800 kg of air for which
cv = 0.72 KJ/kg-K, cp = 1.0 KJ/kg-K A. 1.072 KW B. 2.130 KW C. 3.072 KW D. 4.072 KW
SOLUTION.
Oͳͳ o
h 䁒䁉 ͳ tt rt tͳ
ͳ tͳ re ͳ
RE=5.76 KW
h Tt
‫ܥ‬ t trͳ
‫ܥ‬ tt
12. A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is 25oC and consumes 3 KW of power
when operating. If the food compartment of the refrigerator is to be maintained at 3oC, determine the rate of
heat removal from the food compartment.
A. 1504.8 kJ/min B. 12.86 kJ/min C. 1625 kJ/min D. 2258.18 KJ/min
SOLUTION.
t n㤵 tT ttr
‫ܥ‬ tr T
t t tT r
RE = (COP) ( ‫ܥ‬ = 13.54 (3) (60sec) = 2437.2 KJ/min
13. A household refrigerator with EER of 10 removes heat from the refrigerated space at a rate of 100 kJ/min.
Determine the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air.
A. 101.25 kJ/min B. 134.12 kJ/min C. 128.46 kJ/min D. 80 kJ/min
SOLUTION:
hh tͳ tͳͳ m re
r tt ‫ܥ‬ r tt ‫ܥ‬
‫ܥ‬ r tt
‫ܥ‬ tͳͳ tr tt m re
14. A house that was heated by electric resistance heaters consumed 1300 kWh of electric energy in a winter
month. If this house were heated instead by a heat pump that has an average performance factor, PF of
2.5, determine how much money the homeowner would be saved that month. Assume a price of
0.090$/kWh for electricity. A. $42.5 B. $70.20 C. $102 D. $97.75

