1. What is the formula for the compound formed by calcium and nitrogen?

A. CaN

B. Ca2N

C. Ca2N3

D. Ca3N2
(Total 1 mark)

2. The boiling points of the hydrides of the group 6 elements are shown below.

400

300

Boiling point / K
200

100

0
H2 O H2 S H 2 Se H 2 Te

(i) Explain the trend in boiling points from H2S to H2Te.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)

1
 (ii) Explain why the boiling point of water is higher than would be expected from the group
trend.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

3. (i) State the shape of the electron distribution around the oxygen atom in the water molecule
and state the shape of the molecule.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)

(ii) State and explain the value of the HOH bond angle.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

2
4. Explain why the bonds in silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, are polar, but the molecule is not.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 2 marks)

5. The diagrams below represent the structures of iodine, sodium and sodium iodide.

A B C

(a) (i) Identify which of the structures (A, B and C) correspond to iodine, sodium and
sodium iodide.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)

(ii) State the type of bonding in each structure.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(3)

3
 (b) (i) Sodium and sodium iodide can both conduct electricity when molten, but only
sodium can conduct electricity when solid. Explain this difference in conductivity
in terms of the structures of sodium and sodium iodide.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(4)

(ii) Explain the high volatility of iodine compared to sodium and sodium iodide.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

6. Element X is in group 2, and element Y in group 17, of the periodic table. Which ions will be
present in the compound formed when X and Y react together?

A. X+ and Y–

B. X 2+ and Y–

C. X+ and Y2–

D. X2– and Y+
(Total 1 mark)

4
7. (a) Draw the Lewis structure of methanoic acid, HCOOH.

(1)

(b) In methanoic acid, predict the bond angle around the

(2)

(i) carbon atom. .....................................................................................................

(ii) oxygen atom bonded to the hydrogen atom. ...................................................

(c) State and explain the relationship between the length and strength of the bonds between
the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms in methanoic acid.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

5
8. Which of the following increase(s) for the bonding between carbon atoms in the sequence of
molecules C2H6, C2H4 and C2H2?

I. Number of bonds

II. Length of bonds

III. Strength of bonding

A. I only

B. I and III only

C. III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

9. The boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements increase in the order

H2S < H2Se < H2Te < H2O.

Explain the trend in the boiling points in terms of bonding.

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

6
10. Based on electronegativity values, which bond is the most polar?

A. B―C

B. C―O

C. N―O

D. O―F
(Total 1 mark)

11. What is the Lewis (electron dot) structure for sulfur dioxide?

A. O S O

B. O S O

C. O S O

D. O S O
(Total 1 mark)

12. Which substance is most soluble in water (in mol dm–3) at 298 K?

A. CH3CH3

B. CH3OCH3

C. CH3CH2OH

D. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
(Total 1 mark)

7
13. (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for CO2 and H2S showing all valence electrons.

(2)

(ii) State the shape of each molecule and explain your answer in terms of VSEPR theory.

CO2 .............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

H2S .............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(iii) State and explain whether each molecule is polar or non-polar.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

8
14. Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds.

CH3Cl ...................................................................................................................................

CH4 .......................................................................................................................................

CH3OH .................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

15. (i) List the following substances in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first).

CH3CHO C2H6 CH3COOH C2H5OH

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(ii) State whether each compound is polar or non-polar, and explain the order of boiling
points in (i).

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(8)
(Total 10 marks)

9
16. According to VSEPR theory, repulsion between electron pairs in a valence shell decreases in
the order

A. lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair.

B. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair.

C. lone pair-lone pair > bond pair-bond pair > bond pair-lone pair.

D. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair.
(Total 1 mark)

17. Which molecule is linear?

A. SO2

B. CO2

C. H2S

D. Cl2O
(Total 1 mark)

18. Why is the boiling point of PH3 lower than that of NH3?

A. PH3 is non-polar whereas NH3 is polar.

B. PH3 is not hydrogen bonded whereas NH3 is hydrogen bonded.

C. Van der Waals’ forces are weaker in PH3 than in NH3.

D. The molar mass of PH3 is greater than that of NH3.

(Total 1 mark)

10
19. Which molecule is non-polar?

A. H2CO

B. SO3

C. NF3

D. CHCl3
(Total 1 mark)

20. (a) An important compound of nitrogen is ammonia, NH3. The chemistry of ammonia is
influenced by its polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Polarity can be
explained in terms of electronegativity.

(i) Explain the term electronegativity.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(ii) Draw a diagram to show hydrogen bonding between two molecules of NH3.
The diagram should include any dipoles and/or lone pairs of electrons

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)

(iii) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonia molecule.

