PMT

Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2017
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2017 series for most
®
Cambridge IGCSE , Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

® IGCSE is a registered trademark.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 11 printed pages.

© UCLES 2017 [Turn over

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0610/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
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Mark schemes will use these abbreviations

• ; separates marking points

• / alternatives
• I ignore
• R reject
• A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or guidance for examiners)
• AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual)
• AVP any valid point
• ecf credit a correct statement / calculation that follows a previous wrong response
• ora or reverse argument
• () the word / phrase in brackets is not required, but sets the context
• underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants excepted)
• max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

1(a)(i) carbon dioxide / CO2 / water / H2O (vapour) ; 2

(respiring / all) cells / tissues / mitochondria / named tissue(s) / R alveoli / lungs
named organ(s) ;

1(a)(ii) urea ; 2 A ammonia / ammonium / creatin(ine)

/ uric acid / urine
toxic / poisonous / harmful / waste / AW ;

1(b)(i) glomerulus ; 1 A ball / knot / AW, of capillaries

A Bowman’s capsule / basement
membrane

1(b)(ii) red (blood) cells / erythrocytes ; 2

phagocytes ;
lymphocytes ;
named plasma proteins ;; e.g. albumen / fibrinogen / insulin
/ glucagon / thrombin / antibodies
/ clotting factors
platelets ;

1(c)(i) microvilli – E ; 3
nucleus – A ;
mitochondrion – C ;

1(c)(ii) stores / contains, chromosomes / genes / alleles / genetic information / DNA ; 1

controls the (activity / reactions of the) cell ; I ‘controls movement of cell’
controls how cells, develop / divide / reproduce / grow ;
idea that it stores instructions for, making proteins / protein synthesis / making RNA ; I giving instructions unqualified
AVP ; A ‘codes for protein’
e.g. making ribosome(s)

1(c)(iii) small intestine / duodenum / ileum ; 1 A villi / jejunum / tongue / liver / egg cell
/ white blood cells / ear / nose

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

1(c)(iv) (microvilli give a) large surface area ; 4

for diffusion / described as movement down a concentration gradient ; mp2 is linked to mp1

lots of, mitochondria / C ;

C / mitochondria, are the site of (aerobic) respiration ;
C / mitochondria, provide energy / make ATP ; R ‘produces energy’
energy / ATP, is needed for active transport ;
(active transport needed for) movement against concentration gradient ; e.g. substances pass to blood to maintain
concentration gradient
ref to carrier proteins (in cell membrane) ;
AVP ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

2(a) prevents contamination / transmission, of (named) pathogen / toxin ; 2

prevents, infection / spreading of disease / illness ; ora

2(b) 1 low (concentration) of lactic acid in blood at, rest / the start / before ; 6
2 lactic acid (concentration) increases, steeply / quickly / AW, during exercise ;
3 reaches a peak / increases and decreases ;
4 decreases steeply, then gradually after exercise ;
5 any use of figures ; e.g. peak at 13.2 mmol dm–3 at 15 minutes
± 0.2 mmol

explanation
6 oxygen, demand increases / does not reach muscles fast enough / AW ;
7 anaerobic respiration ;
8 provides / releases, energy ; A produces ATP R produce / makes,
energy’

9 anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid ;

10 lactic acid diffuses from muscles into the blood ;
11 lactic acid is, broken down / respired / oxidised / converted to glucose / AW ;
12 in the liver ;
13 ref. to oxygen debt ;

2(c)(i) P 12 (km h–1) and Q 10 (km h–1) ; 1 One mark only both must be right

2(c)(ii) idea that trained athlete / P, has a higher level of (aerobic) fitness (than Q) ; 1 A P, is fitter than Q / has trained more
than Q
difference in, gender / age / height / mass / lung capacity / lung mass
/ stroke volume / muscle type ;
AVP ; e.g. ref to genetics but not different genes

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

2(c)(iii) 4
1 increase in demand for energy ; A ‘needs’ more energy
2 increase in (aerobic) respiration ;
3 increase in demand for oxygen ;
4 increase in carbon dioxide (concentration) ;
5 decrease in pH / increase in acid, in the blood ;
6 detected by the, brain / chemoreceptors ;
7 (brain stimulates) an increase in breathing rate / faster breathing ;
8 (brain stimulates) an increase in depth of breathing / AW ;
9 ref to negative feedback in correct context ; e.g. rate of breathing remains high until
carbon dioxide concentration returns to,
normal / set point

Question Answer Marks Guidance

3(a) 1 (immediate / steep) increase in numbers / no lag phase ; 3

2 exponential / log, phase ;
3 decelerating phase / described as increase slowing down ;
4 stationary phase / plateau / levels off / remains constant ;
5 levels, at 1.6 to 1.65 million / from between 1850 and 1875 ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