SOLUTION.
trͳͳ
1300- tOͳ ͳ ͳLͳ$/kWh=$70.20
15. A Freon 22 air conditioning under standard operating conditions of 35oC condensing and 5oC evaporating temperatures.
The volume flow rate entering the compressor is 25 L/s Determine the refrigerating capacity if the refrigerating effect is
164 kJ/kg. From the table for R22 the specific volume at the compressor entrance is 42 L/kg. A. 339.3 TR B.
79.3 TR C. 96.4 TR D. 27.76 TR
SOLUTION.
h䁒 Ͳ tT m㤵
ͳ TLTt
h䁒 Ͳ ㌳e ttt m o
RE=m (164Kj/kg) = 97.619
Lt tL
tt t
r Tt
16. A refrigeration system consumed 30,800 kw-hr per month of energy. There are 20% of energy is lost due to
cooling system of compressor and motor efficiency is 90%. If COP of the system is 6, find the tons of
refrigeration of the system. A. 63.15 TR B. 46.15 TR C. 52.56TR D. 41.15 TR
SOLUTION.
rͳ Oͳͳ 䁜m e
rͳ O
t rͳ
RE=30.8(6) = 184.8 KW
tO O
Tt T
r Tt
17. A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29 oC to 8 oC in 8 hours. The refrigerant
is ammonia and the operating conditions are 616 Kpa evaporating pressure and 1737 kpa liquefaction
pressure. Determine the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an increase in temperature of 10 oC.
Enthalpy at condenser entrance = 1650 and exit = 410.4 KJ/kg. Evaporator entrance = 410.4, exit = 1471.6
KJ/kg. A. 4.59 kg/s B. 3.83 kg/s C. 5.94 kg/s D. 8.54 kg/s
SOLUTION.
h ‫Ͳܥ‬
Tͳͳͳ o
h tOt tL O trt rOTL
O r ͳͳ
t t tt tͳ
‫ܥ‬ TL O
t t t Tͳ t tt
h
䁒 tr ͳL t
‫ܥ‬
‫ܥ‬ h t ͳ Ott
t ͳ Ott
r Or om㤵㌳䁒
tOt tͳ
18. A 60 tons refrigeration system has COP of 4.5. Find the gallons per minute of cooling water required in the
condenser for a temperature rise of 12 oC. A. 81.35 gpm B. 90.34 gpm C. 74.56 gpm D. 64.67 gpm
SOLUTION.
RE= TR (3.516) = 210.96 KW
h
‫ܥ‬ OO
T
h ‫ܥ‬ tTt O
T trtO om㤵
tOt tt
ͳ
Ot rT oͲ
r tOT
19. A vapor compression cycle is designed to have a capacity of 90 tons of refrigeration. It produces chilled
water from 25 oC to 2 oC. Its coefficient of performance is 5 and 30% of the power supplied is lost.
Determine the size of electric motor required to drive the compressor in kw.
A 60.5 kw B. 92.5 kw C. 100. 5 kw D. 90.41 kw
SOLUTION.
r Tt Lͳ r Tt
‫ܥ‬ r tOO
‫ܥ‬ T
‫ܥ‬
re Lͳ t
ͳ tͳ
20. A reversed Carnot cycle that operates between -2 oC and 50 oC needs 45 Kw compressor power. Find the
tons of refrigeration system needed. A. 56.34 B. 73.45 C. 60.34 D. 68.51
SOLUTION.
t ttr
‫ܥ‬ T tttT
Tͳ t
RE = COP ( ‫ܥ‬ tr TttT
h
t
r Tt
21. An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 kpa and a condenser pressure of
1514.2 kpa. The refrigerant is subcooled by 5 oC and is superheated by 8 oC. For an evaporator load of
85 kw, determine the quantity of cooling water in the condenser if the increase in temperature of water is
6 oC. Condenser entrance = 1715 KJ/kg, exit = 361.2 KJ/kg. Evaporator entrance = 361.2, exit = 1472
KJ/kg. A. 11,350 kg/hr B. 12,845 kg/hr C. 13,100 kg/hr D. 14,845 kg/hr
SOLUTION.
t t tt r t t
‫ܥ‬ Tttt
t tttT t tt
h OT
‫ܥ‬ tO TL t
‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬
‫ܥ‬ h tͳr TL t
r ͳͳͳ
tOt
m=14,845 kg/hr
22. A refrigeration compressor has a volume flow of 0.15 m3/s. The percent clearance is 8% and has a
compression ratio of 6. The bore and stroke are equal running at 360 rpm. Find the bore of the
compressor. A. 375.75 mm B. 275.78 mm C. 303.37 mm D. 343.45 mm
SOLUTION;
hh t ‫ ܥ‬䁒 Ͳ 䁜 r
=1 + (0.08)-(0.08)(6)
hh ͳ
h ͳ tT r
h ͳ tT rm㤵
hh ͳ
r
h r r
ͳ ͳTrͳT ͳ rtTtT
r ͳ
t
ͳ
D=375.75 mm
23. An ammonia refrigeration system operates at 316 Kpa pressure evaporator and 1514.2 kpa condenser
pressure. Find the fraction of water evaporized. Condenser exit = 362 KJ/kg, Evaporator at 310 Kpa
hf = 163; hg = 1127 KJ/kg. A. 10.23 % B. 13.35 % C. 15.34 % D. 20.64 %
SOLUTION.
t t r r t
tͳͳ tͳ
t t tttt t r
24. Find the performance factor of a heat pump that operates between -4 oC and 30 oC.
A. 8.91 B. 9.58 C. 7.30 D. 6.20
SOLUTION.
n㤵 rͳ ttr
‫ܥ‬ O Lt
rͳ
25. A heat pump has a compressor power of 10 kw and heat rejected of 50 kw to the low temperature region.
Find the temperature of the low temperature region if high temperature region is 40 oC.
A. -.8.45 oC B. 15.04 oC C. -22.60 oC D. -34.23 oC
SOLUTION.
RE= 䁒=50-10=40
h ͳ
‫ܥ‬
䁒 tͳ
ttr
‫ܥ‬
ttr
ͳ
tt
26. A heat pump operates between 36 oF and 120 oF. If heat added from the low temperature region is 500
Btu/min, find the horsepower needed of the compressor.
A. 2.0 B. 3.0 C. 4.0 D. 5.0
SOLUTION.
t n㤵 r ͳ
‫ܥ‬ T Lͳ
t t ttͳ r
Tͳͳ m re t
䁒 O O m re
‫ܥ‬ t t m re
Wc = 1.99 HP or 2 HP
27. A heat pump operates between -4 oC and 28 oC. If the compressor power needed is 6 kw, find the KJ/min
added from the low temperature source. A. 2395 B. 2522 C. 2798 D. 2984
SOLUTION.
n㤵 ttr
‫ܥ‬ O ͳ
tO
h ‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬ O ͳ Tͳ rtT
Tͳ rtT ͳ 㤵㌳䁒
h rͳt t m re
㤵㌳䁒 t re
28. A refrigeration system has an evaporator temperature of -4 oC and compressor suction temperature is 8 oC.
Find the degree superheat, oF. A.12 B. 14 C. 16 D. 18
SOLUTION.
SH=t1-tevap. = 8 -(-4 tt
29. A cascade refrigeration system operates between 100 kpa and 800 kpa. Find the cascade condenser
pressure. A. 269.34 kpa B. 276.45 kpa C. 282.84 kpa D. 298.45 kpa
SOLUTION.
Px1 t t tͳͳ Oͳͳ tOt O
30. Find the mass of water that can be cooled from 26oC to -10oC from a 15 tons refrigeration system for 14
hrs. A. 5447 kg B. 6383 kg C. 5719 kg D. 4923 kg
SOLUTION.
RE = TR (3.516)=52.74
h 䁜㤵 r ͳͳ 㤵㌳䁒
‫ Ͳܥ‬t ͳ rrT t ͳLrT
h t 䁜㤵 r ͳͳ
tOt t ͳ rrT t ͳLrT tͳ
m=5829.7 kg
31. The refrigerant volume flow rate at the entrance of compressor were obtained from a test on a twin cylinder,
single acting 15 cm x 20 cm, 350 rpm compressor ammonia refrigerating plant to be 35 L/s. Determine the
volumetric efficiency of the compressor. A. 77.65% B. 84.88% C. 97.6 % D. 65.65%

