xfd|f] k'/miffy{

-q}dfl;s_
à jif{ M $% à cÍ M $ à ;Dk"0ff{Í M &( à ;fpg–c;f]h, @)&%

;Dkfbs
zlz kGyL
;x–;Dkfbs
bLg kGyL
;xfos ;Dkfbs
e]ifaxfb'/ s'jF /
e'jgk|;fb cof{n
;xof]u L d08n
uf]kfn kGyL
/fwf kGyL
lxdsnf /fgf
O{Zj/ lj=s=
k| s fzs
ls/0f k':tsfno
tD3f;, u'NdL -kmf]=g+= )&(–%@)@*&_
;Dks{ kmf]g g+= M )&(–%@)@^), %@)$*#
df] = g+ = M (*%!!$**)&, (&$&))@)&(, (*$&%)^@**
E-mail:hamropurushartha@gmail.com, shashipanthi9@gmail.com

d"No ?= %).– sDKo' 6 / ;]l 6·M O{Z j/ lj=s=,ljzfn >] i 7

d'b|0f M ;'lznf lk|06;{, u'NdL )&(–%@)$%)
E-Mail : spgulmi33@gmail.com
  
cfj/0f M % g+= k|b]z :t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngsf cltlyx¿ .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( s
xfd|f] k'¿iffy{-q}dfl;s_
¿kGb]xL k|ltlglw
sf7df8f}+ k|ltlglw uf] k fn kGyL
8f= b'uf{k|; fb cof{n kmf]g g+= 9857033338
kmf]g g+= 01-4820597 ?? zdf{
8f= nIdLsfGt kGyL kmf]g g+= 9847093011
kmf]g g+= 01-4820221 sljtf kGyL
uf] l jGbk|;fb kf]v /]n kmf]g g+= 9847033924
kmf]g g+= 9841849666 dfwj uf}t d
efg' e Qm d/fl;gL kmf]g g+= 9851013281
kmf]g g+= 9841713336 lrtjg k|ltlglw
w' | j /fh kGyL k" 0 f{ k |; fb clwsf/L
kmf]g g+= 014278651 kmf]g g+= 056-528160
s[ i 0fk| ; fb e08f/L‘d' d ' I f' ’ bfª k|ltlglw
kmf]g g+= 9856032477 ch'{ g k|; fb e§/fO{
kmf]g g+= 9868630461
kfNkf k|ltlglw kf]v/f k|ltlglw
sdn vqL zª\s / 1jfnL
kmf]g g+= 9847308908 kmf]g g+= 9856031444

ljb]z k|ltlglw
8f= dl0fnfn zdf{]k fWofo z+ s /k| ; fb zf:qL
s]= @@÷!* k~ru·f3f6 u9L s]G6, 3'Rr'kfgL /f]8, cgf/jfnf
jf/f0f;L, pQ/k|b]z, ef/t b]x/fb"g, pQ/fv08, ef/t
kmf]g g+= 00915422419906 kmf]g g+= 00919997207484
dx] G b|s 'df/ nD;fn lji0f' zdf{
n]gsf:6/ :6«L6–@@ kL= 8An"= 8L= sf]nf]gL
l;8\gL, c:6«]lnof l8km", saL{ P·nf]·, cf;fd, ef/t
kmf]g g+= 061412001769 kmf]g g+= 00913671273185
xl/gf/fo0f ;fksf] 6 f
&!(–;]d]sf Pe]Go" , ! cf/, l/hj'8, SjLG;, lhKsf]8–!!#*%, Go"of]s{, cd]l/sf
kmf]g g+= 1-347-510-2771
v xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 ;DkfbsLo
k':ts / k':tsfno
á ch/fd/ x'G5g\ cIf/x¿ . xfdL dfG5] aG5f}+ cIf/af6 . cIf/n] xfdL
;Eo eof}+, g}lts eof}+, 1fgL eof}+ . xfd|f 1fgx¿ cIf/af6 au]sf 5g\
:ju{·f em}+ . xfd|f z/L/x¿ If/ 5g\ . xfd|f s[ltx¿ cIf/ 5g\ . xfd|f 1fg,
snf, k|ljlw cIf/ 5g\ . ;+;f/df ;b}{ hfg]5g\ tL k':tfk':tf;Dd
cIf/df .
á cIf/x¿ cl8G5g\ k':tsdf . 1fg;fu/ 5rlNsG5–k':tsdf . xfdLn] j]b
k9\of}+, a'4 k9\of}+, s[i0f k9\of}+, Jof; k9\of}+, jfNdLls k9\of}+–k':tsdf .
xfdLn] xf]d/ k9\of}+, >Lxif{ k9\of}+, ?;f] k9\of}+, dfS;{ k9\of}+–k':tsdf . hxfF
k':ts 5g\, ToxfF 1fg 5 . hxfF 1fg 5, ToxfF ;'vzflGt 5 . k':tsaf6
;Dk"0f{ 1fg cfof] ;/]/ . 1fg ;fFr]/ /fVg'k5{ . ;'geGbf ax'd"No x'G5
1fg .
á k':tsx¿ 1fgsf ;|f]t x'g\ . hf]ufP/ /fVg'k5{ k':tsx¿ . k':tsx¿
kl9g'k5{–1fgsf] ltvf{ d]6\g . k':tsx¿ hxfF /flvG5g\, k':tsx¿ hxfF
kl9G5g\–To;nfO{ k':tsfno eG5f}+ xfdL . dfgj;Eotfsf k|tLs x'G5g\
k':tsfnox¿ . hxfF k':tsfno 5}gg\–ToxfF ;Eotf 5}g .
á ‘;d[4 k':tsfno M ;'b[9 ;dfh’ clxnsf] gf/f xf] xfd|f] . ;[b[9 ;dfh
x'gsf] nflu ;d[4 k':tsfno x'g'k5{ . kof{Kt k':tsx¿ ePsf], /fd|f]
Joj:yf ePsf], k9\g]x¿nfO{ ;'ljwf ePsf], o'ufg'sn" pks/0fn] ;';lHht
xf]–;d[4 eg]sf] . ;d[4 k':tsfno agfpg'k5{–;'b[9 ;dfh agfpg .
1fgL, bIf, gLlt1 gful/s ePdf ;'b[9 ;dfh aG5 .
á b]zljsf;sf s'/f u5f}{+ xfdL . ljsf;sf] cy{ xfF:g' / km'Ng' xf] . hxfF
gful/sx¿ k|;Gg / k|km'Nn x'G5g\–Tof] /fi6« ljsl;t x'G5 . ljsf;sf
;"rsx¿ ef}lts dfq x'Fb}gg\ cflTds, g}lts, ;f+:s[lts klg x'G5g\ .
dfG5]sf 1fg, lj1fg, snf, lzNk / k|ljlwnfO{ pGgt agfpg k9\g'k5{–
k':tsx¿ . ;dfhnfO{ ;d'Ggt agfpg rflxG5 k':tsfno .
ááá
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( u
 s'6'/f] k'msfpFbf
slt < s] < s;sf] < sxfF <
!= h'g b]zn] k|zf]wg gu/L === s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/ !
@= dfgjLo r]tgf / l;h{gfdf === df]bgfy k|l>t !$
#= ljZj gful/ssf] ¿kdf u'NdLsf === rGb|sfGt cfrfo{ !(
$= g]kfnL uhn, lx]hf] / cfh g]qgf/fo0f zdf{ @%
%= k§f efFlrPsf] uf8Ldf s0ff{nLsf]=== lzjz/0f 1jfnL @*
^= 8f=nIdLsfGt kGyL–Ps lrgf/L k|f=8f=b'uf{k|;fb cHof{n #%
&= b'O{ d'Qms w'|j ;'dg #(
*= ;"a ;]gsf] ‘zxLb s[i0fnfn’ === Clif cfhfb $)
(= lrtjgsf] dxfsfJoofqfdf === /d]z k|eft $$
!)= g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf]=== ofbjrGb| lg/f}nf %!
!!= ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf ;d:of=== jgdfnL lg/fsf/ %(
!@= kfFr gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd=== uf]kfn kGyL ^%
!#= k':tsfno ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf ;'lgtf ;]g 7s'/L &(

:yfoL :tDe
!$= ;DkfbsLo ;Dkfbs u
!%= e]63f6 bLg kGyL !
!^= ls/0f k':tsfnosf] kftf] ;lrj *#
!&= k':tsfno kl/ro ;'idf zdf{ *$
!*= gf}nf] ;[li6 M ;fgf] b[li6 ‘cls~rg’ *&
!(= otfptfaf6 k|]d s}bL *(
@)= kf7s–k|ltlqmof of]u]Gb| sfsL{ (!

))–))
3 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
e]63f6–*)
h'g b]zn] k|zf]wg gu/L sRrf kbfy{ /
;Lk gePsf] hgzlQm ljb]z lgof{t
u5{–Tof] b]z u/La / cljsl;t xf] .

