Pr1.
ELECTRICAL MACHINE LAB
Name of the Course: Diploma in Electrical & Mechanical Engineering
Course code: Semester 4th
Total Period: 90 Examination 3 hrs
Lab. periods: 6 P / week Term Work 50
Maximum marks: 100 End Semester 50
Examination:
A: RATIONALE:
This Lab gives understanding of different Electrical Machine i.e. Transformer, DC /
AC Generator & Motor etc. The students will able to identify different parts;
perform testing of terminals and insulation testing, connections and running of
the machines. They will be able to measure the electrical parameters to
determine regulation & efficiency with speed control of motors. Common
electrical skill improvement exercises are to be performed.
B: OBJECTIVES:
On completing of this Laboratory Course the students will able to:
1 Test the AC and DC machines, connect & run.
2 To determine, power consumption, efficiency and regulation.
3 To determine the machine Control and the speed of motors.
C: COURSE CONTENT OF SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE:
1. Measurement of Power of a single phase AC supplied load by voltmeter,
ammeter and power factor meter and verification of result connecting a
watt meter.
2. Measurement of three phase power using two watt meter method.
3. Study of different parts and identification of terminals and testing of
insulation resistance of a DC machine, Run a DC shunt Generator &
measure speed.
4. Study of 3 point & 4 point starter.
5. Speed variation of DC shunt motor by field control and armature voltage
control method.
6. Parallel operation of DC generators.
7. Connect & run a 3-phase Induction Motor using DOL & star-delta stator.
8. Identification of terminals and determination of transformation ratio of a
single phase transformer.
9. Determine voltage regulation of transformer by direct loading.
10. Determine voltage regulation of transformer by direct loading.
11. Construct switch board using cut-out, switches, plugs, holder and two
ways Switch.
ELECTRICAL MACHINE LAB
INDEX
Expt. Deposited Checked
Date Name of The Expt. Signature
No. on on
Measurement of Power of a
single phase AC supplied load
by voltmeter, ammeter and
1 power factor meter and
verification of result connecting
a watt meter.
Measurement of three phase power
2
using two watt meter method
Study of different parts and identification
of terminals and testing of insulation
3
resistance of a DC machine, Run a DC
shunt Generator & measure speed
Study of 3 point & 4 point starter
4
Speed variation of DC shunt motor
by field control and armature
5
voltage control method.
Parallel operation of DC generators.
6
Connect & run a 3-phase Induction
7 Motor using DOL & star-delta stator.
Identification of terminals and
determination of transformation
8 ratio of a single phase
transformer.
Determine voltage regulation of
9 transformer by direct loading.
Determine voltage regulation of
10 transformer by direct loading.
Construct switch board using cut-out,
11 switches, plugs, holder and two ways
Switch
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EXPERIMENT NO-1
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Measurement of Power of a single phase AC supplied load by voltmeter, ammeter and power factor meter
and verification of result connecting a wattmeter.
. APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl no Apparatus Required Quantity
1 Voltmeter 1
2 Ammeter 1
3 Power factor meter 1
4 Patch chord As per required
5 Neon tester 1
THEORY -
VOLTMETER-
The instrument which measures the voltage or potential difference in volts is known as the voltmeter.
AMMETER-
The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter.
POWERFACTOR METER-
The power factor meter measures the power factor of a transmission system.
The power factor is the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current.
The power factor meter determines the types of load using on the line, and it also calculates the
losses occur on it.
WATTMETER-
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of any given circuit.
Electromagnetic wattmeter’s are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency
power; other types are required for radio frequency measurements.
PROCEDURE
Arrange all the tools and equipments for this experiment.
Ammeter is connected in series.
Voltmeter is connected in parallel.
Both ammeter and voltmeter are connected eachother.
Then switch on the supply.
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM-
SAFETY PRECAUTION
Before making the connection meter should be checked carefully.
Connection should be tight.
Must checked polarity.
CONCLUSION
Hence the connection and testing of Ammeter, Voltmeter and power factor meter successfully.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Measurement of power of a 3-phase power using two wattmeter methods .