SOLUTION.
t
rTͳ
h ͳ tT ͳ tͳ t
ͳ
r
h ͳ ͳ ttr
㤵
hr
h t tr
㤵㌳䁒
ht
tͳͳ
h
hr
rT
㤵㌳䁒
hr
t tr
㤵㌳䁒
=84.88%
32. A twin cylinder ammonia compressor with volume displacement of 15,726 cm3 operates at 320 rpm.
Condenser and evaporator pressure are 1200 kPa and 227 kPa respectively. Specific volume of refrigerant
at the entrance of compressor is 528.26 L/kg. Compression process is polytropic with n = 1.20 and
clearance factor of compressor is 2 percent. Determine horsepower required.
A. 60 hp B. 70 hp C. 80 hp D. 92 hp
nv = 1 + c-c (P2/P1)1/n
= 1 + 0.002-0.002 (1200/227)1.2
= 0.8725
VD = (π/4 D2 L) N
= 0.014726 (320) (2)
9.424 m3/min
V1 = (nv) (VD)
= 0.8725 (9.424)
= 8.2224 m3/min
W = nP1V1/1-n ((P2/P1) n-1/n – 1))

= 1.20 (227) (8.2224) /1-1.20 ((1200/227) 1.2-1/1.2 -1))
= 3582KJ/min
= 3582KJ/min/60 (0.746)
W = 80 hp
33. A reversed Carnot cycle has a refrigerating COP of 3.0. Determine the ratio TH/TL?
A. 1.4 B. 1.5 C. 1.33 D. 1.2
SOLUTION.
t
t t rr
r
34. Saturated vapor ammonia at –16oC ( h7 = 1442.60 kJ/kg) leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor
at –6oC (h1 = 1465 kJ/kg). The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 40oC (h4 = 390.6
kJ/kg) and enter the expansion valve at 35oC ( h5 = 366.1 kJ/kg). Heat rejected from the condenser
amount to 60 kW. The work to compressor is 208 kJ/kg, while the heat loss from compressor is 33 kJ/kg. If
95 kJ/kg of heat are lost in the piping between the compressor discharge and condenser inlet, determine
the refrigerating capacity of the system.
A. 49.5 TR B. 15.91 TR C. 12.88 TR D. 13.24 TR
h2 = h1 + w - qwj = 1465 + 208

h2 = 1640 KJ/kg
h3 = h2 + q2-3 = 1640 - 95
= 1545 KJ/kg
Qc = h3 – h4 = 1545 – 390.6
= 1154.4 KJ/kg
m = Qc/qc
= 50/1154.4
= 0.0433 kg/s
h5 = h6 = 366.1 KJ/kg
qs = ht – h6 1442.6 – 366.1
qs = 1076.5 KJ/kg
Qs = (m) (qs)
= 0.0433 (1076.5/3.52)
Qs= 13.24 TR
1. A refrigeration system is to cool bread loaves with an average mass of 600 g from 22oC to –12oC at a rate
of 500 loaves per hour by refrigerated air. Taking the average specific and latent heats of bread to be 2.93
kJ/kg.oC and 109.3 kJ/kg, respectively, determine the product load.
A. 1044.6 kJ/min B. 1351.6 kJ/min C. 761.5 kJ/min D. 409.9 KJ/min
Tͳͳ
ͳ
(2.93(22-0) + 109.3+2.93(0+))
= 1044.6 KJ/min
2. A 10,000 kg fish is to be cooled from 25 oC to -10 oC in 10 hrs. The freezing temperature of fish is -2 oC and
latent heat of fusion is 280 KJ/kg. The specific heat above freezing is 3.80 KJ/kg-K and below freezing is 1.8
KJ/kg-K. Find the tons of refrigeration is required.
A. 31.36 B. 34.56 C. 36.34 D. 43.23
tͳ ͳͳͳ
tͳ r ͳͳ
(3.80(25-(-2) + 280+1.8(-2-(-10)))
t
110.28 r Tt
= 31.33
3. A 12 tons beef is to be cooled from 25 oC to -25 oC with freezing temperature at -3 oC in 15 hrs. The cp
above freezing is 2.8 KJ/kg-K and below freezing is 1.5 KJ/kg-K. The latent heat of fusion is 220 KJ/kg. If
miscellaneous losses is 14%, find the tons of refrigeration needed for the system.
A. 28.34 B. 16.45 C. 21.65 D. 23.23