s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/

->L s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/sf] hGd dftf >L ;/:jtL s'jF / / lktf >L l8¶f 6]saxfb'/
s'Fj/sf] rf}yf] k'q/Tgsf] ¿kdf @))( ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] ;f]daf/, u'NdL,
ef8ufpF, a]+xf]/]df ePsf] xf] . ;fg}b]lv d]wfjL / k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf
kl/lrt s'Fj/n] Pd\=P=, aL=Pn\= ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;flxTo / cy{zf:qsf 1ftf, s'Fj/
nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf sfo{/t /xg'ePsf] lyof] . pQm
;+:yfdf pk–dxfk|aGws -ljlzi6 >]0fL_ kbaf6 pxfF lgj[Q x'g'ePsf] lyof] .
clxn] hflu/af6 lgj[Q eP/ :jtGq ¿kdf /fi6«;]jfsf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn
x'g'x'G5 . cfly{s–ljdz{, ;+:s[lt, lzi6frf/ / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf ljifodf pxfFn]
cg]s u|Gyx¿ k|sflzt ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;/n / dL7f] efifdf n]lvPsf pxfFsf
s[ltx¿ k7gLo 5g\ . lzi6, ;Do, ldi7efifL s'Fj/n] ef/t, yfOn}08,
l;+ufk'/, xª\sª, O08f]g]lzof, lkmlnlkG;, Oh/fon, hd{gL, a]nfot, cd]l/sf
nufot cg]s b]zsf] e|d0f ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf != g]kfndf u|fdL0f
ahf/Ls/0f, @= Rural Development in Devewloping Countries
#= The Himalayan Poverty $= g]kfndf ul/aL / u|fdL0f ljsf; %= ul/aL
/ ;fd'bflos ljsf; ^= g]kfndf u|fdL0f shf{ &= g]kfndf ;+:yfgsf] sfg"gL
l:ylt %= lzi6frf/ / ;hutf h:tf u|Gyx¿sf cltl/Qm kqklqsfx¿df ;of}+
n]v/rgfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qsf o:tf ljlzi6
ljåfg\ JolQmTj, >L s[i0faxfb'/ s'Fj/;Fu xfd|f] k'?iffy{sf tkm{af6 bLg kGyLn]
u/]sf jftf{nfksf] ;f/;+If]k oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .–;Dkfbs_
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 1
! = tkfO{sf] hGd, j+z / lzIffsf] af/]df atfOlbg'x'G5 ls <
á d]/f] hGd u'NdL lhNnfsf] tD3f; glhs # ls=ld= k/sf] a]xf]/] ufpFdf ePsf]
xf] . of] nIdLk'/ ufpF k~rfotcGtu{t kb{Yof], kl5 cv{n] ufpF k~rfotsf]
jf8{ g+= * elgof] / To;kl5 @)$& df cv{n] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
gfds/0f eof] / ef8ufpF / a]xf]/] ldn]/ jf8{ g+= * aGof] . clxn] of] jf8{
g+= * /];'+uf gu/kflnsfsf] jf8{ g+= # aGg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfndf /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gn] s;/L ufpF jf a:tL slxn] s'g :yfgLo lgsfo / slxn] s'g
lgsfodf k5{g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . ljsf; / sfdeGbf klg gfd / ;Ldfgf
km]/]/ kl/jt{g vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ .
d]/f] a'jf l86\7f 6]saxfb'/ s'Fj/ -lj=;+= !(&^–@)^%_ sf] d rf}yf] k'q x'F .
d]/f a'af cv{n] ufpF k~rfotdf k|wfgk~r / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf cWoIf
eP/ Ps–Ps sfo{sfn latfpg'ePsf] lyof] . d]/f] xh'/ a'af rGb|jL/ s'Fj/
klxn] ef/tLo la|l6z ;]gfdf s]xL ;do / cGoq u/L /f]huf/L u/]/
kms]{kl5 ufpFdf d'lvof x'g'x'GYof] . lhh'a'af s0f{jL/ s'Fj/ g]kfnd} cdNbf/
bhf{;Dd x'ge ' Psf] /x]5 . a'af 6]saxfb'/ u'NdL lhNnf /fHo cbfnt w}/g] Ldf
w]/} jif{ hflu/ vfPkl5 tD3f;df tTsfnLg lrbLrf}/ xfn tD3f; v]n
d}bfgdf /x]sf] dx]Gb| xfO :s"nsf] :yfkgf, tD3f; ;b/d'sfd :yfkgf /
u'NdL lhNnf ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] ;lrj e} tD3f; ahf/ a;fpg] sfo{df ;d]t
;DnUg x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] ‘xfd|f] u'NdL, d]/f] cg'ej–@)%*’ eGg]
k':tsdf s]xL pNn]v ug'{ klg ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] kl/jf/ k':tfsf] lx;fan] ufpFsf] tfn'sbf/L, ;/sf/L hflu/,
/fhgLltsdL{, ;dfh;]jL kl/jf/ eP/ klg 7"nf] kl/jf/sf] sf/0fn] xf]nf,
cfly{s x}l;ot dWod cf};t kl/jf/sf] xf] .
xfd|f] k'/fgf] 3/ xfnsf] afndlGb/ ejg -Tolt a]nf hg >dbfgaf6 ag]sf
cbfnt ejg, tLg ;fFrf dfn c8\8f / x'nfs tyf kf]v/L lyP_ ;Fu}sf]
;8sdf xf] . ToxfF km';n] 5fPsf] Ps tn] ;Nnfsf] sf7 / df6f]sf] uf/f]
ePsf] 3/df ls/fgf tyf :6]zg/Lsf] ;fgf] b'sfg lyof] . ;+u}sf sf]7fx¿df
a'afn] c8\8fcbfntdf n]vfk9L ug'{x'GYof] . k9]n]v]sf dflg;x¿ cf}+nfdf uGg]
hlt ePsf] / sfof{nox¿ glhs /x]sf]n] xfd|f] 3/df ;w} le8 x'GYof] . lgs}
rxnkxn x'GYof] . u'NdL / c3f{vfFrL lhNnf Pp6} lyP, To;}n] ;b/d'sfd
tD3f; aLrdf kYof]{, c3f{vfFrL 5'l6\6P/ uPkl5 5]pFdf k/]sf] xf] . tD3f;
glhssf c3f{vfFrLsf afl;Gbfx¿ ptfsf] lhNnfeGbf tD3f;lt/ Jofkf/
Joj;fosf] cj;/ b]v]/ ot} a:g yfn] / w]/} pGglt u/], t/ :yfgLo
2 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 /}yfg]x¿n] vf;} Jofkf/ Joj;fodf k|ult ug{ ;s]gg\ . To;}n] tD3f;
ahf/df sf7df8f}+, a'6jndf em}+ cGoqsf afl;Gbfsf] afx'No 5 .
lhNnfe/df @–# j6f dfq ljBfno ePsf] a]nf, a'jf :yfgLo dx]Gb| xfO
:s"nsf] ;+:yfks ;lrj ePsf]n] k9\g] cj;/ ;xh lyof] . t/ ddflysf
tLg bfh'x¿n] aLr}df k9fO 5f]8\g] u/]sf]n] s[i0f klg k9\b}g ls eGg] a'afnfO{
lrGtf lyof] . To;}n] d}n] dg nufP/ k9]+, o;} aLrdf tD3f;sf] b'sfg klg
s]xL ;dokl5 aGb eof] / sfG5f] a'afn] tD3f;sf] hflu/ 5f]8]/ 5'l6\6leGb
ePkl5 a'af klg a]xf]/]d} a:g yfNg'eof] . d PSn} tD3f; a;]/ k9g yfn]+ .
d}n] P;\=Pn\=;L= To;} :s"naf6 u/]+ . xfdLeGbf Ps Aofrcl3;Dd P;\=Pn\=;L=
k/LIff lbg @ lbg lxF8]/ tfg;]g hfg'kYof]{ . xfd|f] kfnfb]lv tD3f;d} k/LIff
x'g yfn]sf] xf] . ;f] k/LIff lbFbflbFb} k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6
k|Zgkq cfp6 eof] eg]/ k/LIff /f]lsof] / Ps dlxgfleq} k'gM k/LIff
eof] . d km'6jn /fd|/L v]Ny]+ / km'Rr] eP klg l;lgo/ v]nf8Ln] dnfO{
l6ddf ;fd]n uy]{ . sf/0f lyof], d ;fg}df klg rf}w, kGw| jif{sf] x'Fbf g}
n]vfk9L u/]/ /fd|f] cfDbfgL uy]{+ . a'afsf O:6ldqx¿ cbfntdf cfpFy],
a'afnfO{ ge]6]kl5 c¿ n]vfk9L ug]{;Fu e]6fOlbg'kYof]{ / pgLx¿n] d:of}bf
-/km_ n]v]kl5 ;fkmL -/fd|f];Fu s]/d]6 gu/L g]kfnL sfuhdf ;kmf;Fu
n]Vg]_ ug{ lbGy] . d]/f cIf/ /fd|f lyP / g]kfnL sfuhdf l;wf / l56f] n]Vg
;Sy]+ . Tolt a]nf 6fOk jf sDKo'6/, kmf]6f]skL lyPg, To:tf dxŒjk"0f{
sfuhx¿ hlt k|lt klg xftn] n]Vg'kYof]{ . oxfF;Dd ls cfh d'b\bfsf] tf/]v
hfg] clGtd lbg xf] eg]/ ljBfnodf a;]/ kl9/x]sf] a]nfdf klg emul8ofx¿
of] gfgLnfO{ Psl5g 5f]l8lbg'k/Øf] eg]/ cfpFy] . dnfO{ nfh klg nfUYof],
t/ pgLx¿sf] ;d:of / a'af ljBfnosf] ;lrj ePsf]n] ;lhn} dnfO{
;/x¿n] k9fO/x]sf] a]nfdf klg 5f]l8lbg'x'GYof] . o;n] d]/f] k9fOdf afwf
k'/fO/x]sf] lyof] . k};fsf] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ePsf]n] v]nf8Lx¿n] lrofgf:tf
u/fpg ;S5 eg]/ klg dfof u/]sf xf]nfg\ . Ps hgf GofofwLzHo"n] Ps
lbg ltdL /fd|f] n]Vg ;S5f}, a'afsf] /fd|f] k|lti7f 5, o;/L ;fg} pd]/df
n]vfk9L ubf{ km;fpFnfg\, cGoq} k9\g hfpm eGg' ePkl5 d cln ;ts{
ePF . pxfFsf] ctL{ pkb]z 7Ls nfUof] .
@)@% ;fndf P;\=Pn\=;L= k/LIff ;s]kl5 a'af lgs} la/fdL k/]sf]n] tfg;]g
ldzg xl:k6ndf egf{ x'g'eof] . cln ;~rf] x'g nfu]kl5 pxfFnfO{ 3/ kmls{g
3/af6 3f]8f;lxt sfG5f] a'afnfO{ tfg;]g k7fpg d tD3f; cfPF . k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/L sfof{no -xfnsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no_ / lhNnf
k~rfot sfof{no Ps} 7fpFdf x'Gy] / b'a} sfof{nosf k|d'v k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/L lyP . ;xn]vfkfnsf] lj1fkg v'n]sf] /x]5, vfln a:g'eGbf d}n]
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 3
 klg lgj]bg lbg] ljrf/ u/]+ / g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnPF .
;xn]vfkfnsf] k/LIff eof] . d 5flgPF / hflu/ vfg yfn]+ . dlxgfsf]
vl/bf/;/xsf] kb eP tfklg ;xn]vfkfn ePsf]n] ? $).– eQf yk;lxt
?=!().– kfOGYof] . aLraLrdf :yfgLo r'gfj, e|d0faf6 klg eQf
ldNYof] .
clg u'NdL OG6/ sn]h v'Nof] / k9fO xfO :s"nd} laxfga]n'sf x'GYof] . # hgf
hltn] ToxfFaf6 cfO{=P= pQL0f{ u/] . @)@* ;fndf cfO{=P= k9\bf–k9\b}
g]kfndf gofF lzIff of]hgf nfu" ePsf] / of] sn]h sfFu|];L pTkfbg ug]{ 7fpF
eof] eg]/ ;/sf/n] lzIfs hlt c¿ sn]hdf ufEg] / cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
tfg;]g l:yt lqe'jg sn]haf6 k|f Oj]6 k/LIffyL{sf] ¿kdf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnoaf6 kmd{ eg{ nufOof] . tfg;]g a;]/ hfFr lbof}+ . kl5 glthf
k|sfzg x'Fbf g]kfn clw/fHoe/ k|yd >]0fLdf sf]xL pQL0f{ ePg5g\, #@
hgf låtLo >]0fLdf pQL0f{ ePsf /x]5g\ / tLdWo] d klg Ps /x]5' .
;/x¿n] s[i0f ltdL t /fd|f] k9\g ;Sg] /x]5f}, cln /fd|f] 7fpFdf sf7df8f}lt/
uP/ k9 eg]/ ;Nnfx lbg'eof] .
lhNnf k~rfot sfof{nodf hflu/ eO/x]sf] a]nf nfdf] labf lnP/ sf7df8f+}
hfg] ljrf/ u/]+ . Tolt a]nfsf] cfsfzjf0fL sfof{no -xfnsf] g]kfn
b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfg_sf ck/]6/ >L x]d/fh ;'j]bL sf7df8f}+ hfg'x'g] /x]5
sfof{nosf] sfdn], pxfF;Fu} hfg] leqL ;Nnfx u/]+ . legfh' / a'af ldn]/
;+u]+/Ldf ls/fgf / km]G;L tD3f;sf] gofF 3/df b'sfg z'? ug'{ePsf] lyof],
dnfO{ klg b'sfgdf a:g'kYof]{ . tfg;]gaf6 b'sfgsf ;fdfg k7fOlbg /
k'/fgf] /sd klg lbg'kg]{ ePsf]n] k};f nu]/ hfg a'af / legfh'n]
c/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . ToxL df}sfdf tfg;]g k'u]+ / /sd a'emfP/ ;fdfg c8{/
u/]/ el/ofx¿sf] lhDdf nufPF . 3/df sf7df8f}+ hfg] ;Nnfx u/]sf] lyOgF,
hflu/ / b'sfg b'a}df sfd ug]{ x'gfn] pxfFx¿n] zfob :jLs[lt lbg' x'Gy]g ls
h:tf] nfUYof] . To;}n] s]xL ;Nnfx gu/L sf7df8f}+ hfg] ;'j]bL;Fu e}/xjf
ljdfgaf6 sf7df8f}+ k'u]/ k'tnL;8s l:yt g]zgn sn]h -xfnsf] z+s/b]j
ax'd'vL SofDk;_ df aL=P=df egf{ eO{ cWoog ug{ yfn]+ . lk|lG;kn
z+s/b]j kGt lgeL{s lzIffk]|dL x'g'x'GYof], /fhfsf] a]nfdf ;d]t /fd|f] sfd
u/]afkt lje"if0f lbFbf d of]Uo 5}g ;/sf/ eg]/ c:jLsf/ ug'{ePsf] lyof]
/] ¤ u'NdLaf6 k9\g cfPsf] eg]/ dnfO{ pxfFn] cfkm" a;]sf] s';L{lg/ glhs}
af]nfpg'eof] / d]/f] kL7df xft /fv]/ Tolt 6f9faf6 k9g cfPsf /x]5f},
/fd|f];Fu k9 eGg' eof] / d]/f] kl/rokqdf b:tvt ul/lbg'eof] . pxfFn]
b:tvt u/]sf] kl/rokq cem} d;Fu 5 .
4 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 3/ kms{bf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Laf6 u'NdLdf klg zfvf vf]Ng ;lsG5 ls
eg]/ ljwfg, kmd{x¿ lnP/ uPF . Pp6f u'NdL lhNnf /]8qm;sf] tby{ ;ldlt
aGof], d klg ;+:yfks sf]iffWoIf eP/ s]xL ;do ;]jf ug]{ df}sf kfPF .
dnfO{ ;Dem]/ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, u'NdLn] @)&) efb|df ;DDffgsf
nflu lgdGq0ff u/]sf] lyof] To;sf] nflu ;f] ;+:yfk|lt cfef/L 5' .
aL=P= ;s]kl5 d s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf sfof{no k|aGws eP/ hflu/ ;'?
u/]+ . u'NdLsf] a]tnjL labfsf] hflu/af6 /flhgfdf lbPF . hflu/s} l;nl;nfdf
Pd=P= / aL=Pn= u/]+ . g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ C0fcg'bfg lbg] PlzofnL ljsf;
a}+s / l5d]ssf] s]Gb|Lo a}+s ef/tLo l/hj{ a}+s, o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] s]Gb|Lo
a}s
+ , Oh/fonsf] jfOh 8]enkd]G6 ;]G6/ h:tf k|ltli7t ;+:yfx¿df tflndsf]
l;nl;nfdf cg'ej a6'Ng] df}sf kfPF .
@ = tkfO{+n] g]kfndf ul/aL lgjf/0faf/] kof{Kt n]Vg'ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf
ul/aL lgjf/0fdf pNn]Vo r'gf}t L s] x'g\ <
á d k|aGws eP/ g]kfnsf w]/} lhNnfx¿df sfd ug]{ df}sf kfPF . cGt/f{li6«o
s[lif ljsf; sf]ifn] g]kfn / a+unfb]znfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fd'vL ;fgf ls;fg
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu g]kfn / a+unfb]z 5fg]sf] lyof] . of] sfo{qmd
a+unfb]zdf sf]ldNnf ljZjljBfnon] z'? ug{ rfv b]vfof] . g]kfndf Tolt
a]nfsf] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf ;f] sfo{qmd ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg ;s]g / sfo{qmd g} lkmtf{ hfg] ePkl5 s[lif ljsf; a}+snfO{ ;f]
lhDd]jf/L lbOof] . @)#@ ;fnlt/ z'? ePsf] of] sfo{qmdsf] g]t[Tj k|f]km];/
df]xdb o'g';n] u/]sf lyP / g]kfnsf] wg'iff lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/sf] ;fgf
ls;fg ljsf; cfof]hgfdf ;d]t cjnf]sg u/]sf lyP / u|fdL0f a}+s
cjwf/0ff Nofpg ;kmn eP . kmntM k|Voft gf]j]n k'/:sf/ klg kfP .
xf], g]kfndf ;~rflnt oxL ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmddf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df
sfd ubf{ lgDg cfly{s :t/sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ glhsaf6 lrGg] / ;d:of
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{ df}sf ldNof] . o;n] hxfF hfFbf klg
ul/aLnfO{ sd ug{ kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfUYof] . ToxL ;/]/f]km]/f]df /x]/ sfd
ubf{ @)%^ ;fndf g]kfndf ul/aL / u|fdL0f ljsf;;DaGwL k':ts k|sfzg
u/]+, tTsfnLg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf d sfo{/t
s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] d'Vo sfof{nodf g} cfP/ k':tssf] ljdf]rg u/]/
k|]/0ff lbg'eof] . To;kl5 dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng rs]{sf] a]nf ul/aLsf] ;d:ofn]
g]kfn dfq xf]Og, ljZjnfO{ g} vt/f x'g;S5 eg]/ cFuh]| Ldf The Himalayan
Poverty : Threat to the World k|sfzg u/]+ .