APPARATUS REQUIRED
3- phase 2 element watt meter 500/250/125V/5A- 1 No
3- phase 3 element watt meter 500/250/125/5A – 1No
Current transformer 20A/5A -3 Nos
Potential Transformer 440/110V phase – 1 No
Electrician Toll Kit - 1No
Adjustable spanner – 1No
THEORY
Select a proper range of a low element 3-phase wattmeter and connect A in the circuit.
Select suitable C.T. for the load and current coil range of wattmeter.
Select suitable P.T. for the supply voltage and pressure coil range of wattmeter.
Connect the current transformer with the 3-phase watt meter.
Measure and determine 3-phase power.
PROCEDURE
Record the name plate details of P.T. In a format as shown in table.
Make connection of CTS, DTS wattmeter and load as shown in fig. (According to availability of
wattmeter.
Switch on and observe the deflection of the meter.
Note down the meter reading at different loads and record in table.
Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the CKT.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
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TABULATION
Voltmeter Reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter Reading
Sl. V1 V2 V3 A1 A2 A3 W1 W2 W3
Load
No
PRECAUTION
I. Select and connect suitable Voltage and current ranges in the case of a multi range watt meter.
II. Instead of 2 element 3 phase wattmeter.
CONCLUSION
Hence we study about measurement of power of a 3-phase power using two wattmeter methods.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-3
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-
Study of different parts and identification of terminals and testing of insulation resistance of a DC
machine, Run a DC shunt Generator & measure speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Screwdriver
Megger
Multimeter
THEORY:
1. Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel. It not
only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux
produced by the field winding.
2. Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They carry
field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support
field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
3. Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed on
each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they
form alternate North and South poles.
4. Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of the machine. It is cylindrical in shape with slots to
carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing
eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for cooling purposes.
Armature is keyed to the shaft.
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5. Armature winding:
It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature slots.
The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the armature core. Armature
winding can be wound by one of the two methods; lap winding or wave winding.
Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used. A double layer winding means that each
armature slot will carry two different coils.
6. Commutator and brushes:
Physical connection to the armature winding is made through a commutator-brush arrangement.
The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the current generated in armature
conductors.
Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors.
A commutator consists of a set of copper segments which are insulated from each other.
Terminal Identification
The terminals of DC machine are marked in notation as :
Armature - A1, A2
Control signal lead – C
Series field - S1, S2
Shunt field - F1, F2
PROCEDURE:
1. The outer covering of the DC Machine is opened with the help of a screw driver and the parts were
identified.
2. The terminals were identified from the DC machine control panel.
WINDING INSULATION TESTING
If the motor is not put into operation immediately upon arrival, it is important to protect it against
external factors like moisture, high temperature and impurities in order to avoid damage to the
insulation.
Before the motor is put into operation after a long period of storage , you have to measure the winding
insulation resistance.
OBSERVATION
The value of insulation resistance of the winding was found to be around 70 Mega ohm which shows
that the insulation resistance of the winding of the DC machine is in very good condition.
SAFETY PRECAUTION-
Before making the connection insulating resistance should be checked carefully.
Connection should be neat and tight.
While using M/C instrument polarity must be checked.
Instruments should be in proper condition.
Safety shoes must be wear in side lab.
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CONCLUSION:
The part of the DC machine was identified and the winding insulation resistance of the DC
machine was tested and found to be in very good condition.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-
Study of 3 point & 4 point starter.
THEORY
3 – POINT STARTER
It consist of main parts (i) starting resistance (ii) Brass stass (iii) Starting handle (iv) No-volt release (v)
String (v) overload release (vii) pripping lever with constant point (viii) Current adjacent (ix) DIIC main
switch (x) DC Motor (xi) Give terminal (xii) Shunt fill
STARTING RESISTANCE
The resistance is connected in series with the ammeter to reduce the starting resistance. Therefore
starting resistance is connected to the series with the armature.
N.V.R.C.
No volt release coil consist of a thin wire at many turns and its connected in series with the field winding
of the motor. The coil is magnetized when the current flow through shunt field winding.
O.L.R.C.