tt Lͳt
tT r ͳͳ
(2.8(25-(-3))+220+1.5(-3-(-25)))
t
66.7955(1.14) = 76.146×r Tt = 21.63
4. In an actual refrigeration cycle using R12 as working fluid, the refrigerant flow rate is 0.05 kg/s. Vapor
enters the expansion valve at 1.15 MPa, 40oC (h = 238.5 kJ/kg) and leaves the evaporator at 175 kPa, –
15oC ( h = 345 kJ/kg). The electric input to motor driving the compressor is measured and found 3.5 kW.
Motor efficiency at this load is 92 percent and mechanical efficiency 82%. Determine the actual coefficient
of performance for this cycle. A. 1.58 B. 2.02 C. 1.78 D. 1.34
QA= 0.5(345-238) = 5.325

T rtT
= Ot tt r T = 2.02
5. Find the enthalpy of air with wet bulb temperature of 25 oC and dry bulb temperature of 32 oC using
psychrometric chart.
By using psychometric chart = 76.50 KJ/kg

6. Find the enthalpy of air with wet bulb temperature of 25 oC and 60% RH using psychrometric chart.
By using psychrometric chart = 76.50 KJ/kg

7. Find the dew point temperature of air with dry bulb temperature of 303 oK and RH of 80% using
psychrometric chart. A. 26.50 oC B. 24.50 oC C. 85.25 oC D. 32 oC
By using psychrometric chart = 26.50C

8. Find the humidity ratio of air with enthalpy of 40 KJ/kg and RH of 40%. Using psychrometric chart.
A. 0.0123 B. 0.045 C. 0.00600 D. 0.0068
By using psychrometric chart = 0.0123

9. At 30 oC, air-vapor mixture has a relative humidity of 75%. Find the humidity ratio if barometric pressure is
100 kpa. At 30 oC, Psat = 4.246 kpa
A. 0.123 B. 0.0205 C. 0.054 D. 0.019

h
0.75= t
= 3.1845
r tO T
W= .622 (tͳͳ r tO T
)
W= 0.0205
10. The humidity ratio of air is 0.05. If barometric pressure is 99 kpa, find the partial pressure of water vapor.

h
0.05 = 0.622 (LL )
h
PV = 7.37 Kpa
11. Air at 32 oC and pressure of 101 kpa has a density of 1.10 kg/m3. Find the humidity ratio of air.
A. 0.0304 B. 0.6350 C. 0.0635D. 0.0173
1.10 = ͳ tOt rt ttr

= 96.2885
101 = 96.2885 + Pv
Pv =4.7115
tttT
W = .622(tͳt tttT) = 0.0304
12. What is the enthalpy of the air-vapor mixture at 70% RH and 33 oC when the barometric pressure is 101
kpa? At 33 oC: Psat = 5.628, hg = 2565.3

h
.70 = T tO
= 3.9596
r LrL
W = .622 (tͳt r LrL )
W = 0.02524
h= 1(33) + 0.02524 (2556.4)
h= 97.76 kj/kg
13. Air-vapor mixture has an enthalpy of 73 KJ/kg at 31 oC. Find the partial pressure of water vapor. At 31 oC:
hg = 2556.3 KJ/kg A. 6.34 kpa B. 1.34 kpa C. 4.231 kpa D. 2.61 kpa
73 = 1 (31) + w (2556.3) = 0.01643

h
0.01643 = .622 (tͳt h
PV= 2.61Kpa
14. An ammonia ice plant operates between a condenser temperature of 35oC and evaporator of –15oC. It
produces 12 metric tons of ice per day from water at 30oC to ice at –5oC. Assuming simple saturation cycle,
determine the horsepower of the motor if the adiabatic efficiency of the compressor ηc = 0.87 and
mechanical efficiency ηm = 0.96. The specific heat of ice is 2.094 kJ/kg.oC and the latent heat is 335 kJ/kg.
From the table for ammonia the following enthalpies are: condenser entrance = 1703 kJ/kg, exit =
366.1 kJ/kg; compressor entrance = 1443.9 kJ/kg, exit = 1703 kJ/kg
A. 17.68 hp B. 18.61 hp C. 15.5 hp D. 25.2 hp
tt tͳͳͳ
tOt rͳ ͳ rrT t ͳL ͳ T
t r ͳͳ
Ref capacity= 65.43kw
65.43 =m (1703-366.1)
M = 0.0489kg/s
0.0489 (1703-1443.9)
12.68KW×1HP/0.746KW
=17.68hp
15. A two stage cascade vapor compression refrigeration system uses ammonia in the low-temperature loop
and R-12 in the high-temperature loop. The ammonia provides 18 tons cooling. If the high-loop
temperature requires 10.12 kW compressor power and low-loop 15.93 kW, determine the COP of the
system. A. 2.429 B. 5.22 TR C. 3.314 TR D. 9.1 TR
Wt = 10.12+15.93 = 26.05
tO r Tt
COP = t ͳT
= 2.429
1. Air in an airconditioner enters at 65% RH with w = 0.025 and leaves at 25 oC dry bulb and 16 oC wet bulb. If
mass of air is 10 kg/s, find the refrigeration capacity in tons of refrigeration.
At 65% RH, w = 0.025: h = 85 KJ/kg, v = 0.803 m3/kg At 25 oC db, 16 oC wb: h = 43 KJ/kg;
A. 134.34 TR B. 119.45 TR C. 102.45 TR D. 98.34 TR
tͳ OT r
Tons capacity = r Tt
= 119.45 tons of ref
2. A 140 kw air conditioner has a has an initial condition of 40 oC db and 60% RH and leaves at 20o db and
20% RH. Find the volume of air entering the conditioner.
At 40 oC db and 60% RH: h = 112 KJ/kg, w = 0.93m3/kg; At 20 oC db and 20% RH: h = 26 KJ/kg
A. 3.22 m3/s B. 2.62 m3/s C. 1.51 m3/s D. 1.93 m3/s
140 = m (112-26) = 1.6279 kg/s