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 5
 ul/aL g]kfnsf] hxfFtFxL JofKt 5, ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L w]/} k|of;x¿
ePsf 5g\ . t/ eg] h:tf] ;kmntf kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf r'gf}tL
eg]sf PsLs[t ¿kdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng gx'g', sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf gx'g',
;/sf/L k|lta4tf gx'g' cflb x'g\ . To:t} ufFpdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
pkof]ueGbf klg zx/ knfog / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] ubf{ ufpF o'jfx¿af6
l/lQb} hfg' / s[lif pTkfbg 36\g' cflb x'g\ . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu
clkm|sL d'n's ?jf08fsf] df]8]n ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf g]kfndf em08} !^
jif{ ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] gfddf s'g} ;Da4 dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/Ldf glbO{
k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf /fvL ;~rfng ul/of] . t/ oxfF
g} a9L ;|f]tsf] lxgfldgf eof] eg]/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
d'2f rnfof] / bft[ ;+:yfn] klg lg/Gt/tf lbg rfx]g . g]kfndf xfn
k|wfgdGqL sfof{nosf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf s}of}+ lgsfo /fvL ljsf; / ;d[l4
Nofpg] eGg] ;'lgG5, t/ of] df]8]n g]kfndf c;kmn e};s]sf] 5 . /fd|feGbf
xfd|f dfG5]n] cj;/ kfpg] a]nf;Dd o:t} /xG5 .
o;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu tLgj6f ; cfjZos k5{ ;d"x, ;Lk / ;fgf]
k"FhL . ;d"x cyf{t\ u/Lad'vL kl/jf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu ;d"x
u7g ug]{, ;Lkaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ / l;s]sf] ;Lk pkof]usf]
nflu ;fgf] k"FhL h'6fOlbg] clg pTkfbg x'g yfN5 . lxhf]cfh 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgsf] 7"nf] ahf/ 5 / of] ahf/ OG6/g]6af6 ;+;f/e/
pknAw x'g ;S5 . elgG5 lg oxfF u'lnof] eP lbNnLsf dfvf oxL+
cfOk'U5g\ .
# = g]kfnsf] cy{tGq ;'b[9 agfpg s] ug'{k5{ <
á of] lgs} uDeL/ / cf]hgbf/ k|Zg ;f]Wg'eof] . g]kfnsf] cy{tGq ;'b[9 kfg{
cg]sf}+ k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o bftfx¿n] klg ;xof]u u/]sf
5g\ . ha;Dd xfdL g]kfnL g} Psh'6 x'Fb}gf}+, of] ;an x'g ;Sb}g . Pp6f
;/sf/n] u/]sf] /fd|f] sfdnfO{ csf]{ ;/sf/n] lg/Gt/tf glbg], ;s] csf]{
dGqLn] klg jf:tf gug]{, sd{rf/Lx¿ h'gh'g tGqx¿ cfFp5g\ ltgs} kl5
nfUg], clg s;/L ljsf; x'G5 < of]hgf /fd|f aG5g\, gLlt / /0fgLlt
Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}gg\, clg kl/0ffdd'vL x'Fb}gg\ . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf] hqf] of]hgfsf] 7]nL ;+;f/sf] s'g} d'n'ssf] 5}g . cem ePg
eg]/, k|To]s k|b]zdf of]hgf cfof]u 5g\ . tL ;ft} k|b]zsf of]hgfsf
lstfasf] cfsf/ sqf] xf]nf <
cy{tGq ;'b[9 kfg{ s]xL sfdx¿ ug{ h?/L 5, pTkfbg a9fpg], k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;fdflhs ;]jf cyf{t\ lzIff, :jf:Yodf hgtfsf] kx'Fr
6 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 a9fpg] . o;af6 cfly{s ultljlwx¿ x'G5g\ / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] j[l4
x'G5, /fh:j j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ s[lif j:t'x¿;d]t cfoft ePsf] xfnsf]
l:yltdf j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf ;fwf/0f n]vk9 u/]sf o'jfx¿n] k7fPsf]
/sd cyf{t \ l/ld6\o fG;n] cem ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ pkef]S tfjfbL
agfO/x]sf]n] cy{tGq ;'b[9 xf]Og sdhf]/ alg/x]sf] 5 . ljsl;t b]zdf
uPsf k9]n]v]sfx¿n] vf;} g]kfndf /sd k7fpg kfpFb}gg\ jf ;Sb}gg\ .
pgLx¿sf] lj1tf b]znfO{ sfd nfUYof], t/ o;sf] pkof]lutf lng ;lsPsf]
5}g . ljsl;t d'n's / cljsl;t d'n'ssf] leGgtf cf}+7f5fk tl/sfn]
atfpg ;lsG5 h'g b]zn] k|zf]wg gu/L sRrf kbfy{ / ;Lk gePsf]
hgzlSt ljb]z lgof{t u5{ Tof] b]z u/La / cljsl;t xf] . olb cfkm\g} b]zdf
k|zf]wg u/]df snsf/vfgf v'N5g\, /f]huf/L a95 / lgof{t ul/g] k|zf]lwt
j:t'n] /fd|f] d"No kfpF5, /fh:j a9\5 . To:t} ;Lk gePsf] sfdbf/ ljb]z
hfFbf p;n] kmf]x/, vt/f / sd tnasf] dfq sfd kfpF5 . eg] hlt cfkm\gf]
3/ k7fpg kfpFb}g . olb ToxL hgzlSt ;Lko'St eof] eg] a9L tna
kfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu a'6jnaf6 ;'gf}nLlt/ cf];fg]{ 9'·fsf l6k/x¿sf]
;§f k|zf]lwt lu§Lafn'jf af]/fdf /fv]/ l6k/x¿af6 lgof{t u/] dxFuf] l;d]G6;Fu
;f6\g kfOGYof] .
$ = jt{dfg g]kfnL ;dfh / ;+:s[lt stflt/ pGd'v ePsf] b]Vg'x'G5 <
á ;dfh ;w}+ rnfodfg cyf{t\ kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . ;fdflhs ultljlw Ps
k6s cufl8 km8\sf] dfl/;s]kl5 k5fl8 kms{g rfxFb}g, aGb]h nufP kvf{n}
eTsfOlbG5 . klZrdL k|fljlws pGglt;+u} klZrdL ;F:s[lt;d]t xfdLsxfF
lelq;s]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwx¿ klg pgLx¿sf] wd{, ;+:s[lt /
/Lltl/jfh ;'xfpFbf] agfPsf x'G5g\, ToxL k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / v'nfkg k"jL{o
;+:s[ltdf ;xh gx'g ;S5 . t/ ;lhnf]sf] nflu xfdLn] ckgfof}+ . To;;Fu
ljs[ltx¿ klg lelqP . ;dfh eg]sf] kl/jf/x¿ ldn]/ aGg] xf], kl/jf/
eg]sf] JolStx¿ ldn]/ aGg] xf] . olb JolStn] xfd|f Jofjxfl/s, ;fdflhs
kIfx¿nfO{ cFufNb} hfg] xf] eg] xfdLn] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt h:t} cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{
cfb/ ug]{, ;xof]u ug]{, ;fgfnfO{ :g]x ug]{ jftfj/0f sfod x'g ;S5 /
;lxi0f' ;dfh aGg ;S5 .
% = g]k fnL ;dfhdf cg'z f;g, lzi6frf/ / ;Eotf stflt/ pGd'v
ePsf] b]Vg'x'G5 <
cl3 d}n] eg]em}+ df]jfOn ;+:s[ltn] JolStnfO{ PSnfPsf] 5 . 3/df cfPsf
kfx'gf jf sfsfsfsL, bfh'efO;Fu s'/f unf{ eg]sf] 5f]/f] cF pF u/]/ cfkm\g}