Its function to be magnetized the novolt release coil in case of fault an over load at the machine. It
consists few turns at thine wire & is connected in series to the armatures. This coil wills only the
sufficiently magnetized.
4 Point Starter
The 4 point starter has a lot of constructional and functional similarity to a 3 point starter, but this
special device has an additional point and coil in its construction
This brings about some difference in its functionality, though the basic operational characteristic
remains the same.
The basic difference in the circuit of a 4 point starter as compared to 3 point starter is that the holding
coil is removed from the shunt field current and is connected directly across the line with current
limiting resistance in series.
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DIAGRAM-
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3 point stator
CONCLUSION
Hence, we study the 3-point starter and connect and 4 point stator.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Speed variation of DC shunt motor by field control and armature voltage control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
SL NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY
1 D.C Shunt Motor …………. 1
2 Voltmeter 300V 1
3 Ammeter 3A 1
4 Tachometer 1
5 Connecting Wire …………… As Per Required
THEORY:
1. Field Flux Control Method
The speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole.
Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be increased and vice versa. To control the flux, a
rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in the circuit diagram.
Adding more resistance in series with the field winding will increase the speed as it decreases the
flux. In shunt motors, as field current is relatively very small, ish2r loss is small
Hence, this method is quite efficient. Though speed can be increased above the rated value by
reducing flux with this method.
2. Armature Control Method
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Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa.
That means, when the supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are kept constant, speed
is directly proportional to the armature current Ia.
Thus, if we add a resistance in series with the armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also
decreases. Greater the resistance in series with the armature, greater the decrease in speed .
PROCEDURE:
The connection is made as per the connection diagram.
The DC shunt motor is started using a 3-point starter.
The resistance was varied by changing the knob position of the rheostat.
The speed of the motor was measured for each change in resistance using a Tachometer .
OBSERVATIONS-
When the resistance in the rheostat is increase then the speed is increases.
When the resistance is decreases then the speed is decreases.
TABULATION-
SL NO VOLTAGE IN VOLT(V) CURRENT IN AMP ( I ) RUNNING SPEED IN RPM (N)
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SAFETY PRECAUTION-
Before making the connection insulating resistance should be checked carefully.
Connection should be neat and tight.
While using M/C instrument polarity must be checked.
Instruments should be in proper condition.
CONCLUSION-
Hence, we control the speed of a dc shunt motor by field control method and armature control method.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-6
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Perform parallel operation of DC generator
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
SL.NO NAME OF THE APPARTUS QUANTITY
2
1 Dc Generator Set
1
2 Multi-Meter
1
3 Tachometer
As Per Reqd.,1,1
4 Patch Cords, Ammeter, Voltmeter
THEORY-
In modern power system, power is usually supplied by many synchronous generators connected in
parallel which helps to maintain continuity of plant operations .
Conditions for Parallel Operation Of DC Generator.
1. The polarities of the generator must be identical.
2. The prime movers driving the armature of the generators must have similar and stable rotational
characteristics.
3. The change of voltage with the change of load must be the same character.
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4. The phase sequence of the Bus bar voltages and the incoming machine voltage must be the
same.
5. The Bus bar voltages and the incoming machine terminal voltage must be in phase.
TABULATION:
SL.NO Current in Amp Voltage in Volt Frequency in Hz Speed in rpm (N)
(I) (V)
SAFETY PRECAUTION-
Before making the connection insulating resistance should be checked carefully.
Connection should be neat and tight.
While using M/C instrument polarity must be checked.
Instruments should be in proper condition.
Safety shoes must be wear in side lab.
CONCLUSION
Hence we perform parallel operation of DC generator.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-7
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Connect & run a 3-phase Induction Motor using DOL & star-delta stator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
SL NO APPARATU REQUIRED QUANTY
1
1 3 Phase induction motor
1
2 DOL Stator
1
3 Star Delta Stator
THEORY-
A DOL starter (or Direct On Line starter or across the line starter) is a method of starting of a 3 phase
induction motor.
In DOL Starter an induction motor is connected directly across its 3-phase supply, and the DOL
starter applies the full line voltage to the motor terminals.