h
1.6279 = ͳ Lr
V = 1.51 m3/s
3. Outside air in an air conditioning unit has a mass of 52 kg at 42 oC is mixed with re-circulated air at 32 kg at
28 oC, find the temperature after mixing.
A. 35.23 oCB. 32.23 oC C. 36.67 oC D. 45.32 oC
52 (42) + 32 (28) = (42+32) (Ts)

Ts= 41.62C
4. Twenty five kilogram air enters the dryer at 24 oC db and 35% RH. Fifteen kg of re-circulated air from the
dryer has a partial pressure of water vapor of 10 kpa. Find the humidity ratio after mixing.
At 24 oC db, 35% RH: w = 0.0059
A. 0.0325 B. 0.1930 C. 0.0653D. 0.0292

W1=0.0059
tͳ
W2=0.622(tͳt rtT tͳ
W2=0.06811
25(0.0059)+15(0.06811)=(25+15)(W3)
W3=0.0292
5. Sixty two kilogram of air with enthalpy of 80 KJ/kg is mixed with another x air until the mixture is 110 kg and
70 KJ/kg enthalpy. Find the enthalpy of x air before mixing.
62(80)+ 48(hx)=110(70)
Hx= 57.10 KJ/kg
6. Air in a conditioned space has 26 oC db and 70% RH, find the wet bulb depression.
A. 6.00 oC B. 15.34 oC C. 7.20 oC D. 17.80 oC
Using psychometric chart = 6.00˚c

7. A 6 x 5 x 4 m room has a pressure of 101 kpa and temperature of 30oC (Psat = 5 kpa). If percent
relative humidity is 65%, find the mass of vapor (RV = 0.423 KJ/kgoK).
A. 0.345 kg B. 1.23 kg C. 3.04 kg D. 2.19 kg