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 7
 df]jfOndf 3f];]d'G6f] nufpg yfN5 . v'nf d}bfgdf v]ns"b ug'{sf] ;§f
sDKo'6/df km'6jn v]N5, clg s;/L pm zf/Ll/s ¿kdf alnof] x'G5 .
slnn} pd]/df Og]6df gf+uf tl:j/df /dfpg yfN5 . cd]l/sfdf !% jif{
pd]/ gk'u]sf s]6fs]6Ln] df]jfOn rnfpg kfFpb}gg\, cfdfafa'n] lbPsf] a]nf
rnfpg] xf] pgLx¿s} lgu/fgLdf . t/ xfdLsxfF jif{lbgsf] aRrfn] vfgf vfg
dfg]g eg] p;nfO{ df]jfOn rnfpg lbFb} em6k6 cfdf l56f] vfgf v'jfP/
ulkmg hfg cflQlG5g\ . 7"nf]nfO{ x]Kg], k9]n]v]sfsf] ckdfg ug]{, a]jf:tf ug]{,
kl/>d gug],{ ljBfyL{n] b'O{ nfOg n]Vg cN5L dfGg], km];a'sdf s'g} ;f]rF ljrf/
gu/Lsg sd]G6 ug]{ cflb y'k|} ljs[ltx¿ kfOg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;Eotf
-/fd|f]<_ lt/ eGbf c;Eotflt/ ;dfhnfO{ 8f]/fO/x]sf] 5 . h'g;'s} sfd ug]{
:yfg jf ;do x'G5 . ToxL sfd grflxg] 7fpF jf ;dodf u/Øf] eg] c;Eotf
xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu aL=kL=n] eg]em}+ g'xfpg] sf]7fdf tkfO{+ gf·} g'xfpg
;Sg'x'G5 t/ aflx/ ToxL ug'{eof] eg] ;dfhn] dfGb}g / b08gLo x'G5 .
df]jfOn klg sfd kbf{ rnfpg] 7Ls} xf] t/ To;}nfO{ v]nfP/ a:g'
xflgsf/s xf], To;}sf] bf; eOG5 / h"jftf;df ;do aaf{b u/]em}+ x'G5 .
a9L df]jfOn rnfpg' ljBfyL{sf] nflu t clezfk x'g;S5 .
lxGb" clw/fHo eGg] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ Tofu]/ xfd|f] ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f $ n] wd{lg/k]If (Secular) ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo
3f]lift u/]sf] 5 . o;n] xfdL g]kfnLnfO{ /fi6«wd{af6 ljd'v agfpg
pTk|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . ha wd{ 5}g, ToxfF cfzLif, >fk, ;Totf, dof{bf,
kfkk'0osf s'/f ug{ k/]g . dflg; tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ -!_ ;xsdL{, -@_
ljwdL{ / -#_ cwdL{ . g]kfndf cfhef]ln bf];|f] / t];|f] k|sf/sf dflg;x¿
al9/x]sf 5g\ . ;gftg lxGb" wd{sf s]xL Joj:yfx¿ kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5
/ jt{dfg ;dfh ;fk]If agfpg'k5{ . tL s7f]/ / cJofjxfl/s Joj:yfx¿nfO{
;docg';f/ ultzLn agfOPg eg], aGb]hd'vL eP eg] cem ;+Vof 36\b}
hfg]5 / xfdLn] h] klg ug{ kfOG5 eGg] ljrf/ ;d"x / /fhg}lts bnsf]
af]njfnf ePkl5 cg'zf;g / dof{bfdf cf3ft k'U5 . o;n] /fHosf] sfg"gL
zf;g, zflGt tyf ;'Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t sdhf]/ kf5{ .
oxfF Pp6f ljrf/nfO{ kf7s;fd' p4[t ug{ rfxG5' . wd{nfO{ /fhgLltaf6
cnu ug'{sf] cy{ jf:tjdf wd{lg/k]If geP/ wd{af6 cg'zfl;t agfpg'
h?/L 5 . /fHon] wd{sd{df ePsf s7f]/ / cJofjxfl/s Joj:yfx¿nfO{
;docg';f/ ultzLn agfpg /fHo;+oGqn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf wd{;efx¿
cfof]hgf ug{ ;SYof] . o;/L /fHo lg/k]If jf lgl:qmo a:bf t emg\ dof{bf
/ sfg"gL zf;g vNalnG5 .
8 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
^ = g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] eljio ;+3Lo zf;gdf s:tf] xf]nf eGg]
cfFsng ug'{ePsf] 5 <
á ;+3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgd} g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . Tolt
a]nfsf ;+ljwfg;efsf ;f+;bx¿nfO{ wGojfb g} lbg' kb{5 ls wGo pxfFx¿n]
g]kfnL efiffdf ;+ljwfg agfpg'eof] . Tof] a]nfsf] l5GgleGg dgl:yltdf,
efiffefifLsf cfwf/df, hfltsf cfwf/df /fHo x''g'k5{ eGg] a]nfdf cg]sf}+
efiffdf ;+ljwfg x'g'k5{ eg]/ ljjfb x'g;SYof] . ca dflg;x¿n] a'‰b} uPsf
5g\, g]kfnL efiff g} xfd|f] d"n efiff xf] . ;dfhnfO{ ;flxTon] 8f]/fO/x]sf]
x'G5 . To;}n] elgG5 lg ;flxTo ;dfhsf] P]gf xf] . ;dfhdf ePsf c;n
s'/fx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;flxTon] ;3fPsf] x'G5 eg] g/fd|f s'/fx¿nfO{
sljtf, Jo+Uo jf uLt cflbåf/f cfnf]rgf u/]/ 7Ls 7fFpdf ;Gt'ngdf
NofPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] cfpFbf lbgx¿df klg ;flxTosf] ljsf; / ;Djw{g
x'G5 xf]nf . t/ snf, ;flxTosf k|lti7fgx¿df cfkm\gf bnsf dfG5]x¿nfO{
g} lgo'lSt jf dgf]gog ug]{ xfnsf] k|lt:kwf{n] /fd|f] ub}{g .
& = ;+3 Lo k4ltdf /fi6«s f] cv08tf, Pstf / /fi6«k|]d sf] efjgfdf
s:tf] k|efj kg]{ b]Vg'x'G5 <
;+;f/df em08} !() b]zx¿ ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3;Fu cfa4 5g\ . tLdWo] @@ j6f
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf w]/}h;f] ;+3Lo d'n'sx¿ ;;fgf
/fHox¿ ldn]/ b]z ag]sf x'g\ . ef}uf]lns cfsf/n], ljljw ;f+:s[lts
sf/0fn] Psa4 x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfn t PsLs[t b]zaf6 ;+3Lo aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . To:t} tL ;+3Lo b]zdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] ;/sf/ -!_ s]Gb|df ;+3Lo
;/sf/ / k|fGtLo ;/sf/ -k|fGtcGtu{t :yfgLo lgsfo_ x'Fbf /x]5g\ jf -@_
s]Gb|df ;+3Lo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/ x'Fbf /x]5g\ . g]kfndf t Pp6f
g]kfn ;/sf/, ;ftj6f k|fGtLo ;/sf/x¿ / &%# j6f :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿
u/]/ &^! ;/sf/x¿ 5g\ . b]zdf k|sfzg x'g] /fhsLo cflwsfl/s /fhkq
Pp6f k|sfzg x'g]df ca &^! /fhkq k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf 5g\ . o;af6
hl6ntfaf6 ;/ntflt/ eGbf klg ;/ntfaf6 hl6ntflt/ d'n's cu|udg
ul/x]sf] 5 . klxn]sf lgjf{lrt g]tfx¿ -;f+;b jf dGqLx¿_ n] dfq dfl;s
tna vfGy] eg] ca :yfoL sd{rf/Ln] em}+ k|b]zsf ljwfos, :yfgLo txsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿n] klg dfl;s tna vfg] / dxFuf uf8Lx¿, rfns tyf OGwg
vr{;d]tn] ubf{ vr{sf] cfsf/ cToGt 7"nf] 5 . To;}n] /fi6«n] wfGgsf] nflu
gofF yk s/x¿ nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 t/ cfDbfgL g} gePsf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
s/sf] ef/n] lyRg] cj:yf cfPdf k|ltudglt/ kmls{g' kg]{ cj:yf gcfpnf
eGg ;lsGg . o;sf] nflu a]n}df a'l4 k'/fP/ hgtfnfO{ /fd|f] ug{ g;s] klg
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 9
 g/fd|f] gu/]/ /fHon] zf;g ubf{ pko'St x'G5 . * , !) hgf sfg"glj1x¿sf
e/df cFu]|hLdf pNyf ul/Psf sf"ggsf g]kfnL kl/j]zdf ;j{yf cg'ko'St g
klZrdsf] g k"j{sf k|fjwfgx¿ -kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs lj36gd'vL_ cem}
;+zf]wg gu/]df yk lju|x x'g ;S5 . @)&% efb|af6 nfu" x'g] u/L agfOPsf
sltko sfg"gsf bkmfx¿ Tolt a]nfsf ;f+;bx¿n] xtf/df k9\b} gk9L yk8L
ahfPsf] jf k9\g} ghfg]sf] jf /fhg}lts bnsf] h;/L eP klg kf; ug]{
lÅjksf cfwf/df xtf/df ag]sf]n] d'2fd'vL x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . sfg"gn] b]zdf
zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ kg]{df d'2f xfNg pTk|]l/t u/]sf] 5 .
lgodgsf/L lgsfox¿ bf]wf/df 5g\ / pQ/bfloTj glng] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 .
cfkm\gf] 3/df h]gt]g hLljsf u/]/ al;/x]sf] dflg;nfO{ klg lk/f]Ng] cj:yf
cfpg lbg' xF'b}g, b'O{ltxfOsf] ;'ljwf o:t} ;'wf/fTds sfddf nufpg'k5{ .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f dfq ljsf; xf]Og, ;fdflhs ljsf; emg\ 7"nf] kf6f]
xf] .
* = tkfO{+ k|v/ uBsf/ x'g 'x'G5, ;flxTosf/ x'g 'x'G5 . ;flxTosf] s]
pkof]lutf b]Vg'x'G5 dfgj ;dfhdf <
á clxn]sf] ;do eg]sf] 5f]6s/Ldf ;txL s'/f dfq hfGg vf]Hg] o'u xf] .
;flxTo n]Vg} ufx|f] 5 . n]V5' eg]/, /rgf u5'{ eg]/ ug{ ;lsg] s'/f
xf]Og . o;sf] nflu cWoog, l;h{gzLntf, kl/>d, nug clg kf7s
rflxof] . To;n] ;dfhnfO{ af6f] 8f]/Øfpg ;Sg'k/Øf] . ;flxTo gePsf]
lgh{g 7fpF s:tf] xf]nf sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsGg . ;dfh hlt ljsl;t x'Fb}
hfG5 Tolt g} ;flxTosf] pkof]lutf a9\b} hfG5 . ;flxTonfO{ k]zfsf] ¿kdf,
gfkmfsf] ¿kdf k|>o lbg yflnof] jf /fHon] sd dxŒj lbof] eg] ;fdflhs
ktgsf] uf]/]6f] km/flsnf] x'Fb} hfG5 .
( = hLjg s] xf] < hLjgsf] nIo s] xf] <
á dfgj hLjgaf/] cg]sf}+ wf/0ff kfOG5g\ . ;a}sf cfcfkm\g} ljrf/, d"No /
dfGotf 5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/df ;s]sf] ug'{, ;'vb'Mv ug'{, nfdf] pd]/;Dd afFRg'
hLjg xf] . c;n ljrf/, cfbz{ JolStTj, gfd / bfd sdfpg] ljrf/ ;a}sf]
x'G5 xf]nf, kl/jf/sf] nfngkfngsf cltl/St . oLdWo] s]xL kfpFbf klg
;Gtf]if dfGg'k5{ .
Ps 7fpF k9]sf] lyPF hLjg ofqf xf], ;+3if{ xf], st{Jo xf], /x:o xf], hLjg
k|]d xf] . dnfO{ t oL ;a}df /x:o xf] h:tf] nfU5, olb dg'io oltd} d5{ eGg]
lglZrt eP olt cfzfjfbL, ;+3if{k"0f{ x'g] lyPg .
10 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
! ) = hLjgdf ;'vb'Mv s] x'g\ h:tf] nfU5 <
;'vb'Mv eg]sf /ftlbg h:tf x'g\ . /ft ge} lbg x'Fb}g, lbg geO{ /ft
kb}{g . To;}n] g;f]Fr]sf] s'/f cfOnfUbf klg ;Dxflng ;Sg' g} dxŒjk"0f{
s'/f xf] .
! ! = ls/0f k':tsfno / xfd|f] k'?iffy{sf] af/]df s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 <
á ls/0f k':tsfno / zlz kGyL cGof]Gofl>t h:tf] nfU5 . slt kl/>d,
pNnf;, ckx]ngf, a]jf:tf ;x]/ pxfFsf] 3/;+u}sf] s6]/f]sf] tnfaf6 oxfF;Dd
cfOk'u]sf] 5 . of] k':tsfnodf cfa4 krf;f}+ zlzx¿sf] kl;gf au]sf] 5 .
ca ?= % s/f]8 hltsf] nfutdf eJo cfw'lgs uj{ ug{nfos ejg /
;'ljwfx¿ ylkg nfu]sf]df xfdL ;a}n] uj{ ug'k{ 5{ . o'jf k':tf / afnaflnsfd}qL
k':tsfno x'g ;s]df ;dfhn] 7"nf] nfe lng kfpg] lyof] .
cfh t SDKo'6/ 5g\, l6=le= 5g\, oftfoftsf ;fwgn] ;'ud agfPsf] 5 .
cfheGbf %) jif{cl3 ;b/d'sfdsf] kftnf] a:tLdf cem ;do latfpgsf]
nflu 3/leq v]lng] qmL8f;fdu|L klg g?rfpg] sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu of] 7"nf]
;xf/f ePsf] lyof] . cfkm}n] lsg]/ k9\g ;Dej gePsf k':tsx¿, kqklqsfx¿
oxfF kfOGYof] . o; k':tsfnon] cWoog / ;"rgfsf] ;|f]tsf] dfq sfd
gu/]/ a/flngaf6 /f]s]/ ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;d]t of]ubfg k'/ØfPsf] lyof]
eGg' cltzof]lSt x'g]5}g .
To:t} k':tsfno t lhNnf lhNnfdf, :s"n sn]hx¿df kfpg ;lsG5 . t/
;fjlws klqsf k|sfzg ug]{ sd} xf]nfg\ . o;sf] k|sfzg xfd|f] k'?iffy{sf] c+s
&( k'Ug' dxŒjk"0f{ kfOnf xf] . dfu / cfk"lt{sf] l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg]
kf7ssf] ?lr / ;dfhn] ;flxTosf] pkof]u gu/]sf] eP c¿ k|sfzgx¿ em}+
of] klg Oltxf;sf] ue{d} /xGYof] . o;n] tLy{ ofqf, ko{6g, ;Lk ljsf;
h:tf ;fdu|L klg ;d]6\g ;s]df cem k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s x'g;SYof] .
!@ = xfd|f] k'? iffy{dfkm{t s] ;Gb]z lbg rfxg'x'G5 <
á cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] nflu ljBfnox¿, kf7zfnf eP klg ;dfhn] ;fdflhs
d"No / dfGotf l;sfof], To;}n] kl/jf/kl5sf] kf7zfnf ;dfh aGof] .
ufpFl5d]s, gftfs'6'Da, ;fyLefO, Oi6ldq ldn]/ ;dfh ag]sf] x'G5 . dnfO{
u'NdLn] w]/} lbof], lktfdftfn] hGd lbg'eof], x'sf{pg'eof], k9fOn]vfO
u/fpg'eof] .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 11
 k':tsfnon] k9\g] afgL a;fNof] . n]v/rgf n]Vg k|]/0ff / jftfj/0f
agfOlbof] . cg'ej a6'Nb} hfFbf lstfax¿ g} k|sfzg ug{ hu a;fn]sf]
/x]5 . z'? z'?df xfd|f] k'?iffy{, ljBf, e]63f6 h:tf k|sfzgdf n]Vbfn]Vb}
sflGtk'/, uf]/vfkq h:tf /fli6\o klqsfx¿df n]Vg yfn]+ . Ps k6s @)@(
;fnlt/ ;DkfbsnfO{ lr6\7L n]Vbf k'/:s[t g} x'g kfPF . n]Vg] x'6x'6Ln] ubf{
@)%@ ;fn j}zfv !# ut] sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf ‘jt{dfg ;/sf/ / k|zf;g oGq’
n]v n]v]afkt hflu/ g} u'dfpg] u/L cfkm} pkl:yt e} :ki6Ls/0f
lbg'k/Øf] / ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ePsf]n] dfq} hflu/ hf]luof] .
!# = s'g } dfg ;Ddfg k'/:sf/ kfpg'ePsf] 5 ls <
á @)$@ j}zfv $ b]lv @)$@ Ho]i7 ( ut];Dd ePsf] Cioz[uf+>d /];'·f
ljZjsNof0f sf]l6xf]dsf ;+of]hs >4]o of]uL g/xl/gfyaf6 Ps k]hsf]
k|ltlglwkqd\ pxfFs} x:tfIf/df kfpg] cj;/ kfPF .
To:t} @)$$ ;fndf s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf wf}nflul/ c~rnk|aGws eP/
pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]sf]df >L % jL/]Gb|af6 uf]/vf blIf0fjfx' kbs aS;
ePsf] lyof] .
cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;g\ !(&# sf] aL=P=
k/LIffdf ch'{g :j0f{ kbs k|fKt ug]{ ;f}efUo ldNof] .
To:t} tLg ; k|lti7fg (Three S Foundation) sf x}l;otn] Oh/fondf
;DkGg Raanan Weitz Project Competition 2010 df t];|f] ljh]tf
Third Winner (Integrated Rural Development through
Cooperative Lease Farming in Nepal), x'g] df}sf kfPF .
o;/L g} Hof]lt ljsf; a}+sdf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] ¿kdf sfd ubf{
n08gdf ;g\ @)!& dfr{df cfof]lht ;df/f]xdf Manager of the Year
2017 af6 ;Ddflgt x'g kfPF .
a'af 6]saxfb'/n] ;+:yfks cWoIf e} l/8Ldf :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] dfgjsNof0f
j[4f>dsf] sfo{ ;ldltdf /xL ;a}sf] ;xof]un] Ho]i7 gful/s lbjf ;]jf
;~rfngfy{ gofF ejg klg tof/ ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ klg k'/:sf/ g} 7fg]sf]
5' .
s]xL :jb]zL lgsfox¿ / ljb]zL bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu cfa4 eO{ sfd ug]{ df}sf
ldln/x]sf] 5 . 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] /fd|f] lzIff xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ klg
dfg;Ddfg 7fg]sf] 5' .
12 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 of] ;a} cfTd k|z+;f h:tf] x'g uPsf]df Ifdf k|fyL{ 5' . d]/f] egfO s] dfq}
xf] eg] lg8/tf / OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd u/]df hLjgdf ;Gt'li6 ldNg ;S5 .
sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf afwf cj/f]w, O{iof{ klg kfpg ;lsG5 t/ tL ;a}nfO{
;Ton] lhTb5 . h'g sfd u/] klg To;sf] sf/0fsf] dgfl;j k|lt/Iff ug{
;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .
ááá

