STO.
NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
Name: ______________________________________________________ Score: ______________
Grade and Section: ____________________________________________ Date: ______________
MODULE NO. 1
Force, Motion, and Energy
LESSONS AND COVERAGE
Lesson 1: The Laws of Motion
Lesson 2: The Concept of Work
LESSON 1
The Laws of Motion
INTRODUCTION:
Trying out amusement rides are so exciting. Often, the ride would start slowly, then move faster and faster, and
eventually slow down to a stop to let people get on and off. Changes like slowing down and speeding up are not the only
movements experienced in the rides. Sometimes you feel like you are being pushed to the side or pulled towards other
directions. In grade 7, you learned that motion of objects can be described using several physical quantities like distance,
displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. These are all kinematic quantities which describe the motion of objects.
Once again, you will help Molly in her explorations about changes in motion.
Force is often qualitatively described as a push or pull
upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction
with another object. Whenever there is an interaction
between two objects, there is a force upon each of the
objects. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
FORCE FACTS
Force is usually expressed in units called Newton (N).
Forces are also considered as vector quantities. They are expressed in both magnitude and direction. For example,
a push of 500 N was exerted towards the right. The magnitude is 500 N while the direction is towards the right.
Page 1 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
NET FORCE
Contact Forces versus Non-contact Forces
Contact forces are present when direct touching or collision of the interacting objects is observed. Some examples of this
force are friction, applied force, normal force, spring force, and buoyant force. Some forces, however, may be
observed even if the interacting objects are not directly touching one another. These forces are called non-contact forces
in nature are gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force.
Molly and Mama Milly boarded a bus bound to Tagaytay to visit
an amusement park there. While on the bus, Molly took out a
pandesal from a small plastic bag. She held the plastic bag to her
mom, offering her pandesal. Mama Milly reached for the bag while
Molly still holds on to it. Molly noticed that the plastic bag kept
swaying even when both of them were holding the plastic. Amazed
by what she saw, Molly started thinking about the forces applied
on the plastic bag while she and her mom held on to it. When Molly
held the plastic, she applied a force on the plastic. When her mom
held it with her, another force was applied on the plastic. Who is
really exerting a force on the plastic? Can Molly’s force and that of
her mom combine? Yes indeed! This is what we called a net force.
Net force is the sum of all the forces acting on an object.
Let us study Figure 1.1
F= 100 N
Say a box is pushed towards the right with a force of 100 N. The magnitude of this force is 100 N and the
direction is towards the right (+). The arrow represents the amount of force exerted on the box. Since only one force acts
on the box, the net force on the box is 100 N. What if two forces are applied on the box?
F= 100 N F= 600 N
With two forces acting on the box, we need to note the direction of forces acting on the box. If the arrows face
each other, the one towards the right is given a (+) sign, while the one towards the left has (-) sign. Note that the signs are
just conventions. To determine the net force, the forces are added algebraically.
Page 2 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
The algebraic sum of the forces is -500N. The (-) sign means that the net force is directed to the left
following the direction of the force with larger magnitude. A different case, however, will be presented if the forces acting
on the box point at the same direction.
Let us study Figure 1.2
F= 100 N F= 600 N
With two forces pointing in the same direction while acting on the box, we need to note the direction of forces
acting on the box. Algebraically, the net force is:
Fnet = Fx1 + Fx2
Fnet = +100N + (+600N)
Fnet = +700N
The algebraic sum of the forces is +700N. The (+) sign means that the net force is directed to the right following
the common direction of the applied forces. Easy isn’t it?
Look at the other examples below!
Fnet = Fx1 + Fx2
Fnet = +50N + (-20N)
F= 50 N F= 20 N Fnet = +30N
Fnet = Fx1 + Fx2
Fnet = +100N + (-100N)
F= 100 N F= 100 N Fnet = 0N
Fnet = Fx1 + Fx2
Fnet = +500N + (-1000N)
F= 500 N F= 1000 N Fnet = -500N
Page 3 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF INERTIA
LAW OF INERTIA
Law of inertia or Newton’s first law of motion,
states that the body at rest will remain at rest
and a body in motion will move in a constant
speed in a straight line unless an external force
acts on it
Two Clauses and a Condition
There are two clauses or parts to this statement - one that predicts the behavior of stationary objects and the other that
predicts the behavior of moving objects. The two parts are summarized in the following diagram.
The behavior of all objects can be described by saying that objects tend to "KEEP ON DOING WHAT THEY'RE
DOING" (unless acted upon by an unbalanced force). If at rest, they will continue in this same state of rest. If in motion
with an eastward velocity of 5 m/s, they will continue in this same state of motion (5 m/s, East). If in motion with a
leftward velocity of 2 m/s, they will continue in this same state of motion (2 m/s, left). The state of motion of an object is
maintained as long as the object is not acted upon by an unbalanced force. All objects resist changes in their state of
motion - they tend to "keep on doing what they're doing”. There is an important condition that must be met in order for the
first law to be applicable to any given motion. The condition is described by the phrase "UNLESS ACTED UPON BY
AN UNBALANCED FORCE”. As the long as the forces are not unbalanced - that is, as long as the forces are balanced -
the first law of motion applies.
You tend to move You feel a backward force
forward when a sudden when the bus moves
break is applied. quickly from rest.