………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

11
 (iv) Explain why the ammonia molecule is polar.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

(b) Ammonia reacts with hydrogen ions forming ammonium ions, NH4+.

(i) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonium ion.

……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

(ii) Explain why the H–N–H bond angle of NH3 is different from the H–N–H bond
angle of NH4+; referring to both species in your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

21. Three scientists shared the Chemistry Nobel Prize in 1996 for the discovery of fullerenes.
Fullerenes, like diamond and graphite, are allotropes of the element carbon.

(i) State the structures of and the bonding in diamond and graphite.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

12
 (ii) Compare and explain the hardness and electrical conductivity of diamond and graphite.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)

(iii) Predict and explain how the hardness and electrical conductivity of C60 fullerene would
compare with that of diamond and graphite.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

22. What happens when sodium and oxygen combine together?

A. Each sodium atom gains one electron.

B. Each sodium atom loses one electron.

C. Each oxygen atom gains one electron.

D. Each oxygen atom loses one electron.

(Total 1 mark)

13
23. Which statement is correct about two elements whose atoms form a covalent bond with
each other?

A. The elements are metals.

B. The elements are non-metals.

C. The elements have very low electronegativity values.

D. The elements have very different electronegativity values.

(Total 1 mark)

24. In ethanol, C2H5OH (l), there are covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces.
Which bonds or forces are broken when ethanol is vaporized?

A. only hydrogen bonds

B. covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

C. covalent bonds and van der Waals’ forces

D. hydrogen bonds and van der Waals’ forces

(Total 1 mark)

25. Which substance has the lowest electrical conductivity?

A. Cu(s)

B. Hg(l)

C. H2(g)

D. LiOH(aq)
(Total 1 mark)

14
26. State the type of bonding in the compound SiCl4. Draw the Lewis structure for this compound.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total 3 marks)

27. Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(Total 3 marks)

15
28. (i) Use the VSEPR theory to predict and explain the shape and the bond angle of each of the
molecules SCl2 and C2Cl2

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(6)

(ii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

16
29. Which statement best describes the attraction present in metallic bonding?

A. the attraction between nuclei and electrons

B. the attraction between positive ions and electrons

C. the attraction between positive ions and negative ions

D. the attraction between protons and electrons

(Total 1 mark)

30. When the following bond types are listed in decreasing order of strength (strongest first), what
is the correct order?

A. covalent  hydrogen  van der Waals’

B. covalent  van der Waals’  hydrogen

C. hydrogen  covalent  van der Waals’

D. van der Waals’  hydrogen  covalent

(Total 1 mark)

31. Which statement is true for most ionic compounds?

A. They contain elements of similar electronegativity.

B. They conduct electricity in the solid state.

C. They are coloured.

D. They have high melting and boiling points.

(Total 1 mark)

17
32. What is the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory used to predict?

A. The energy levels in an atom

B. The shapes of molecules and ions

C. The electronegativities of elements

D. The type of bonding in compounds

(Total 1 mark)

33. Which fluoride is the most ionic?

A. NaF

B. CsF

C. MgF2

D. BaF2
(Total 1 mark)

34. Which substance is most similar in shape to NH3?

A. GaI3

B. BF3

C. FeCl3

D. PBr3
(Total 1 mark)

18
35. Which statement is a correct description of electron loss in this reaction?

2Al + 3S  Al2S3

A. Each aluminium atom loses two electrons.

B. Each aluminium atom loses three electrons.

C. Each sulfur atom loses two electrons.

D. Each sulfur atom loses three electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

36. Which molecule has the smallest bond angle?

A. CO2

B. NH3

C. CH4

D. C2H4
(Total 1 mark)

37. In which substance is hydrogen bonding present?

A. CH4

B. CH2F2

C. CH3CHO

D. CH3OH
(Total 1 mark)

19
38. Which is a correct description of metallic bonding?

A. Positively charged metal ions are attracted to negatively charged ions.

B. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to positively charged metal ions.

C. Positively charged metal ions are attracted to delocalized electrons.

D. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to delocalized electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

39. Draw a Lewis structure of a water molecule, name the shape of the molecule and state and
explain why the bond angle is less than the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule such as
methane.
(Total 4 marks)

40. Predict and explain the order of the melting point for propanol CH3-CH2-CH2-OH, butane
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 and propanone CH3-C=O-CH3 with reference to their intermolecular
forces.
(Total 4 marks)

41. What intermolecular forces are present in gaseous hydrogen?

A. Hydrogen bonds

B. Covalent bonds

C. Dipole-dipole attractions

D. Van der Waals’ forces

(Total 1 mark)

20
42. Which molecule is polar?