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 13
 dfgjLo r]tgf / l;h{gfdf
k':tsfnosf] e"ldsf
df]bgfy k|l>t
af0f:ynL, sf7df8f} +

;/:jtL dof b[i6f jL0ff k': ts wfl/0fL .

x+;jfxg ;+o 'Qmf ljBf bfg+ s/f]t ' d] ..
-xftdf jL0ff / k':ts lnPsL, xfF;¿kL jfxgdf lj/fhdfg ;/:jtLnfO{ d}n]
b]v]+–cg'e"t u/]+ . tL ;/:jtLn] dnfO{ ljBf -1fg_ k|bfg u¿g\ ._
cIf/ c+lst cflbd Oltxf;sf] k|f/De u'kmfjf;L dfgjx¿n] 9'·] leQfdf sf]/]sf
;+s]tx¿sf] ue{af6 z'? ePsf] xf] . clxn];Dd klg ljleGg b]zsf k|frLg
u'kmfx¿df cflbd dfgjx¿n] sf]/]sf ;f+s]lts lrÅg of cIf/x¿ b]vf kb{5g\ .
cflbd sfndf ;+Vof–u0fgflglDt r]K6f 9'·fdf sf]/]sf lrÅgx¿df I, II, III cflb
h:tf ;+s]t e]l6+b} 5g\ . ^–& xhf/ jif{ cl3b]lv z'? ePsf] CUj]b o'udf df}lvs
¿kdf s07:y ul/Psf uLtdo Crfx¿ xftsf] grfO / cf}+nfx¿sf ljleGg
d'b|fx¿åf/f ufog of kf7 ul/GYof] . tL ;+s]t d'b|fx¿ clxn];Dd k|rngdf /x]s}
5g\ .
CUj]b o'usf] k|yd r/0f;Dd ;du| cIf/ / lrÅgx¿sf] cfljisf/ gePsfn]
u'?x¿n] rnfPsf xft / cf}+nfsf ljleGg d'b|fsf] cg's/0f ub}{ Crf -dGq_ ufog
of kf7 ug]{ rng lyof] . xft / d'b|f;lxt df}lvs ufog jf jSt[tfsf] k|rng
clxn];Dd klg Ps :t/;Dd rNb} /x]sf] 5 .
dflg;n] n]vg dfWodaf6 cf–cfkm\gf cfzo, efj, ljrf/, cfb]z, lgb]{z,
;Nnfx, ;+:d/0f, k|rf/ cflbnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg cIf/, dfqf, lrÅg cflbsf] ljsf;
u/]kl5 z'?z'?df ljleGg kfgf–kfgfdf c+s;d]t n]v]/ ;d]6L a]7fgdf afFw]/
;'/lIft ug]{ k/Dk/f rNb} cfof] . ?b|L, j]b, efujt cflb u|Gy gl;nfPsf ljleGg
kfgf ;d]6L a]7fg -?dfn_ df y}nfdf /fvL, km'sfP/ k9\g] / afFw]/ /fVg] rng
clxn];Dd klg rln/x]s} 5 . ljZjsf ljleGg hflt jf ;d'bfon] pg} Wjlgdf
zAbx¿nfO{ c+lst ug{ agfPsf cIf/ / lnlk lgtfGt leGg leGg ePsf] s'/f
ljlbt} 5 .
14 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
dfgjLo 1fg / lzIff k|rf/sf] b[li6n] k|To]s kfgfsf cIf/nfO{ sf7sf kf6Ldf
s'FbL ltgdf d;L bn]/ z'?df sk8fdf / kl5 sfuhdf w]/} k|lt 5fKg] rng
rLgaf6 z'? ePsf] lyof] .
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf k|frLg u|Gy dflgg] CUj]bsf Crfx¿ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k9L
xftsf ljleGg d'b|f;lxt ufP/ s07:y ul/GYof] . Tof] rng clxn];Dd klg
k|rlnt 5 . noa4 5Gbx¿nfO{ xft xNnfpFb} ljleGg d'b|fcg'¿k j]bx¿sf] ufog
of kf7 bf]xf]/ØfP/ s07:y ul/g] x'gfn] k':ts ljgf klg j]b kf7 ug]{ nugzLn
ljåfg\, k'/f]lxt JolQmTjx¿ clxn];Dd klg oqtq e]l6+b}5g\ .
CUj]bdf cflbd u0f ;dfhsf hLjg k4ltx¿sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] ;dfh / cGo
hftLo ;d"xx¿sf km/s–km/s :jefj / hLjgk4ltsf ;+s]tx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ .
Tof] o'u d"n ¿kdf u0f ;dfhsf] o'u ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;dfh ;dfgtfdf
cfwfl/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . CUj]bsf clGtd tLg Crfn] tTsfnLg ;dfhsf]
;fd"lxs efj o;/L JoQm u/]sf 5g\ –
‘xfdL ;Fu} lx+8f}+, ;Fu} af]nf}+, Pscsf{sf] dgf]efjgf a'emf}+ . klxn]sf k"vf{x¿n]
k/:k/ ldn]/ sfd u/] em}+ xfdL ;a} Jojxf/df ldn]/ sfd u/f}+ .’’ – CUj]b
-!)÷!(!÷@_
To; cflbd ;fd"lxs hLjgk4ltsf] o'ub]lv clxn];Dd dfgjhfltsf c;+Vo
xfFuf–la+uf -y/, uf]q, k|j/, hflt cflb_+sf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . To; o'ub]lv otf
Psflt/ ljZjsf ;a} ;d'bfosf hflt–hghfltx¿sf a;f]af;sf :yfg, k|s[lt–
kof{j/0f cg'¿ksf af]nLrfnL, cfxf/–ljxf/, lrGtg–r]tgfsf ljljwtf klg
5g\ . csf{lt/ cljsl;t ;dfhn] ljsl;t ;dfhsf] cg';/0f klg ub}{5g\ .
ljleGg lxt–clxt cflb sf/0fn] hflt–hflt / /fi6«–/fi6«aLr d]nldnfk /
Pstf efj klg a9\b}5 . csf{lt/ ljsl;t hfltaf6 cljsl;t hflt of /fi6«
kLl8t klg ePsf 5g\ .
;du| ljZj kl/l:ylt x]bf{ clxn] Psflt/ 1fg–lj1fgsf] Jofks lj:tf/ ePsf]
5 . pgLx¿df ;a} hgtf lzlIft, pTkfbs, lj1fgljb\ ePsf 5g\ . csf{lt/
pbLodfg ;dfh lj1fg / c1fgsf] aLrdf 5 . Psflt/ dflg;x¿ rGb|nf]s gf3]/
d+unu|xdf a:tL a;fpg] t/v/df 5g\ . csf{lt/ h+und} Ps7fpF /fp6L agfP/
cw{l;sf/L o'usf dflg; ufpF a:tLdf ;d]t ldl;P/ a:g tof/ 5}gg\ . cljsl;t
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 15
of cw{ljsl;t b]zsf o'jf yf]/yf/ k9]/ ljsl;t b]zdf uO{ hLjg latfpFb}
5g\ .
xfd|} cw{ljsl;t b]zsf o'jfx¿ ljb]zL /f]huf/L vf]Hb} cGo d'n's wfpFb}5g\ .
g]kfnsf] cJoj:yfsf sf/0fn] b]z} 5f8]/ ljb]zsf] a;f]af;lt/ cf]Ol/g] ;+Vof
a9\b} uPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, hLjg k4lt la;]{/ b]znfO{ g} dfof
df/L ljb]zdf :yfoL af;f]af;sf] hu hdfpFb} 5g\ .
ljZjsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg sfd ePsf d'n'sx¿ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6
w]/} cufl8 al9;s] . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf wgL t/ ljsf;, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]
sdhf]/Lsf sf/0fn] g]kfn h:tf cNkljsl;t b]zsf lzlIft / clzlIft
b'a}y/L wdfwd ljb]zsf] :yfoL a;f]af;lt/ cf]Ol/+b} 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfn] g]kfn
o'jfljxLg x'Fb} uO{ emg\ tn v:g] xf] ls eGg] hUhuL a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
g]kfnh:tf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgdf cToGt ;d[4 b]zsf o'jfx¿ cfkm\gf] ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
;xL 1fg / pkof]uL k|ljlwsf] cefjn] ljb]zlt/ cf]Ol/+b} hfg] qmdn] ;fdfGtjfbaf6
cf}Bf]lus o'ult/ b]zsf] k|ultdf emg\ cj/f]w a9\b} uPsf] l:ylt b]lv+b}5 .
dfgjhfltnfO{ 1fg, lj1fg, k|ljlwsf] ;xL ;b'kof]ult/ k|]l/t ug]{ k|of]ufTds
lzIff lbg g;Sg'sf] sf/0fn] g} cNkljsl;t g]kfn h:tf b]z cl3 a9\g g;s]sf
oyfy{ ;asf ;fd' 5n{· 5 . To;}n] xfd|f] b]zsf ljBfno / k':tsfnox¿n] b]zsf]
o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf k|f s[lts ;|f]t –;fwg lrgfpg], ltgsf]
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf k|fljlws / Jofj;flos 1fg / k|of]usf] If]q lj:tf/ ul/lbg]
sfddf hlt a9L k|oTg / pTk|]/s e"ldsf v]Ng]5g\ Tolt a9L xfd|f] b]zsf k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] clwstd ;b'kof]uaf6 o'jf hdft /fi6«k|lt hfu?s / pTkfbgzLn eP/
cl3 a9\g]5 .
jt{dfg lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] k/fsfi7fn] d+un u|xdf dfgj a:tL a;fpg] kl/sNkgf
/ k|oTg cl3 a9\g ;Snf t/ To;n] xfd|f] h:tf] 3f]sGt] / n]vGt] lzIffn] xfd|f]
o'jf zlQmnfO{ /fi6«sf] ljsf; u/L :jb]zd} uf}/jflGjt eP/ a:g] jftfj/0f lbg]
5}g . To;}n] jt{dfg lj1fg / k|ljlwd'vL o'udf k':tsfnosf] pTk|]/s e"ldsf
a9fpg] cleofgdf xfdL ;a} ;+sNka4 eP/ /fi6«nfO{ ;fFRr} g} ulx/f] / Jofks
r]tgf, lrGtg, cg';Gwfg / k|of]udf cu|;/ x'g] jftfj/0f agfpg b[9 ;+sNk lnO{
cl3 a9\g' cfjZos 5 .