The applications of DOL starters are primarily motors where a high inrush current does not cause
excessive voltage drop in the supply circuit (or where this high voltage drop is acceptable).
Direct on line starters are commonly used to start small water pumps, conveyor belts, fans, and
compress.
DIAGRAM
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PROCEDURE:
The motor panel board and connected to the DOL stator as per circuit diagram
Measured the starting current
Star delta starter
Star delta starter is the most commonly used method for the starting of a 3 phase induction motor.
In star delta starting an induction motor is connected in through a star connection throughout the
starting period.
Then once the motor reaches the required speed, the motor is connected in through
a delta connection
CONCLUSION-
Hence connect & run a 3-phase Induction Motor using DOL & star-delta stator suessfully.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-8
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Identification of terminals and determination of transformation ratio of a single phase transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED-
Single phase transformer
Variac
multimeter
. THEORY-
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another.
The different types of transformer are Step up and Step down Transformer, Power Transformer,
Distribution Transformer, Instrument transformer comprising current and Potential Transformer,
Single phase and Three phase transformer, Auto transformer
Transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of number of turns in the secondary winding to the
number of turns in the primary winding.
It also defined as the ratio of voltage at the secondary terminal to the voltage at the primary
terminals
CONCLUSION-
Hence we identify the parts of transformer and determine the transformation ratio.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-9
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Determination of regulation of alternator by direct loading.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Voltmeter
.Ammeter
Alternator
Frequency meter
Tester
patch cord
THEORY
The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the magnitude of receiving and sending voltage of
the transformer.
The voltage regulation determines the ability of the transformer to provide the constant voltage
CALCULATION
TABULATUION
SL.NO Input voltage Output voltage Regulation %Regulation
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SAFETY PRECAUTION-
Students should wear safety shoes inside the lab.
Students should try to use insulated instruments
Never touch any bare conductor.
Never disconnect a plug point by pulling the flexible wire.
When disassembly panel first remove the source of power..
CONCLUSION-
Hence to determine regulation of transformer by direct loading.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-10
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To perform short circuit & open circuit test & find the losses & efficiency.
APPARATUS:-
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Tachometer
4. Rheostats
5. Alternator
6. D.C. Motor 3 HP, 220V
7. Connecting wires etc.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Connect the circuit as shown.
Set potential divider to zero output position and motor field rheostat to minimum value.
Switch on dc supply and start the motor.
Adjust motor speed to synchronous value by motor field rheostat and note the meter readings
Increase the field excitation of alternator and note the corresponding readings.
Repeat step 5 till 10% above rated terminal voltage of alternator.
Maintain constant rotor speed for all readings.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
Connect the circuit as shown.
Star the motor with its field rheostat at minimum resistance position and the potential divider set to
zero output.
Adjust the motor speed to synchronous value.
Increase the alternator field excitation and note ammeter readings.
Repeat step 4for different values of excitations (field current). Take readings up to rated armature
current. Maintain constant speed for all readings
Measure the value of armature resistance per phase Ra by multimeter or by ammeter- voltmeter
method.
Plot the characteristics and find the synchronous impedance.
PRECAUTIONS:
All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.
Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starter’s moving arm is at it’s maximum
resistance position.
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Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connections are checked by the teacher
Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft so that it reads correctly.
Ensure that the winding currents do not exceed their rated values.
TABULATION-
EFFICENCY
SL NO VOLTAGE CURRENT
CONCLUSION
Hence we perform short circuit & open circuit test & find the losses & efficiency.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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EXPERIMENT NO-11
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Construct switch board using cut-out, switches, plugs, holder and two ways Switch.
APPARATUS:-
1. Switch board
2. Switches
3. Plugs
4. Holder
5. Wire
6. Wire cutter
PROCEDURE:
SAFETY PRECAUTION-
Students should wear safety shoes inside the lab.
Students should try to use insulated instruments
Never touch any bare conductor.
CONCLUSION
Hence Constructed a switch board using cut-out, switches, plugs, holder and two ways Switch.
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WORKSHEET
Checked and verified (Signature with date of Lab in charge)
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