1.

The diagram below (not to scale) represents some of the electron energy levels in the hydrogen
atom.

________________________________ n = 
________________________________ n = 6
________________________________ n = 5

________________________________ n = 4

________________________________ n = 3

________________________________ n = 2

________________________________ n = l

(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the electron transition for the ionization
of hydrogen. Label this arrow A.
(2)

(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the lowest energy transition in the
visible emission spectrum. Label this arrow B.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

3
2. Tritium, 1T , is an isotope of hydrogen.

(i) State the number and type of sub-atomic particles in a tritium atom and the location of
each type.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................
(2)

1
 (ii) Write balanced equations to represent the formation of the following compounds, starting
with T2 or T2O.

NT3: ...............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

NaOT: .............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

3. The percentage composition by mass of a hydrocarbon is C = 85.6% and H = 14.4%.

(a) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) A 1.00 g sample of the hydrocarbon at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of

5 3
1.01×10 Pa (1.00 atm) has a volume of 0.399 dm .

(i) Calculate the molar mass of the hydrocarbon.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................
(2)

2
 (ii) Deduce the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

15
7 3–
4. State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the ion N .

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total 2 marks)

3
5. A sample of germanium is analysed in a mass spectrometer. The first and last processes in mass
spectrometry are vaporization and detection.

(a) (i) State the names of the other three processes in the order in which they
occur in a mass spectrometer.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) For each of the processes named in (a) (i), outline how the process occurs.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

4
 (b) The sample of germanium is found to have the following composition:

70 72 74 76
Isotope Ge Ge Ge Ge
Relative abundance / % 22.60 25.45 36.73 15.22

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium, giving your
answer to two decimal places.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

6. Define the following terms.

(i) atomic number

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) mass number

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

5
7. State the electron arrangements of the following species:

Si ........................................................................................................................................

3–
P ........................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)

33 2–
8. Identify the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the species S .

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)

9. State the electron arrangement for atoms of aluminium, nitrogen and fluorine.
(Total 2 marks)

10. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of the two
35 37
isotopes of chlorine, Cl and Cl in a sample of chlorine gas.
(Total 2 marks)

11. (a) Describe the following stages in the operation of the mass spectrometer.

(i) ionization
(2)

(ii) deflection
(2)

(iii) acceleration
(1)

6
 (b) (i) State the meaning of the term isotopes of an element.
(1)

85 87
(ii) Calculate the percentage abundance of the two isotopes of rubidium Rb and Rb.
(2)

(iii) State two physical properties that would differ for each of the rubidium isotopes.
(1)

3+ 3–
(iv) Determine the full electron configuration of an atom of Si, an Fe ion and a P
ion.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

12. Naturally occurring copper has a relative atomic mass, (Ar), of 63.55 and consists of two
63 65
isotopes Cu and Cu.

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass, Ar.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

7
 50
13. The element vanadium has two isotopes, 23 V and 51
23V, and a relative atomic mass of 50.94.

(a) Define the term isotope.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)

50
(b) State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 23 V.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)

(c) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)

(d) State the name and the mass number of the isotope relative to which all atomic masses
are measured.

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

8
14. (a) State a physical property that is different for isotopes of an element.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

35 37
(b) Chlorine exists as two isotopes, Cl and Cl. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is
35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

15. (a) Define the term isotope.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) A sample of argon exists as a mixture of three isotopes.

mass number 36, relative abundance 0.337%

mass number 38, relative abundance 0.0630%
mass number 40, relative abundance 99.6%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

9
 56 3+
(c) State the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the ion Fe .

electrons: ............................. protons: ............................. neutrons: ...........................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

16. (a) Define the term isotope.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

69 71
(b) A sample of gallium exists as two isotopes, Ga, relative abundance 61.2%, and Ga,
relative abundance 38.8%. Calculate the relative atomic mass of gallium.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

17. (a) Evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms is provided by line spectra.
State how a line spectrum differs from a continuous spectrum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) On the diagram below draw four lines in the visible line spectrum of hydrogen.
(1)

L o w e n e rg y H ig h e n e rg y

10
 (c) Explain how the formation of lines indicates the presence of energy levels.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

79 81
18. The element bromine exists as the isotopes Br and Br, and has a relative atomic mass of
79.90.

(a) Complete the following table to show the numbers of sub-atomic particles in the species
shown.

79 81 –
an atom of Br an ion of Br
protons
neutrons
electrons
(3)

79 81
(b) State and explain which of the two isotopes Br and Br is more common in the element
bromine.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The element calcium is in the same period of the Periodic Table as bromine.

(i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of calcium.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Deduce the formula of the compound calcium bromide.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

11
19. Some vaporized magnesium is introduced into a mass spectrometer. One of the ions that reaches
25 +
the detector is Mg .

25 +
(a) Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the Mg ion.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) State how this ion is accelerated in the mass spectrometer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

25 2+
(c) The Mg ion is also detected in this mass spectrometer by changing the magnetic field.
Deduce and explain, by reference to the m/z values of these two ions of magnesium,
25 2+ 25 +
which of the ions Mg and Mg is detected using a stronger magnetic field.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

12