16 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
k|frLgsfnb]lv clxn];Dd s/f]8f}+ dflg;n] cf–cfkm\gf] o'usf lrGtg, Jojxf/
/ ;dsfnLg 1fg–lj1fg, ;dfhzf:q, e"uf]n, vuf]n, cflb c;+Vo ljifodf h]–
hlt s'/f n]v] tL ;a}df ;dsfnLg dfgjLo cg'ej, lrGtg, r]tgf, k|of]u
cfljisf/ cflb c;+Vo ljifo k':tsx¿df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . Ps JolQm lrGtgzLn
/ k|of]uzLn 5 eg] p;n] s'g} g s'g} gofF s'/f c¿nfO{ ;'gfP/, n]v]/,
k9fP/, ufP/ 5f]8]sf] x'G5 . To;af6 l;Sg], kl/jf/, ljBfyL{ / cGj]ifs
JolQmsf] r]tgf ljsf;df s]xL g s]xL k|efj k/]s} x'G5 .
ltg} ax';+Vos ljifox¿df ;+;f/el/sf ;|f]tf, lrGts, k|of]ustf{ cflbn] tL
ljifo of cGo ljifodf gofF gofF s'/f yKb} hfG5g\ . To;/L ljljw ljifosf
lrGtg / k|of]u ug]{ af}l4s o'ub]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf] dflg;df s]xL g s]xL sNkgf,
lrGtg, k|of]u, k|ljlw, lj1fg ylk+b} cfPsf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf ljZjJofkL
dfgjLo sNkgf, lrGtg, bz{g, k|ljlw1fg, ;dfhzf:q, /fhgLlt, e"uf]n,
cGtl/If, u|x, pk–u|xx¿sf] b}lgs, jflif{s ult cflb s'/f dfgj duhn] lrGtg
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/ ;f]leot ;+3 lj36g ePkl5 5'§} b]z ePsf] hlh{ofdf /fi6«klt ePsf
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 23
;]egf{Hh]n] cfk"m ;QfRo't eP/ 3/ al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf JolStut lx;fan] :g]x
Kf|s6 ub}{ e]6\g cfPsf s'nrGb| uf}tdaf6 ;+o'St /fi6«;+3df s]xL e"ldsf vf]h]sf]
/ To;af6 s]xL hl6ntf;d]t pTkGg e'Psf s'/f cToGt /f]rs / k7gLo 5g\ .
ljZj e]nf -!(()_ df ;xefuL &! b]zsf /fi6«k|d'v jf ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿nfO{
Go"of]s{df e]nf x'g] lbg !) ah];Dd s;/L pkl:yt u/fpg] eGg] hl6ntf pTkGg
ePsf] kl/l:yltdf a]nfotsL k|wfg dGqL dfuf{/]6 Yofr/nfO{ laxfg ;f9] 5 ah]
cfpg dgfPkl5 dfq c¿x¿nfO{ rfF8} Nofpg ;dy{ ePsf h:tf slt a'l4
nufpgkg]{ /f]rs s'/f klg dgUo] k9\g kfOG5g\ .
cGtdf Sir Richard Jolly sf] e"ldsfsf] clGtd cg'R5]b p4[t ug{ pko'St
nfUof] M ‘g]kfnsf] Pp6f ufpFaf6 cfPsf] JolStaf6 olt w]/} vision / zlSt
k|fKt x'g;S5 eg] ;+;f/sf cGo w]/} s'gfdf n's]/ /x]sf visión, a'l4 / zlSt
;a} k|fKt x'g;Sg] xf] eg] of] ;+;f/ s:tf] x'GYof] xf]nf ¤’
olt n]lv;s]kl5 k+lStsf/sf] tkm{af6 klg yKg pko'St nfUof] M ‘:jb]z] k"Hot]
/fhf ljåfg\ ;j{q k"Hot]’ . c:t', o;sf cGo w]/} k|;· kl5 k|:t't ug{ kfpg]
cfzfsf ;fy clxn]nfO{ olQ ¤
ááá
sf7df8f}+ / a'6jnsf ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’{ sf :yfoL / cfhLjg
u|fxsx¿n] lgDglnlvt k':ts k;naf6 cfkm\gf]
kl/ro–kq b]vfP/ ljj/0f n]vfO{ ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’ klqsf
a'em]/ n}hfgsf nflu xfdL cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
e08f/L a'S; P08 :6]zg/Lh lxdfno a'S; xfp;
eQmk'/ a;:6k glhs} dl0fky, ldngrf]s, a'6jn–!!, ¿kGb]xL
afuahf/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= )&!–%$!))(
kmf]g g+= $@$!$*%÷@^)()^
;Dkfbs
xfd|f] k'/miffy{ -q}dfl;s_
ls/0f k':tsfno, tD3f;, u'NdL
24 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 g]kfnL uhn, lxhf] / cfh
g]qgf/fo0f zdf{
gjnk/f;L
g]kfnL efiffdf uhn n]Vg] k/Dk/f dfWolds sfn–-lj=;=!($!–!(()_sf]
;dofjlwdf k|f/De ePsf] xf] . oBlk ;flxTosf] lnlvt :j¿k ljqmdsf] !!cf}F
ztfAbLdf b]vf k/]sf] lyof] . ;flxTodf df]tL/fd e§sf] pbonfO{ dfWolds
sfn;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . dfWolds sfndf uhn n]Vg] / ;'gfpg] k/Dk/faf6
ljsl;t x'g] df}sf k|fKt eof] . o; ;dofjlwdf zf;sju{nfO{ v';L kfg]{ p2]Zon]
klg tTsfnLg k9]n]v]sf o'jfx¿ uhn n]Vg]tkm{ cfslif{t eP . ca nfuf}F o;
ljwfsf] ;}¢flGts cWoogtkm{ . ‘uhn’ zAb pb"{ efiffaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf k|j]z
u/]sf] xf] . h;sf] cy{ k|]ldsf;Fu glhs eGg] x'G5 . o;y{ uhn :qLln·L zAb
xf] . gf/Lk|ltsf] cfsif{{0f jf k'?ifk|ltsf] cfsif{0f x'g' h}ljs s'/f xf] . o;}n]
cfK.gf] ct[Kt rfxgfnfO{ k"/f ug{ noo'Qm efiffdf JoQm ubf{ uhnsf] ;[hgf
ePsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . uhnn] k|]d–lj5f]8, ldng, lj/x, j]bgf,
PSnf]kg, k|]ldn s6fIf, gv/f h:tf efjx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . uhn pb"{
efiffdf eP klg lxGbL efiffdf ;d]t rrf{ kfPsf] lyof] . ef/tLo rlr{t slj
ef/t]Gb' xl/ZrGb|sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df /x]/ df]tL/fd e§n] sljtfd} ;d:ofk"lt{
ul/lbP . k9]n]v]sf o'jfx¿nfO{ sljtf n]vgtkm{ cfsif{0f ug{ sljtfsf] Ps
c+znfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /fVb} To;sf] sljtfs} efiffdf pQ/sf] ck]Iff
ul/G5 . To;df ;xefuLx¿sf] ;d"x g} lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] h;nfO{ ‘;d:ofk"lt{
d08nL’ elgPsf] lyof] . o;df ;+nUg x'Fbf x'Fb} uhn n]vgtkm{ ?lr a9]sf]
lyof] . o; k|sf/sf] ;flxlTos /rgfsf] ;d"x df]tL/fd e§sf] ;lqmotfdf
‘df]tLd08nL’ :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
sljtf n]vgtkm{ nfUbf nfUb} gjLg wf/sf ¿kdf uhn n]vgtkm{ yk o'jfx¿ klg
cfslif{t eP . To;a]nf g]kfndf /f0ffx¿sf] zf;g lyof] . zf;snfO{ k|;Gg kfg{]
/ pgLx¿af6 alS;; kfpg] p2]Zon] uhn n]Vg] o'jfx¿ ylk+b} uP . o;df sf]xL
gofF cg'xf/ klg b]vf k/] . k+= ;f]dgfy zdf{ l;Ub]n, k+= rqmkfl0f rfln;], d'=
zDe'k|;fb zdf{, k+=uf]kLgfy nf]xgL, k+= k'0ogfy zdf{, k+= s[i0fk|;fb /]UdL cflb
;|i6fx¿ -;'j]bL /fh]Gb|, @)^@, ;Dkf= ;"lQml;Gw' -km]l/__ b]vf kb{5g\ . oLnufot
sltko cGo ;|i6fx¿sf s]xL uhnx¿ ;d]6L ‘;'lQml;Gw'’sf gfdn] k|sflzt
ePsf] sljtf uhn–;ª\u|x ;Djt\ !(&$ df o; ;ª\u|xdfly k|ltaGw nufOof] .
o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] r/d cZnLntf, cfbz{sf] bf]xg, oyfl:yltjfbL
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 25
;dfhdf cg}ltstfsf] k|j]z, c/fhs ;flxTo tyf dfgjLo cfr/0f;d]t :vlnt
x'g] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pxL zf;ssf] kfnfdf k|sflzt ePsf] ;'Aaf
s[i0fnfnsf] ‘ds}sf] v]tL’ s[ltdfly klg k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof] . o; ;ª\u|xdfly
dfgjtfsf] lt/:sf/, efjsf] t'R5tf / bf;Tjsf] :t'lt u/]sf] cf/f]k;d]t
nfUof] . ‘;"lQml;Gw'’ df ;dfj]z ePsf s]xL uhnf+z x]/f}+ M
gfy ¤ gfy ¤ elg lj:do;fy, Sm07n] ljlt;Sof] ;a /ft
aNn bz{g ldNof] s'g rfxLF, sfddf e'ng'ef] /–t–kfO{F
/ftdf 3"'ld 3"'dLsg cGt xGt ¤¤ ef] ls–tj efl/ n8Gt
5}g t]h d'vdf, hlt lvGg r]x/f klg 5 cfh ljleGg ..@..
–;'j]b L /fh]G b| -@)^@_ ;Dkf= ;"l Qml;Gw' -km]l /_ k[=@&
To:t} g}ltstf / dfgjtfsf] lt/:sf/ u/]sf /rgf ;dfhdf kfRo ljifo x'g
g;Sg] tyf o:tf ljifonfO{ s'g} xfntdf k|f]T;fxg ug{ gx'g] wf/0ff /fvL tLj|
s6fIf ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} zDe'k|;fb zdf{ d'lvofsf] /rgf x]/f}F M
ltdL d]l/ ltd|f ] d eGy]F cufl8
eoF] sd{n] wd{ 5f8\g] k5fl8
ePsf] 5' o:n] d kfun\ ;dfg
ljof]un] hnL t}]kgL hfGg Hofg\
To:t} /fwfgfy zdf{åf/f /rgf u/]sf] of] cFz klg x]/f}F M
cfpm lk|o ¤ gu/ a]/ egL dnfO{
/fv]/ sfv lar xft b'j} ;dfO{
tL nfn cf]7 d'vg]/ k'/\o fpg' ef]
nf} eGg ;lSbg d tf kl5 s'lGg s] ef]
– P]hg
o; k|sf/sf] uhn n]vg k/Dk/fnfO{ ;dfnf]rs ob'gfy vgfnn] ;d]t tLj|
cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . lj=;= @)!* j}zfv h]7df k|sflzt ‘¿k/]vf’ sf] jif{ !
k"0ff{ª\s ^ sf] k[=@)–@% df pgn] ;"lQml;Gw' s[ltdfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] s'/fnfO{
plrt dfGg' kg]{ ljifo rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .
logn] lgZ5n k|]d, bof, dfofh:tf efjgfTds s'/fx¿ s'g} qmoljqmosf ;fwg
xf]Ogg\ . logLx¿ t dfgjtfsf] pRr lt/:sf/ ul/Psf, efjgfsf] t'R5 d"Nofª\sg
ul/Psf ;fy} bf;Tjsf] u'0f ufOPsf egL l6Kk0fL ub{5g\ . oltdfq geP/
o:tfnfO{ sljtfsf] ;+1f lbg g;'xfpg] egL ts{ ub{5g\ .
26 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
To:t} csf{ ;dfnf]rs /fds[i0f zdf{n] pgsf] cfnf]rgfnfO{ l6Kk0fL ub}{ k|ultzLn
s[ltsf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] ;"lQml;Gw'sf s'g} klg /rgfdf dfgjtfsf]
lt/:sf/ / efjsf] t'R5tf gePsf] To:t} bf;Tjsf] :t'ltnfO{ t pgn] k6Ss}
u|fÅotf lbPsf 5}gg\ . k|]dL–k|]ldsfaLr k/:k/ bf;bf;Lsf] efjgf JoQm ub}{df
bf;Tjsf] :t'lt hGdb}g . –zdf{, /fds[i0f, k"0ff{ª\s % sf] k[= %^–^&,
;'j]bL /fh]Gb|, -;Dkf=_ ;"lQml;Gw' km]l/ -@)^@_ . oL b'O{ ;dfnf]rssf]
wf/0ffnfO{ x]bf{ k/Dk/fjfbL, a9L wfld{s, ljz'¢ k|]dsf] kIfdf s]lGb|t tyf
cfw'lgs, gfl:ts r]tgf tyf k|]dnfO{ u|fÅo ljifosf ¿kdf ljjfb b]lvG5 .
b'a} wf/0ffsf] d"Nofª\sg
uhnsf] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ x]bf{ s'g} Ps ljifodf dfq s]lGb|t ePsf]
b]lvG5 . xfdL ‘;"lQml;Gw'’sf k|ltlglw /rgfnfO{ x]g{ ;S5f}F . uhn;Fu :qLRfrf{
x'g] ePsfn] ‘k|]d’ g} JoQm x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf dfWolds sfnsf /rgfdf k|fKt
x'G5 .
To:t} cfw'lgs uhn n]vgsf] ;'?jft em08} @) cf}F ztfAbLsf] &) sf] bzsb]lv
ePsf] xf] . o; ;dosf /rgfdf uhn o'jfk':tfsf] a9L ?lrs]Gb|df /x]sf] /
o;n] k|]d, ;'v–b'Mv, cf3ft, k|s[lt, jftfj/0f, zf;ssf] cfnf]rgf h:tf
ljifonfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . dfWolds sfndf /rgf ePsf] df]tL/fd e§sf]
uhnf+z x]/f}FM
b'O cfFlv ef} t tof/ 5g\\ t/jf/ kf] lsg rflxof],
ltdL cfkm} dflns e} uof} ;/sf/ kf] lsg rflxof]
To:t} cfw'lgs o'udf cy{sf] If]qdf klg uhn n]Vg yflnof] . h:t} M–
k};f kmNg] st} oxfF af]6 5}g afaf
zz'/fnL hfg k¥of] sf]6 5}g afaf
–;/f] h ;' j ] b Lsf] kf08' l nlkaf6
;Gbe{ ; fdu| L x¿
– ;'j]bL, /fh]Gb|, -;Dkf=_ @)^@, ;"lQml;Gw' km]l/ .
– e08f/L, kf/;dl0f @)^&, k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo ;flxTozf:q, g]kfnL
;dfnf]r gf / zf]wljlw .
ááá