A. CO2

B. PF3

C. CH4

D. BF3
(Total 1 mark)

43. What are responsible for the high electrical conductivity of metals?

A. Delocalized positive ions

B. Delocalized valence electrons

C. Delocalized atoms

D. Delocalized negative ions

(Total 1 mark)

44. The elements sodium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur are in period 3 of the periodic
table.

Describe the metallic bonding present in aluminium and explain why aluminium has a higher
melting point than sodium.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

21
45. Which compound has the least covalent character?

A. SiO2

B. Na2O

C. MgCl2

D. CsF
(Total 1 mark)

46. When C2H4, C2H2 and C2H6 are arranged in order of increasing C–C bond length, what is the
correct order?

A. C2H6, C2H2, C2H4

B. C2H4, C2H2, C2H6

C. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6

D. C2H4, C2H6, C2H2

(Total 1 mark)

47. Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds?

A. MgCl2

B. HCl

C. H2CO

D. NH4Cl
(Total 1 mark)

22
48. When the species BF2+, BF3 and BF4– are arranged in order of increasing F−B−F bond angle,
what is the correct order?

A. BF3, BF4–, BF2+

B. BF4–, BF3, BF2+

C. BF2+, BF4–, BF3

D. BF2+, BF3, BF4–

(Total 1 mark)

49. Which species has a trigonal planar shape?

A. CO32–

B. SO32–

C. NF3

D. PCl3
(Total 1 mark)

50. Draw the Lewis structure of NCl3. Predict, giving a reason, the Cl – N – Cl bond angle in NCl3.
(Total 3 marks)

51. When C2H4, C2H2 and C2H6 are arranged in order of increasing C–C bond length, what is the
correct order?

A. C2H6, C2H2, C2H4

B. C2H4, C2H2, C2H6

C. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6

D. C2H4, C2H6, C2H2

(Total 1 mark)

23
52. What is the formula for an ionic compound formed between an element, X, from group 2 and an
element, Y, from group 16?

A. XY

B. X2Y

C. XY2

D. X2Y6
(Total 1 mark)

53. In the molecules N2H4, N2H2, and N2, the nitrogen atoms are linked by single, double and triple
bonds, respectively. When these molecules are arranged in increasing order of the lengths of
their nitrogen to nitrogen bonds (shortest bond first) which order is correct?

A. N2H4, N2, N2H2

B. N2H4, N2H2, N2

C. N2H2, N2, N2H4

D. N2, N2H2, N2H4

(Total 1 mark)

54. The compounds listed have very similar molar masses. Which has the strongest intermolecular
forces?

A. CH3CHO

B. CH3CH2OH

C. CH3CH2F

D. CH3CH2CH3
(Total 1 mark)

24
55. What is the shape of the CO32– ion and the approximate O–C–O bond angle?

A. Linear, 180

B. Trigonal planar, 90

C. Trigonal planar, 120

D. Pyramidal, 109
(Total 1 mark)

56. Arrange the following in decreasing order of bond angle (largest one first), and explain your
reasoning.

NH2–, NH3, NH4+

(Total 5 marks)

57. What is the formula of the compound formed when aluminium reacts with oxygen?

A. Al3O2

B. Al2O3

C. AlO2

D. AlO3
(Total 1 mark)

25
58. Which statement is true for compounds containing only covalent bonds?

A. They are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged
ions.

B. They are made up of metal elements only.

C. They are made up of a metal from the far left of the periodic table and a non-metal from
the far right of the periodic table.

D. They are made up of non-metal elements only.

(Total 1 mark)

59. How many electrons are used in the carbon-carbon bond in C2H2?

A. 4

B. 6

C. 10

D. 12
(Total 1 mark)

60. Which compound has the highest boiling point?

A. CH3CH2CH3

B. CH3CH2OH

C. CH3OCH3

D. CH3CHO
(Total 1 mark)

26
61. What type of solid materials are typically hard, have high melting points and poor electrical
conductivities?

I. Ionic
II. Metallic
III. Covalent-network

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

62. (i) Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
(3)

(ii) Use the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of H3O+ and C2H4. For each species, draw the
Lewis structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond angle(s).
(6)

(iii) Predict and explain whether each species is polar.

(2)

(iv) Using Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or N-H would be
most polar.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

63. Predict and explain which of the following compounds consist of molecules:
NaCl, BF3, CaCl2, N2O, P4O6, FeS and CBr4.
(Total 2 marks)

27
64. Diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene are three allotropes of carbon.

(i) Describe the structure of each allotrope.

(3)

(ii) Compare the bonding in diamond and graphite.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

65. State two physical properties associated with metals and explain them at the atomic level.
(Total 4 marks)

28