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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
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GCE Ordinary Level
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MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series
5090 BIOLOGY
5090/21 Paper 2 (Theory), maximum raw mark 80
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.
Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2014 series for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.
Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Mark schemes will use these abbreviations:
; separates marking points
/ alternatives
() contents of brackets are not required but should be implied
R reject
A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or guidance for examiners)
AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
AVP alternative valid point (where a greater than usual variety of responses is expected)
ORA or reverse argument
underline actual word underlined must be used by candidate (grammatical variants excepted)
max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given
+ statements on both sides of the + are needed for that mark
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Section A
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
1 (a) (i) red (blood cell) ; [2]
absorb / carry / transport oxygen / transport CO2 ; R carry substances
Ig contain haemoglobin
(ii) thinner in middle / ref. biconcave ; [3]
ref. haemoglobin ;
more (haemoglobin) at edges than at centre ;
light more easily able to pass through centre ;
lack of nucleus ;
(b) (i) B – white blood cell (phagocyte) [1]
C – white blood cell (lymphocyte) ;
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
(b) (ii) problem:
reduced immunity / immune response / less able to fight infection / kill [1] A named diseases R leukaemia
microorganisms or pathogens / more likely to suffer (infectious) A bacteria / virus / fungi Ig germs
disease* ;
explanation: [3] Max. 3 for explanations.
ref. phagocytosis ;
ref. antibody production ;
microorganisms / pathogens/bacteria/viruses / remain in blood / body / not
destroyed ;
more likely to succumb to (infectious) disease* AW ; * accept once only in either place
Total [10]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
2 (a) carbon dioxide + oxygen ; [1] A CO2 and O2
(b) (i) thicker in mammals / ora ; [2]
by 2.5 times / use of comparative figures ; A 0.2 µm and 0.5 µm
(ii) (thinner barrier) results in faster/greater gas exchange / diffusion ; [3]
more oxygen supplied / more carbon dioxide removed ;
ref. (aerobic) respiration ;
ref. increased (respiration) ;
ref. muscles ;
Total [6]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
3 (a) peristalsis ; [4]
muscles ;
circular ;
contract ;
behind food ;
longitudinal ;
relax + ref to food ;
pushing (bolus / AW) ;
wave action / rhythmic ;
(b) less digestion ; [4]
of protein ;
ref. protease / pepsin ;
(enzyme) no / reduced activity ; A work best in acid conditions
(stomach) change in pH (if direction stated must be R drug neutralises the acid
correct) / acidity / less acid ;
ref. fewer microorganisms / bacteria / pathogens killed ;
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
(c) (i) antibiotic ; [1] A named antibiotic, e.g. metronidazole,
tetracycline
(ii) ref. resistant (bacteria) ; [3] R ref. immunity
can multiply / reproduce/increase in number (again) ;
pain / symptoms can recur / ulcer continues to grow AW ;
ref. unable to kill / remove resistant bacteria using same
antibiotic / bacteria tolerant / AW ;
Total [12]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
4 (a) (i) root + hair / epidermis ; [1]
(ii) osmosis / diffusion ; [3] R active transport
high water conc. to low(er) water conc. / down water potential
gradient / hypotonic to hypertonic ;
through / across partially permeable (AW) ;
membrane ;
(b) (i) (at Y) (initial) increase in O2 concentration leads to increase in uptake ; [2]
(at X or Z) (further) increase in O2 concentration leads to no increase in
uptake ;
(ii) process during section X: diffusion ; [5]
process during section Y: active transport / active uptake ;
explanation: Max. 3 for explanations.