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 27
k§f efFlrPsf] uf8Ldf s0ff{nLsf] ofqf
lzjz/0f 1jfnL
pk–k| f Wofks
wjnflul/ ax' d ' v L SofDk;
afUn' ª
d aa'/f] ¤ cfd k'?ifx¿eGbf leGg lbge/ b'O{ jif{ k'Ug} nfu]sf] 5f]/f] x]g]{ 8\o'6Ldf
km;]sf] 5' . o;/L 5f]/f] x]/]/ lbge/ ge'n csf]{ jif{ dG6]Zj/Ldf ‘d'G6\ofO b]’
eGg]x¿ t w]/} 5g\ t/ d eg] cem 8]9 b'O{ jif{ o;}sf] 8\o'6L ug]{ dfgl;stfdf
5' . cfkm" kfFr jif{df :s'n hfg] t/ 5f]/fnfO{ b'O{ jif{d} :s'n k7fpFbf cfkm}dfly
cGofo x'Fb}g t < To;}n] sDtLdf rf/ jif{ t k'¥ofpFm eGg] 5 . km/s cg'ej s]
eg] dfpn] rNnf x'sf{Psf] b]lvbf] /x]g5 t/ afpn] rNnf x'sf{Psf] ;a}n]
b]Vbf /x]5g\ . tfklg o; jif{ e|d0fsf cj;/x¿ h'6]sf h'6\o} eP . d+;L/df
sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/ x'Fb} u'NdLsf] l/8L–tD3f;–/];'ª\uf–OGb|]uf}+8f–v/afª\ x'Fb}
afUn'ª / kmfu'gsf] clGtd xKtf s0ff{nL nf]sdfu{ x'Fb} /f/f tfnsf] ofqf ug]{
cj;/ k|fKt eof] . d+;L/sf] ofqf cfkm\g} ;]/f]k]m/f]df ePsfn] vf;} gf}nf] nfu]g
t/ kmfu'gsf] ofqfn] eg] s]xL gofF cg"e"ltnfO{ ;Demgf pg]/ uof] .
ljBfyL{x¿n] kGw|–aL; lbg klxnf g} /f/f tfn 6'/ hfg] ;"rgf lbPsf lyP t/
klxnf] :s'nsf] cf+lzs lzIfs / bf];|f] 3/fo;L sf/0fn] ubf{ d hfg g;Sg]
atfPsf] lyPF . t/ dgsf] cGt/df /f/f tfn hfg'kfP x'GYof] eGg] lyof] . To:t}df
crfgs ldq ofdhLn] ofqfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;fFem hfpmF g t eg]kl5 d 3/
;Nnfxlt/ nfu]+ . 3/sL a'em\SsL ldgfn] klg ;lhn} cg'dlt lbPkl5 d]/f] hfg]
lgwf] eof] . dg nf]efof], /f/f tfn x]g]{ OR5fn] ¤ ckem{6sf] of]hgfadf]lhd csf]{
lbg k};fsf] hf]xf] ul/jl/ rf/ ah]lt/ afUn'ªaf6 ofqf ;'? eof] . $@ hgf
ljBfyL{, ldq ofd, e/t clg d u/]/ $% hgfsf] ofqfsf uf8Lsf ;f/ly Zofd
clg ;xof]uL s'df/ lyP . afUn'ª, kj{t, sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kfNkf, a'6an,
slknj:t' x'Fb} bfª\sf] efn'jfª\df laxfgsf] kfFr aHbf u'?n] uf8L /f]s], lgb|fn]
ylst eP/ . Ps 3G6f ToxfF cf/fd u/]/ xfdL cufl8 a9\of}F, cl3Nnf] lbgb]lv
;'? ePsf] xfd|f] ofqf ;'v]{t x'Fb} b}n]vsf] tNnf] 8'ª\u]Zj/ k'u]/ ef]lnkN6 ;fFem
dfq} /f]lsof] . ;'v]{tdf dt ljeflht eof] . d @$ 3G6f;Dd uf8L rnfPsf]
rfnsnfO{ k'gM uf8L rnfpg bafa lbg] kIfdf lyOg t/ ofdn] uf8L rnfpg
rfnsnfO{ bafa lbP . d}n] ubf{ uf8L rnfpg rfns tof/ gePsf] h:tf]
u/]/ kl5 pgn] d;Fu jfbljjfb klg u/] . a;df Psl5g xfdL b'O{sf aLrdf oxL
28 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
ljifodf clncln ljjfb klg eof] . ofds} sf/0f ;'v]{taf6 dfly b}n]v lg:s]/
xfdL tNnf] 8'ª\u]Zj/ em¥of}F . ToxfF k'Ubf xfd|f u'?hLn] #) 3G6feGbf a9L uf8L
rnfO;s]sf lyP . ;s'zn ToxfF k'¥ofPsfdf d dgdg} u'?k|lt s[t1 lyPF .
sf]xnk'/af6 d]/f nflu ofqf gf}nf] lyof] . d}n] uf8Ldf Aofg/ 6fFu]/ lx8\g'sf]
dHhf lnb} lyPF, hLjgd} bf];|f] k6s . x'g t d}n] d]/} cu'jfOdf w]/} k6s ljBfyL{
hLjgdf o;/L Aofg/ 6fFu]/ ofqf u/]sf] lyPF t/ lzIf0fdf nfu]kl5 eg] of] bf];|f]
k6s lyof] . uf8L l/he{ u/]/ Aofg/ 6fFu]/ lx8\g'sf] zfg g} 5'§} x'G5 .
Aofg/df hfg] :yfg / ofqf ldlt;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] eP cem} ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g]
lyof] . Aofg/df 5'Rrf]kg emlNsGYof] . ljBfdlGb/h:tf] :s'nnfO{ Tolt 5'RrfO
b]vfpg'kg]{ s'g} cfjZostf lyPg . km]l/ csf]{ k6ssf nflu ToxL k'/fgf]
Aofg/ k|of]u ug}{kg]{ afWotf lyPg . dfgl;stf / Jojxf/df 5'rf]kg x'Fbf /
;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf] grflxg] l;sf] ubf{ Aofg/df 5'RofOF emlNsof] .
Aofg/sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ d}n] wf}nflul/ rf]sdf lx8\g] a]nf k|wfgfWofks;Fu klg
c;xdlt hgfPsf] lyPF . ofqfe/ Aofg/ k|j[lQnfO{ lrg{ dnfO{ @) xhf/ bfpdf
nufO/xg'k¥of] ¤
klxnf] /ft af; a:g] 7fpF xfd|f nflu ckl/lrt lyof] . ToxL xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿
‘sDk|dfOh’ ug{ ljjz lyP . To;lbgsf] kl/l:yltn] 5fqfx¿nfO{ a9L ;Demf}tf
ug{ afWo t'NofOlbPsf] lyof] . :jfut xf]6n /fd|f] / ;kmf eP klg :6fkm xf]6n
eg] a:gnfos lyPg . :jfut xf]6ndf 5fqx¿ c6\by] eg] :6fkm xf]6ndf
5fqfx¿ . ToxfF eg]h:tf ;'Tg] a]8 la:tf/f lyPgg\, sf]7f cfkm}df eg]h:tf
lyPgg\, kfgL r'x]h:tf] lyof] . p8'; plkofFx¿sf] cg's"n h:tf sf]7fx¿ lyP .
sf]7fleq} 6\jfOn]6sf] b'u{Gw JofKt lyof] tfklg 5fqfx¿ ;xh} To:tf sf]7fdf a:g
/fhL eO{ xfd|f cg'xf/df rds NofOlbP . xfdL klg 5fqfx¿ a;]s} ToxL xf]6ndf
a:of}F . o:tf ;Demf}tfx¿ xfd|f ljBfyL{x¿n] ofqfe/ cgluGtL u/] . 5fqx¿n] eg]
t'ngfTds ¿kdf To;lbg clns /fd|f] cj;/ kfPsf lyP . x'g t o:tf s'/fx¿
g} l;sfOsf cj;/ klg x'g\ .
t];|f] lbgsf] ofqfsf nflu xfd|f] uf8L laxfg} cl3 a9\of] . t/ 8'ª\u]Zj/af6 clns
k/ k'Ubf af6f] 9nfg ug{ nfu]sf] /x]5, h'g 7fpFaf6 xfd|f] uf8L cufl8 l5g{
;s]g . t;y{ uf8L kmsf{pg'sf] ljsNk /x]g clg csf]{ uf8Lsf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
cfOnfUof] . h'Dnfaf6 ;'v]{t lx8]sf] uf8LnfO{ c;L xhf/df l/he{ u/]/ xfdL k'gM
8'ª\u]Zj/ cfO{ k'gM uGtJolt/ kmls{of}F . :s'nsf] cf+lzs lzIfs ePsfn] s'g}
lhDd]af/L glnO{sg lx8]sf] d}n] cl3Nnf] lbg ;fFemb]lv :jo+ lhDd]af/L u|x0f
ug'{k/]sf] lyof] . olb ;xhLs/0f gu/]sf] eP xfdLn] af6f]df csf]{ uf8L e]6\g]
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 29
lyPgf}+ . Tof] uf8Ldf klg lx;falstfa ldn]sf] lyPg . krxQ/ / c;Lsf] unkmQL
lyof] . kl5 d}n] c;Ld} 6'ª\UofOlbPF . ToxfFaf6 8'ª\u]Zj/ kms{bf oxfFaf6 nu]sf]
uf8Lsf :6fkm;Fu olb ef8f dx+uf] eP @) xhf/ d xflnlbG5' eg]/ bfp
yfKg'k¥of] . To;kl5 xfdLn] afUn'ª\af6 lnP/ uPsf uf8Lsf ;f/ly / ;xof]uL
klg xfd|f ;xofqL ag]sf lyP . ca xfdL ofqL $& k'u]sf lyof}+ eg] ;f/ly gjLg,
;fx" b]|j]Gb| / ;xof]uL u/]/ %) hgf lyof}F . clg /dfOnf] ;'? eof] . klxnf
ZofdhL ljBfyL{x¿;Fu tf; v]n]/ /dfO/x]sf lyP, kl5 eg] pgL xfdL;Fu
Soflagdf cfOk'u], Psl5g gofF uf8L rnfPkl5 . d'u' hfg] uf8Lsf ;fx"n] pgnfO{
ljZjf; u/]gg\, zfob, To;sf/0f ZofdnfO{ w]/}a]/ uf8L rnfpg lbPgg\ . Zofd
klg gofF :6]l/ª;Fu kl/lrt lyPgg\ . kl5 gjLgn] xfdL;Fu Tof] s'/f u/]sf
lyP . Soflagdf cfOk'Ubf gk'Ub} lj1fgsf ;/x¿nfO{ pgn] Pp6f k|Zg t]:of{Oxfn],
kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt . kxf8sf] kfgL z'4 g} x'G5 t;y{ t/fO{df tft]sf ldlg/n jf6/
lsGg'kb}{g eGg] ;/x¿sf] ts{ lyof] t/ pgsf] ts{ lyof], kxf8sf] kfgL z'4 x'g]
eP hfh/sf]6df emf8fkvfnfn] lsg dflg; d/] < pgsf] vf; c;Gt'li6 rflx+
;'v]{tdf vfgf vfFbf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ aflx/sf] kfgL VjfP/ lzIfs :6fkmn]
ldlg/n jf6/ vfPsfdf klg lyof] . t/ h]xf];\ pgsf] ts{ hfoh g} lyof] .
To;eGbf cufl8 b}n]vsf] /ftf gfª\nfaf6 cf]/fnf] embf{ cl3Nnf] lbg d}n]
;fOG;sf ;/x¿nfO{ Pp6f k|Zg t]:of{O;s]sf] lyPF– lsg kLknsf] la?jf 9'+ufsf]
sfkdf tyf ?vsf] Kjfndf dfq} pd|G5 < e'FOdf lsg pd|b}g < cg';Gwfgsf nflu
lx8]sf lj1fgsf ;fyLx¿sf] hjfkmn] lrQ ga'em]kl5 xfdLx¿ ;fOlG6:6 /
;fOlg;df afFl8Psf lyof}F .
t];|f] lbgsf] ofqfdf dWokxf8Lsf] nf]sdfu{df kg]{ s0ff{nLk'n e]l6bf dnfO{
kl/lrt 7fpFsf] ofqf u/]h:tf] nfUof] . dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{;Fu xfdL kl/lrt g}
lyof}F . ca /f/f tfn hfg ;'v]{t 3'Dg gkg]{ lbg cfP5g\ eGg] nfUof] . To;kl5
eg] sflnsf]6sf] eL/sf] ofqf ;'? eof] . tf/] eL/ cfkm}df Psbd 8/nfUbf] ¤
r§fgsf] aLraf6 sf6]/ agfOPsf] ;fFu'/f] af6f] tyf 3'DtLx¿df klg sl/a
sl/a k}rfnL; krf;s} h:tf] l:k8df uf8L bf}8fpFy] gofF ;f/yL gjLgn] .
8«fOe/ cfkm} eGy] of] eL/df uf8L cfPsf] b]lvb}g / ;fO8 lbg'k¥of] eg] lgs}
cl3kl5 ug'{k5{ . clg a]nfa]nf pgn] b'3{6gfsf sxfnLnfUbf 36gfx¿ klg
;'gfpFy] . tLgj6f gofF 6«s / To;sf rfnssf] OxnLnf ;dflKtsf]] syf ;'gfP
pgn] . oxfFaf6 v:of}+ eg] l;w} vf]nfdf xf] sf]xL klg afFRb}gf}+ eGy] . cfh;Dd
of] dfu{df uf8L b'3{6gfdf k/]/ sf]xL klg gafFr]sf] pgsf] egfO lyof] . gkTofP