h
65%= T
PV=3.25
3.25(6×5×4)=M(0.423)(30+273)
m= 3.04 kg/s
8. A 75% efficient cooling tower has a water entering at 45o C and wet bulb temperature of air entering at
25 oC. Find the water exit temperature of water.
A. 32o C B. 30oC C. 34.34oC D. 23.44oC
T n
75%= T tT
Tb= 30˚c
9. Water enters the cooling tower at 55 oC and leaves at 30 oC while the heat rejected to air is 120 KW. Find
the capacity of the pump needed to pump the water.
A. 1.15 li/s B. 3.22 li/s C. 2.34 li/s D. 4.23 li/s
120=m(4.187)(55-300)
M=1.15 li/s
10. Air enters the tower at the rate of 60 kg/s. The entrance enthalpy is 86 KJ/kg and exit enthalpy of 53 KJ/kg.
Find the temperature range of the tower if mass flow rate of water is 30 kg/s.
A. 14.34 oC B. 16.34 oC C. 10.23 oC D. 15.76 oC
30(4.187)(ta-tb)=60(86-53)
Range= ta-tb =15.76˚c
11. A 100 BHP diesel engine has a brake thermal efficiency of 30% and jacket water loss of 34%. The engine
is to be cooled by means of a cooling tower having a range of 27 oC. Find the mass of water leaving the
tower. A. 5,238.45 kg/hr B. 2692.35 kg/hr C. 7038.45 kg/hr D. 6108.62 kg/hr
tͳͳ t
30%= o
Qg= 248.67
Jacketloss = 34%(248.67)
=84.55kw
84.55=m(4.187)(27)
M= 0.747 kg/s×3600/1
m= 2692.35 kg/hr
12. A 120 tons refrigeration system with COP of 5 has a condenser which is to be cooled by means of a cooling
tower. Air enters the tower at 25 oC db and 50% RH and leaves at 35 oC db and 80% RH. Find the volume of
air needed m3/hr. At 25oC and 50% RH: h = 50 KJ/kg, v = 0.86 m3/kg At 350C db and 80% RH: h = 108 A. 7.51 m3/s
B. 2.34 m3/s C. 4.98 m3/s D. 3.16 m3/s
RE= 120(3.516)
RE= 422.4
tt
5= 㜮䁒
Wc= 84.48kw
422.4+84.48=Qr
Qr= 506.88
h
506.88=ͳ O (108-50)
V= 7.51m3/s
13. The evaporative condenser of an ammonia refrigeration plant has a water flow rate of 100 kg/s and enters a
natural draft cooling tower at 43 oC. The water is cooled to 30 oC by air entering at 27 oC db 24 oC wet bulb.
The air leaves the tower as 90% RH and 32 oC db. Calculate the percent of make-up water needed the
tower. At 27 oC db and 24 oC wb: h = 72.5 KJ/kg, w = 0.0178
At 90% RH and 32 oC db: h = 102 KJ/kg, w = 0.0275
A. 2.34% B. 1.79% C. 3.12% D. 2.84%
Qwater=Qair
100(4.187)(43-30)=ma(102-72.5)
Ma= 184.51 kg/s
Make up water = 184.51(0.0275-0.0178)
= 1.789765
t tOLt T
%make up = tͳͳ (100)
= 1.79%
14. A cooling tower cools water from 39 oC to 24 oC at the rate of 25 kg/s. Air enters the tower at 18 oC at the
rate of 35 kg/s. Find the temperature of air leaving the tower.
A. 50.71 oC B. 62.86 oC C. 45.23 oC D. 34.45 oC
25(4.187)(39-24)=35(t2-18)
T2= 62.86˚c
15. An airconditioning system has a sensible heat load of 120 kw and latent heat load of 25 kw. Find the
sensible heat factor. A. 64.45% B. 73.45% C. 56.34% D. 82.76%

ttͳ
SHR= ttͳ tT
SHR = 82.76%
16. Find the dew point temperature of air whose humidity ratio is 0.0150 kg water/kg dry air.
A. 22.50 oC B. 23.50 oC C. 20.30 oC D. 25.5 oC
Using psychometric chart= 22.50˚c

17. The moisture removed from a material is 200 lb/hr and change of humidity ratio in dryer is 0.015. Determine
the fan capacity if specific volume of air entering is 38 ft3/lb.
A. 400,000 ft3/hr B. 450,000 ft3/hr C. 506,667 ft3/hr D. 550,000 ft3/hr
38(200) = 7600
= 7600/0.015
= 506,667 ft3/hr
18. A dryer has a 17% moisture wet feed and 3% moisture of dried product. Find the moisture removed for
every 5 kg of solids in the final product. A. 0.187 kg B. 0.395 kg C. 0.234 kg D. 0.84 kg
Wf(1-17%)= 5(1-3%)
Wf= 5.84-5 = 0.84kg
19. An auditorium is supplied with 35 m3/s of air at 14oC db. The total heat load is 320 kw and has a sensible
heat factor of 0.82. Find the temperature inside the auditorium using air at standard pressure.
A. 16 oC B. 18 oC C. 20 oC D. 24 oC
101.325(35)=m(.287)(14+273)
M=43.05 kg/s
0.82= rtͳ
QS= 262.4
262.4=43.05(1)(T2-14)
T2=20.09˚C
20. An air conditioned theater is to be maintained at 80 oF dry bulb temperature and 50% RH(h = 31.35 Btu/lb).
The calculated total sensible heat load in the theater is 500,000 Btu/hr, and the latent heat load is 150,000
Btu/hr. The air mixture at 84 oF db and 72 oF wb temperature(h = 35.82 Btu/lb) is cooled to 63 oF dry bulb
and 59 oF wet bulb temperature (h = 25.78 Btu/lb)by chilled water cooling coils and delivered as supply air to
the theater. Calculate the tons of refrigeration required.
A. 83 B. 130 C. 127 D. 122
500,000+150,000=m(31.35-25.78)
m= 116,696.59
tt L TL rT Ot tT tO
Conditioner capacity = tt ͳͳͳ
Conditioner capacity = 97.64
21. Bypass factor of coil is 0.8 for one row. What is the bypass factor if there are 8 coils in a row?
A. 0.029 B. 0.70 C. 0.80 D. 0.49
0.81
= 0.80
22. A coil has an inlet temperature of 50 oF and outlet of 85 oF. If the mean temperature of coil is 100 oF, find
the bypass factor of the coil. A. 0.4 B. 2 C. 1.667 D. 0.3
tͳͳ OT
Bypass factor = tͳͳ Tͳ
Bypass factor = 0.3
23. Find the sensible heat factor of an airconditioning unit having a sensible heat load of 60 kw and latent heat
load of 20 kw. A. 70% B. 80% C. 75% D. 85%
ͳ
SHR = ͳ tͳ
SHR = 75%
24. An air conditioned theater is to be maintained at 80oF dry bulb temperature and 50% RH(h = 31.35 Btu/lb).
The calculated total sensible heat load in the theater is 620,000 Btu/hr, and the latent heat load is 210,000
Btu/hr. The air mixture at 84oF db and 72oF wb temperature(h = 35.82 Btu/lb) is cooled to 63oF dry bulb and
59oF wet bulb temperature (h = 25.78 Btu/lb)by chilled water cooling coils and delivered as supply air to the
theater. Calculate the tons of refrigeration required. A. 125 B. 130 C. 127 D. 122
620,000+210,000 = m(31.35-25.78)
m= 149,012.57
t L ͳtt Tt rT Ot tT tO
Conditioner capacity= tt ͳͳͳ
Conditioner capacity= 125
25. Wet material, containing 200% moisture (dry basis) is to be dried at the rate of 1.6 kg/s in a continuous
dryer to give a product containing 10% moisture (dry basis) . Find the moisture removed, kg/hr.
A. 3543.75 kg/hr B. 3513.75 kg/hr C. 3563.75 kg/hr D. 3648.00 kg/hr