(during) X / diffusion + passive / not energy-requiring ;
(during) Y / active transport + requires energy ;
(energy for active transport from) respiration ; Ig against concentration gradient
respiration requires oxygen ;
(iii) rate of (ion) uptake dependent on another / other factor(s) / named factor 1
e.g. temperature / ref. other limiting factor ;
Total [12]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
5 (a) (i) tree: producer / 1st / 1 ; [2]
caterpillar: (primary / 1st order) consumer / herbivore / 2nd / 2 ;
(ii) correct shape ; [2]
correctly labelled with names of organisms / trophic levels ;
(iii) base (of pyramid) narrower / correct shape drawn ; [2] A labelled on diagram
ref. relative numbers of consumers ;
one tree ;
(b) Accept reverse arguments for marking points. [4] Ig ref to predators / disease
less energy required ;
to raise body temperature / keep body warm /
thermoregulation ;
ref. movement ;
ref. less muscle activity/use ;
Ig ref. energy production
ref. respiration ;
more energy available + increase biomass/grow ;
animals grow faster AW
(farmer) increased productivity / profit / lower feeding costs /
(consumer) lower cost to buy ;
Total [10]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Section B
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
6 (a) maintenance of / constant ; [2] A regulating / control
internal environment / conditions within the body ; Ig specific examples
(b) (i) low temperature detected ; [4]
by receptors / sensors on skin ;
brain ; A hypothalamus
any two corrective mechanisms from
shivering / hairs raised / sweating reduced/stopped /
vasoconstriction of blood vessels (R of capillaries) ;;
temperature rises again ;
(ii) (colon) water absorbed into blood ; [4]
rise / excess (in water content of blood) detected ; A ref. hypothalamus A correct ref. to ADH
excess water excreted / removed / more urine produced AW ;
by kidney ; A nephron
correct ref. ureter / bladder / urethra in correct context ;
Total [10]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
7 (a) Mitosis Meiosis [4] All points must be comparative to gain credit.
2 daughter cells 4 daughter cells
haploid diploid
chromosome number chromosome number
maintained halved
occurs in all organs / body occurs in gamete producing
cells organs / named
produces body cells / used in produces gametes / named
growth
ref. asexual reproduction ref. sexual reproduction
no genetic variation in genetic variation in offspring
offspring AW AW
(b) Father ; [1]
Max 5 from the following: [5]
father is XY / contains Y chromosomes ; A marks in Punnett Square
mother is XX / does not contain Y chromosomes ;
father produces sperm with either X or Y (chromosomes) ;
mother produces eggs only with X (chromosomes) ;
sex depends on which sperm fertilises the egg ;
1:1 male : female in offspring / AW ;
Total [10]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 12 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Section C
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
8 (a) animals cannot manufacture own food / not producers / AW ; [6]
(photosynthesis) converts light energy into chemical energy ;
(in the form of) carbohydrate (A named carbohydrate) ; A as equation
correct ref. to another dietary component ;
ref. carbon cycle / carbon in CO2 made available to humans ; A ref. to food chains
(humans) eat food / AW ; A depend on food produced by plants
digested ;
assimilated / built up to form other chemicals (in humans) ;
provides energy (to humans) ;
ref. human respiration ;
requires O2 + from photosynthesis ;
CO2 used in photosynthesis + removal from atmosphere ;
ref. farming + livelihood/profit / commercial use of plant A e.g. wood for housing, medicines, etc.
products ;
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 13 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
(b) magnesium: [4]
yellow + leaves / stunted growth ; A description of stunted growth
chlorophyll production ;
nitrate:
EITHER * reason must match appearance to score both
stunted growth ; marks
protein synthesis*;
A ref. to amino acids, etc.
OR
yellow + leaves ;
chlorophyll production*;
Total [10]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 14 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
Question Expected Answer Mark Guidance
9 (a) bread: [4]
fungus / yeast ;
fermentation / (anaerobic) respiration ;
CO2 production + dough rises / improves texture of bread ;
yoghurt:
bacteria/bacterium / Lactobacillus ;
(milk sugar / lactose) to lactic acid ;
(lactic acid) thickens / clots milk / gives sour taste ;
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
Page 15 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2014 5090 21
(b) Penicillium; [6]
sterilised + prevent contamination AW ;
substrate / nutrient medium / culture medium ;
protein / amino acids provided ;
for growth ;
carbohydrate / glucose provided ; A named carbohydrate
for respiration / ref. energy ;
supply of oxygen / air ;
ref. sparger + bubbles or ref. surface area / paddles + stirring ;
ref. control of temp ;
ref. control of pH ; A 25–45 °C / pH 5–8 if stated
extraction / filtration / purification / crystallisation ;
Total [10]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014