LAW OF INERTIA
IN OUR DAILY LIFE
Tightening of seat belts in
When you shake a branch
a car when it stops
the leaves get detached.
quickly.
Page 4 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF
ACCELERATION
Newton’s second law of motion is closely related to Newton’s first law of motion. It mathematically states the cause and
effect relationship between force and changes in motion. Newton’s second law of motion is more quantitative and is used
extensively to calculate what happens in situations involving a force. Before we can write down Newton’s second law as a
simple equation giving the exact relationship of force, mass, and acceleration, we need to sharpen some ideas that have
already been mentioned.
What do we How does
mean by a change force affects
in motion? acceleration?
How does
acceleration
produced? What is
acceleration?
Molly had a great time learning about the law of inertia. She was amazed by the thought that a lot of inertia is
present in our daily life. She wondered if the second law of motion also presents in our daily life especially in the
amusement rides she was in right now. But instead of spending time in wondering, she took if further and tried the zip.
The ride attendants helped Molly wear her safety harness and strapped her securely to the cable support. Then, they gave
her a push. Viola! Molly traverses high up in the air.
The force exerted on her by the attendants made Molly’s state of motion change. This change in speed or velocity
in a time interval is known acceleration.
Let us study the second law of motion more closely!
What will happen when a boy pushes a box with all his might?
What if a bigger boy pushes the same box with all his might?
Page 5 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
The bigger boy would, of course, apply a larger force than the first boy. What do you think will happen to the
same box? The two boxes would change its state of motion. The box that was pushed by the bigger boy would be greatly
accelerated compared to the box that was pushed by the first boy. Then, what can we infer from these situations?
The larger the push or the force applied, the greater acceleration occurs considering, however, that the mass of the
object being pushed is uniform or constant. From what Molly found out, a constant change in the acceleration is observed
when a constant increase in the applied force is done. This is known as a direct proportionality relationship.
The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the
mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass
of an object is increased, the acceleration of an object is decreased.
This verbal statement can be expressed in equation form as follows:
a = Fnet / m
The above equation is often rearranged to a more familiar form as shown below. The net force is equated to the
product of the mass times the acceleration.
Fnet = m • a
Where m represents the mass, a as the acceleration and Fnet as the netforce.
Consistent with the above equation, a unit of force is equal to a unit of mass times a unit of acceleration. By
substituting standard metric units for force, mass, and acceleration into the above equation, the following unit equivalency
can be written.
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2
The definition of the standard metric unit of force is stated by the above equation. One Newton is defined as the
amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s.
EQUATIONS NEEDED
a = Fnet / m
Fnet = m • a
m = Fnet / a
Page 6 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
Example: Ben pushed a 2.5 kg papaya across a table. If the acceleration of the papaya is 3.0 m/s² to the right, what is the
net external force exerted on the papaya?
Given: m = 2.5kg
a = 3 m/s² to the right
Required to find (RTF) = F net
Solution: F net = m • a
Fnet = 2.5 kg • 3 m/s²
Fnet = 7.5 N, to the right
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION: LAW OF INTERACTION
According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other, they
exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward
force on the chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body. There are two forces
resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two
forces are called action and reaction forces and are the subject of Newton's third law of motion.
Formally stated, Newton's third law is:
FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION
The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The
size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first
object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite
action-reaction force pairs.
Examples:
1. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. But the push on the water will only serve to accelerate
the water. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the water must also be pushing the fish
forward, propelling the fish through the water.
2. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. Since forces result
from interactions, the air must also be pushing the air upward.
Page 7 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
STO. NIÑO FORMATION AND SCIENCE SCHOOL
San Roque, Rosario, Batangas
SCIENCE B
Grade 7 and Grade 8 Department
Grade 8
LESSON 2: THE CONCEPT OF WORK
INTRODUCTION:
When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the object, it is work was done upon the object. In
physics, work is mathematically described as the product of the net force applied on an object and the parallel
displacement on an object. There are three key ingredients to work – force, displacement, and cause. In order for a force
to qualify as having done work on an object, there must be a displacement and the force must cause the displacement.
Work (W) is said to be done when the applied net force on the object is parallel to its displacement.
When Molly pushes a grocery cart, for an example, an applied net force is exerted on the cart,
causing the cart to be displaced in the direction of the net force. If she exerts a 500N net force with a
resulting displacement of 1m, then:
W = F|| d
W = (500 N) (1m)
W = 500 J
Joule (J) is as the standard unit of work named in honor of James Prescott Joule
and his experiments on the nature of heat and its relationship to mechanical work. In more fundamental terms, 1 joule is
equal to 1 newton-meter and in terms of SI base units:
1 J = 1kg • m²/s²
What if Molly picks up a grocery item? Was work also done? When she picks up an
item, she exerts a net upward force which causes the object to be displaced upward. If a net
upward force of 50 N is exerted on an item, causing it to be vertically displaced by about
30 cm, what would be the equivalent work done by Molly on the item? Converting 30 cm to
m gives a work done equal to:
W = F|| d
W = (50 N) (0.3m)
W = 15 J
Page 8 of 8
MS. ELOISA M. EGUIA
Subject teacher – Science B
eeguia1229@gmail.com