t
(1.6) = 90%(x)
t tͳͳ
X = 0.5926
= 1- 0.5926 = 1.007kg/s×3600/1
=3626.64kg/hr
26. Copra enters a dryer containing 75% moisture and leaves at 6% moisture. Find the moisture removed on
each pound of solid in final product. A. 6.258 lb B. 1.258 lb C. 4.258 lb D. 2.936 lb
75%(x)=94%(1)
X= 1.253 lb
27. An auditorium seating 1600 people is to be maintained at 80oF dry bulb and 65oF wet bulb temperature
when outdoor air is at 91oF dry bulb and 75oF wet bulb. Solar heat load is 120,000 Btu/hr and supply air is
at 60oF, determine the amount of supply air. (Use sensible heat load of 225 Btu/hr per person)
A. 100,000.00 lb/hr B. 83,229.17 lb/hr C. 73,229.17 lb/hr D. 63,229.17 lb/hr
225=m(.24)(80-65)
m= 62.5×1600
m= 100,000 lb/hr
28. A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned with window air-conditioning units of
5 KW cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of about 360 KJ/hr.
There are 10 light bulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 watts. The rate of heat transfer to the
classroom through the walls and the windows is estimated to be 15,000 KJ/hr. If the room air is to be
maintained at a constant temperature of 21oC, determine the number of window air-conditioning units
required. A. 1 unit B. 2 units C. 3 units D. 4 units
15,000×1/3600= 4.1667Kw
5/4.1667 = 1.1 UNIT
29. Compute the specific volume of an air-vapor mixture in cubic meters pre kilogram of dry air when the
following conditions prevail : t = 45C, w = 0.015 kg/kg, and Pt = 100 kPa.
A. 0.99 m3/kg B. 0.93 m3/kg C. 0.79 m3/kg D. 0.69 m3/kg
(100)(V)=(1)(0.287)(45+273)
V= 0.91266 m3/kg
30. A coil has an inlet temperature of 70F and outlet of 80F. If the mean temperature of the coil is 120F, find
the bypass factor of the coil. A. 0.28 B. 0.80 C. 0.82 D. 0.83
ttͳ Oͳ
Bypass factor = ttͳ tͳ
Bypass factor = 0.80

31. Compute the pressure drop of 35C air flowing with a mean velocity of 7 m/s in a circular sheet-metal duct
450 mm in diameter and 25 m long. Use a friction factor, f = 0.04, and air = 1.3799 kg/m3.
A. 43.22 Pa B. 21.34 Pa C. 75.12 Pa D. 52.31 Pa
ͳ ͳ tT t t
Hf= t L Ot Tͳ
= 5.55m
P= 1.3799×9.81/1(5.55m)
P= 75.12 Pa
32. A pressure difference of 500 Pa is available to force 20C air through a circular sheet-metal duct 450 mm in
diameter and 30 m long. At 20C,  = 1.204 kg/m3 and take friction factor, f = 0.016. Determine the velocity.
A. 27.34 ft/s B. 43.72 ft/s C. 91.54 ft/s D. 86.98 ft/s
500= 1.204×9.31(h)
H= 42.33
ͳ ͳt rͳ 䁉 t
42.44= t L Ot Tͳ
V= 27.90×3.281 = 91.55 ft/s
26. An air-conditioning system is used to maintain a house at 65oF when the temperature outside is 85oF. The
house is gaining heat through the walls and windows at a rate of 1250 Btu/min, and the heat generation rate
within the house from people, lights, and appliances amounts to 350 Btu/min. Determine the minimum
power input required for this air-conditioning system. A. 10.06 hp B. 1.36 hp C. 1.44 hp D. 7.94 hp
TtT
COP=T T TtT
= 26.25
ttTͳ rTͳ
QA= t t
= 37.7181HP
rt ttOt
26.25=
W= 1.44hp

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PPE - PROBLEM SET # 1

Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.