3(b) population increases 3

1 more births than deaths ;
2 more sheep are imported ;
3 more food needed for increasing human population ;
4 idea that more sheep needed for, export / economy of Tasmania ;

population remains constant

5 idea that population reaches, carrying capacity / described ; e.g. maximum that the land can support
6 number of births = number of deaths / culling for meat / AW ;

7 any ref to limiting factor(s) in correct context in either increase or plateau ; I drought / floods / any other natural
8 any example of a limiting factor ; disaster
resources
food supply
water supply
space / area of land for grazing / AW
disease
predators
competitors

3(c) 1 idea that farmer, chooses / selects (animals that are best adapted to conditions) ; 4
2 appropriate named feature(s) ;
3 selected animals bred together / (cross) breed them ;
4 select the offspring that show the features required ;
5 repeat, the selection and breeding / the process ;
6 idea that imports (male) sheep with desired features to mate with flock ;
7 uses artificial insemination ;

3(d) providing for the needs of (the increasing) humans (population) ; 2 A examples of development, e.g.
roads / houses / cities / urbanisation
/ AW
without harm to the (natural) environment / ecosystem(s) / habitat / biodiversity ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

4(a) little / less / AW / no, variation / (genetic) diversity ; 4 A fewer alleles I ref to gene(s)
ref to becoming homozygous ; R cloning / uniform(ity)
less chance of, surviving / adapting / evolving, to, changing conditions / new environments / (new)
disease ;
risk of extinction ;
increase chance of genetic disease ; A increased risk of abnormalities
/ genetic ‘weakness’ / AW
adapted variety spreads / AW ;
only one plant needed / no mate required ; R if ‘asexual reproduction’ is given
greater chance of pollination / ensures pollination occurs ;
idea that reproduction / fertilisation, successful if no other plants (of same species)
nearby ;
less wastage of pollen ; A gametes I no wastage
not dependent on (named) agent of pollination ;

AVP ; no hybrid vigour / smaller gene pool

4(b)(i) term example in P. sativum 4

dominant trait purple flowers

recessive allele b;

phenotype (flower) colour / purple (flowers) / white

(flowers) ;
homozygous genotype BB and / or bb ;

heterozygous genotype Bb ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

4(b)(ii) parental 5
phenotype purple flowers x white flowers purple flowers x white flowers

parental
genotype Bb x bb BB x bb ;

genotypes
of gametes B b + b (b) B B + b (b) ;

offspring
genotypes Bb bb Bb (Bb);
offspring
phenotypes purple flowers, white flowers ; purple flowers ;

4(c)(i) test cross 1 2

GG x GG / GG x Gg A GG on its own R GG x gg ;

test cross 2

Gg x Gg ; A Gg on its own

4(c)(ii) white plants are, homozygous recessive / gg ; 2

(white plants / no chlorophyll) cannot, photosynthesise / produce own food ;
(therefore white plants) do not grow into mature plants / do not produce flowers / die before I cannot survive unqualified
reproducing / AW ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

5(a) Helicobacter ; 1

5(b) circular DNA / chromosome ; 2 A naked, DNA / chromosome

plasmid(s) ;
cell membrane ;
cell wall (not made of cellulose) ;
cytoplasm ;
capsule ;
(small) ribosomes ;
flagella ; I cilia
AVP ; e.g. pili

5(c)(i) antibiotic(s) ; 1

5(c)(ii) (stomach / hydrochloric / gastric) acid / HCl / mucus ; 1

5(d) active immunity 4

1 exposure to antigen ; ora
2 after, infection by pathogen / vaccination ;
3 immune response occurs / antibodies produced ;

passive immunity
4 antibodies acquired from another individual ;
5 e.g. by breast milk / injection of antibodies ;
6 active is, permanent / long-term (immunity) ; ora
7 ref to memory cells, in active / not in passive ;
8 response is slow on first exposure in active ; ora

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

6(a) 4
blood vessel name of blood vessel oxygenated /
deoxygenated
A hepatic portal vein deoxygenated ;

B (inferior) vena cava deoxygenated ;

C pulmonary vein oxygenated ;

D aorta oxygenated ;

E femoral artery oxygenated ;

6(b)(i) chemical / substance, made by a gland ; 2 I proteins R enzymes

travels in the blood (plasma) ;
alters the activity of one or more specific target organs ; A alters activity of / affects, target organ(s)
A controls

6(b)(ii) 1 controls blood, glucose / sugar, concentration / level ; 3

2 increased, uptake / respiration, of glucose ;
3 (simulates cells to) convert glucose to glycogen ;
4 idea that target organs are, muscle / liver ;
5 (so) decreases blood glucose concentration ;
6 ref to, negative feedback / homeostasis ;

6(c) 1 shunt vessels, constrict / close / AW ; 3

2 less blood flow through shunt vessels ;
3 arterioles, widen / dilate / relax ;
4 vasodilation (in context of arteries and arterioles) ; R if in context of capillaries / veins
A ‘blood vessels’

5 more blood flow (through capillaries) near the surface of the skin / AW ;
6 (more) heat loss from blood (by radiation) ;

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