A. 70.6 kpa B. 84.23 kpa C. 90.34 kpa D. 98.45 kpa

Pvac= 30 Kpa Patm = 755 mm Hg

Pabs = Patm- Pvac

Patm= ( 755mm Hg x 101.325kPA/ 760 mm Hg) - 30 kpa

Pabs = 70.65 Kpa

A. 404 kpa B. 410 kpa C. 420 kpa D. 430 kpa

h = 30 m S.G = 1.03 Patm= 101 kpa

kpa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.

A. 108.20 kpa B. 112.56 kpa C. 123.4 kpa D. 137.40 kpa

4. If the absolute temperature is 300oK, what is the equivalent in oR?

A. 530.34oR B. 534.23oR C. 537.20 oR D. 540.6oR

°K = 300 °R =? °F= 9/5 (°C) +32 °R = °F + 460

°K =°C+273 = 9/5(27°) +32 = 80.6 + 460

°C = 27° °F= 80.6 °R = 540.6

°F= 9/5 (°C) +32 °F = 3°C

3°C = 9/5 (°C) +32

A. 25.55oC B. 35.55oC C. 45.55oC D. 55.55oC

T1 = 30°C T2 = 150°F T = (T2-T1)

°C = 5/9 (°F-32) = (65.55-30)

= 5/9 (150-32) T = 35.55°C

1000 kg/m3, determine the weight of the combine system.

A. 195 kg B. 200 kg C. 205 kg D. 210 kg

L = 15ft; W = 20ft; H = 20ft ρ = mass/volume

ft3/sec? A. 1.24 ft3/s B. 2.24 ft3/s C. 3.24 ft3/s D. 4.24 ft3/s

L = (200mm) (1m/1000mm) (3.281ft/1m) Vf = AV

A. 65 kg/s B. 70 kg/s C. 75 kg/s D. 80 kg/s

D1 = (120mm) (1m/1000mm) m1 = (A1) (V1) (SG1 xWw)

Point. A. 21.50 KJ/kg B. 23.50 KJ/kg C. 25.50 KJ/kg D. 27.50 KJ/kg

P = 1500 kpa; U = 20 KJ/kg

T = 150°C; S = 0.5 KJ//K

Volume after mixing, m3/kg. A. 0.0124 B. 0.02124 C. 0.00124 D. 0.000124

m1 = 200 kg ρm = m/v V = 1/ρm

SG = 0.8 = _______200+4000__________ = 1.24x10-3

A. 547.14 lb/yd3 B. 647.14 lb/yd3 C. 747.14 lb/yd3 D. 847.14 lb/yd3

Vol of water = (5 gal) (1ft3/7.481 gal)

absolute pressure in m of water.

A. 28.39 m of H2O B. 30.39 m of H2O C. 32.39 m of H2O D. 34.39 m of H2O

A. 30.23 mm B. 35.68 mm C. 38.39 mm D. 42.39 mm

A. 0.5 B. 0.4 C. 0.3 D. 0.1

T = 30 °C v = 0.04434 m3/kg U = 250.8 KJ/kg h = 273.0 KJ/kg

water. What is the amount of water? A. 1.4 kg B. 3.9 kg C. 5.5 kg D. 9.2 kg

B-F/B-F = F – 0°/F – (T)

500-100/500-N = 100-0°/100- (-273)

Energy in KJ. A. 121.45 B. 114.25 C. 141.5 D. 154.21

H = 141.9 KJ/kg (P1) (V1) k = (P2) (V2) k k = h/u

A. 0.85 kg B. 1 kg C. 1.1 kg D. 1.25 kg

A. 500 m B. 550 m C. 580 m D. 637 m

H = 764.526 kg/m2/ 1.2kg/m3

A. 1.27 m B. 1.5 m C. 1.75 mD. 1.18 m

Volume of the solution assuming that it is mixed completely.

A. 1.2 cm3/gm B. 1.5 cm3/gm C. 1.75 cm3/gm D. 2.0 cm3/gm

m1 = 100 grams total mass = m1 + m2 V = total vol/total mass

the tank in long tons? A. 49 tons B. 48 tons C. 54 tons D. 50 tons

v = 1728ft3 m = (107827.2lb) (1long tons/2240lb)

A. 22.62 B. 32.22 C. 62.22 D. 42.62

climbed. Assume g = 9.7 m/s2 A. 1274.21 m B. 1289.00 m C. 1267.34 m D. 1583.34 m

P1 = (930 mbars) P1 – P2 = (ρ) (h)

SG = 0.8 = _200+4000____ = 1.24x10-3