x]g'{;\ g M eGb} eL/ / vf]nf b]vfpFy] . eL/s} 6'Kkf]df sflnsf]6sf] ;b/d'sfd
/x]5 . sflnsf]6 ;b/d'sfdaf6 dfG5] v;]sf syf klg pg} ;f/lyn] ;'gfP
30 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
xfdLnfO{ . nfUof], e"uf]nn] ;a}eGbf a9L sflnsf]6nfO{ g} 7u]sf] /x]5 . To;sf]
t'ngfdf g t b}n]v, h'Dnf / d'u'nfO{ g} 7u]sf] /x]5 . eL/eL/df uf8Lsf
cjz]ifx¿ b]lvGy] . eL/af6 v;]sf uf8L lemSg c;+ej g} /x]5 . lkr af6f]sf
3'D6Lx¿ klg Aofs u/]/ s6fpg'kYof]{ . sflnsf]6 k'Ug] c+u|hL efiffsf] P;
cIf/sf] 3'D6L cfkm}df rlr{t /x]5 . cQflnP/ df]6/;fOsn v;]sf s'/f klg
pg}n] ;'gfP . st} 9'+ufsf] aLrdf af6f] l5bf]{ /x]5 st} d'lgaf6 uf8L lx8\bf]
/x]5 . sxfnLnfUbf] eL/df ;f;} /f]s]/} xfdL gfUdf ahf/df af; a:g k'Uof+} .
kms{bf sflnsf]6 ;b/d'sfdeGbf ;ft lsnf]ld6/ k/ cfpFbf xfdL r9]sf uf8Lsf
k5fl8sf tLg rSsf kGr/ eP . b'O{ klxNo} km'l6;s]sf /x]5g\, yk Ps ToxfF
cfP/ k8\lsP tfklg uf8L eg] ;lhn} /f]lsof] x} . cem /dfOnf] s'/f t uf8Lsf]
k§f t klxNo} efFlrO;s]sf] /x]5 . uf8Lsf] nf]8 sd ug{ xfdL s]xL lx8]/}
sflnsf]6 ;b/d'sfd vfF8frqm gu/kflnsf dfGdf cfof}F . kl5 uf8Ln] dfGdf
cfP/ b'a} rSsfx¿ agfof] t/ s0ff{nLsf] eL/ eg] xfdLn] k§f efFlrPs} uf8Ld}
k"/f u¥of}+ . Tof] uf8Lsf] k§f t xfdLn] l/hj{ ubf{ efFlrPsf] d]/f] cg'dfg 5 . olt
x'Fb} ubf{ d]/f] dgn] Psflt/ w]/} jif{ klxnf st} klqsfdf k9]sf] ‘s0ff{nL
/fhdfu{ M d[To'dfu{’ eGg] ;dfrf/ zLif{s ;lDem/x]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{lt/
;+;f/s} vt/gfs af6fx¿dWo] s0ff{nL dfu{nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sof}+ eg]
ko{6sLo cfsif{0f a9fpg ;lsg] s'/f klg ;f]RYof}+ .
afUn'ªaf6} Ps h'DnL xfd|} uf8Ldf ;'v]{t;Dd lx8]sf lyP . pgnfO{ d}n] ;'?d}
;f]w]sf] lyPF–‘l;+hf xfdL hfg] af6f]df k5{ ls kb}{g <’ pgn] af6f]d} kg]{ atfpFbf
d yk pT;flxt lyPF . d}n] s]xL jif{b]lv SofDk;df g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ :yn
l;+hf xfdL hfg'k5{ eGg] s'/f p7fpFb} cfPsf] lyPF t/ vf; of]hgf aGg ;s]sf]
lyPg . t/ o;kfln l;+hf hfg kfOg] eof] eGg] s'/fn] d yk pT;flxt lyPF .
geGb} gfUdfaf6 lx8]/ vfgf vfgsf nflu l;+hfl:yt uf]7LHo"nf ahf/df
/f]lsof}+ . csf]{ ;+of]u s] k¥of] eg] xfdL hfg] af6f] cj?4 ePsf] /x]5 .
To;sf/0f xfdLnfO{ ;do klg clns w]/} k|fKt eof] . To;lbg cGt/f{li6«o
gf/L lbj; /x]5 . uf]7LHo"nf ahf/sf] sgsf ;'Gb/L df=lj=df hfFb} ubf{ af6f]df
y'k|} dlxnfx¿n] 9'+uf af]s]/ af6f] agfpFb} u/]sf] e]6\of}+ . pgLx¿;Fu Psl5g
enfs';f/L u¥of}F, e':;fxf vfFb} u/]sL Ps dlxnf;Fu dfu]/ xfdLnfO{ b]v]/
n'sfPsf] e':;fxfsf] Ps ;sf]{ d}n] klg tfg]+ . Ps 7fddf kfgL3§ klg x]¥of}+ . kl5
tL dlxnfx¿n] g} 7"nf] 9'+uf kmf]/]/ xfd|f] cj?4 af6f] tLg rf/ 3G6fkl5 v'nfPsf
lyP . To;/L sfd u/]sf gf/Lx¿nfO{ gf/L lbj; yfxf lyof] ls lyPg s'lGg <
Tof] aLrdf xfdL sgsf ;'Gb/L df=lj= l;+hfsf ;/x¿;Fu e]63f6 u¥of}F . :s'nsf]
k|f+u0fdf b]of/ -zfob b]jbf/_sf] c+husf] af]6 b]Vof}+ . ;/x¿n] Tof] ?vsf]
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 31
JofVof ub}{ eGg'eof], ‘xhf/ jif{ a8f, xhf/ jif{ v8f, xhf/ jif{ k8f .’ ;flxTon]
lj1fgsf cufl8 b]of/sf] ?vsf af/]df cg';Gwfg ug]{ csf]{ k|Zg t];f{Psf] lyof],
ToxfF . l;+hf ePsf] 7fpFnfO{ sgsf ;'Gb/L ufpFkflnsf agfOPsf] /x]5 . xfdLn]
j8fWoIf;Fu klg k|Zg u¥of}+ lsg l;+hf h:tf] k|Voft gfd g/fv]/ tkfO{+x¿ sgsf
;'Gb/L /fVg'eof] < t/ xfn l;+hf ylkPsf]n] sgsf ;'Gb/L l;+hf gfd gu/ ;efn]
kf; u/]/ k7fPsf] pgsf] /fhgLlts hjfkm lyof] t/ cfd hgtfsf] c;Gt'li6 eg]
rs}{ ePsf] a'lemGYof] eg] zfob l;+hf gfpF csf]{ ufpFkflnsfn] /fv]sf] h:tf]
s'/f klg ;'lgof] . o;df k|i6 x'g ;lsPg . :s'ndf hfFb} ubf{ 5Ssaxfb'/ xdfn
eGg] Ps ;dfh;]jL;Fu e]6 eof] . pgn] l;+hfsf] af/]df Pp6f ldys ;'gfP .
hfnGw/nfO{ eujfg\ lzjn] zlQm lbPsf lyP, ToxL zlQmnfO{ k|of]u u/]/
hfnGw/n] afO{; /fHo lht]sf] /] . To;sf/0f lzjsf] z / hfnGw/sf] hf
lems]/ b'a}sf] k|ltlglwTjsf ¿kdf l;+hf eGg] gfd /Åof] /] . of] >L:j:yfgL
j|tsyfdf kfOg] lzj / hfnGw/sf] aLrsf] zq'tf ljk/Ltsf] syf lyof] . csf]{
s'/f s0ff{nLdf k'?ifx¿ eg] sd} b]lvP .
:s'naf6 kmls{P/ uf]7LHo"nfdf vfgf vfP/ k'gM xfdL g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ
:yn ‘;f]ag zfxL’sf] b/af/df k'Uof}+ . xfd|f s]xL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ToxfF hfg] pTs6
rfxgf lyof] t/ ;do cefjsf sf/0f Ps hgf ljBfyL{ / xfdL tLg hgf lzIfs
g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ:ynlt/ nfUof}+ . dgdf ;a}nfO{ n}hfg kfPsf] eP x'GYof]
eGg] nfu]sf] klg lyof] . lx8\g] a]nf ljBfnosf k|=c=n] lbg'ePsf] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
emG8f / ljBfnosf] emG8f klg nfg] dg lyof] t/ nfg ;lsPg . ‘cf]xf] ¤ tkfO{+x¿
wgL 7fpFsf dflg;x¿nfO{ e]6\g cfPsf]’ eGbf sflnsf cfwf/e"t ljBfno
xf6l;+hfsf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k"j{cWoIf uf]jL l;sdL{n] ‘xf] ¤ xfdL
wgL xf}+ . xfdLn] g]kfnnfO{ efiff lbof}+ .’ eg]/ Ps} ;f;df uj{ u/]sf lyP .
‘c7rfnL; jif{sf] hLjgdf klxnf] k6s tkfO{+ o;/L g]kfnL efiff pTklQ ePsf]
:yn vf]Hb} cfpg'eof], geP cfh;Dd sf]xL cfPsf] d}n] e]6]sf] lyOgF .’ eGg]
pgsf] u'gf;f] lyof] . cjZo klg g]kfnL efiffsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljåfg\x¿ t ToxfF
k'u] xf]nfg\ t/ l;+hfsf] xfnt x]bf{ uf]jL l;sdL{sf] u'gf;f] hfoh g} nfU5 . s'g}
;/sf/L sfof{no xf]nf, efiff cg';Gwfg ug]{ s]Gb| xf]nf, k'/ftŒjn] pTvgg /
;+/If0f u/]sf] xf]nf, w]/}sf dgdf log} s'/f v]Nb5g\ t/ ToxfF b/af/sf]
eUgfjz]if / 5]pdf sgsf ;'Gb/L dlGb/afx]s s]xL klg 5}g . d}n] l;+hfsf
g/]z gfu/fhn] v; efiffnfO{ v; ;fd|fHosf] efiff agfPsf] eg]sf] a'em]sf]
lyPF . Tof] ;fd|fHosf clGtd /fhf ;f]ag zfxLn] axfb'/ zfx;Fusf] n8fO{+sf]
clGtddf b'O{ zt{ t]:of{Psf] s'/f :yfgLox¿;Fuaf6 a'lemof] . klxnf] zt{ To;
;fd|fHosf] efiffnfO{ g]kfns} efiff agfOg'k5{ / bf];|f] To; ;fd|fHosf] bf}/f,
32 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
;'?jfn, 6f]kLnfO{ /fli6«o kf]zfs agfOg'k5{ . g]kfn PsLs/0fkl5 Tof] zt{ kfng
ul/of] eGg] hg>'lt /x]5 . tfklg cfh l;+hfsf] klxrfg cl:tTj ;+s6df 5 .
b/af/sf eUgfjz]ifx¿ sl/asl/a k'l/P/ x/fpg] cj:yfdf /x]5g\ . /fhgLlts
n8fO{+sf sf/0fn] l;+hf gfd x6fP/ sgsf ;'Gb/L /flvPsf] /x]5 . xfdL dfn
kfP/ rfn gkfpg] g]kfnL g k¥of}F ¤ tfklg uf]7LHo"nfdf g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ
:ynsf] ;+s]t ug]{ af]8{ /fVg / ko{6g clg lzIff dGqfno / k'/ftŒj;DaGwL
lgsfonfO{ ;+/If0fsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ cfu|x ub}{ xfdL ToxfFaf6 kmls{of}F . xfdLn]
ug{ ;Sg] To;eGbf a9L s] g} lyof] / <
;fFem tLg ah] >lds dlxnfx¿n] 9+'uf km'6fP/ xfd|f] af6f] vf]lnlbP5g\ . To;kl5
xfd|f] uGtJo d'u'sf] tfNrf lglZrt eof] . /f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h k|j]zåf/ e'ne'n]
cfkm}df ;'Gb/ /x]5 . k|jz] åf/sf] cufl8sf] 8fF8fdf lxpF v]Ng] cj;/ kfOof] . gofF
uf8Lsf ;fx", xfdL / ljBfyL{x¿ lgs} /dfof}F lxpFdf . x'g t kms{bf af; a;]sf]
:yn e'ne'n]df lxpF k/]sf] k|ToIf b]Vg] ef]Ug] cj;/ klg xfdLn] kfof}F . lxpF
v]Nbfgv]Nb} lbg 9lNsO;s]sf] lyof], To;}n] ubf{ tfNrf k'Ubf emdSs} /ft
kl/;s]sf] lyof] . To;/ft xf]6ndf af; a:bf ldq s'/} ga'emL d;Fu l/;fP .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg xfdL k}bn ofqfdf /f/f tfnsf nflu lx8\of}F . Ps} 3G6fdf xfdL
/f/f tfn k'Uof}F . g psfnf] g t];f]{ af6f] lx8]/ xfdL uGtJodf k'Uof}F . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
PSn} glx8\g, s'g} zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s c;lhnf] eP xfdLnfO{ eGg cg'/f]w
u¥of}F . ljBfyL{x¿ /f/f tfn k'Ubf lgs} pT;flxt b]lvGy] t/ lgs'Ghdf xNnf lgif]w
/x]5 . /f/f tfnsf] dgf]/d ;f}Gbo{, pkTosfsf] 8fF8fx¿df ;]tfDo] k/]sf] lxpF
/ kfgLdf k/]sf] To;sf] 5fofFn] hf] ;'s}nfO{ klg dgdf]xs t'NofpFYof] . htfaf6
x]/] klg /f/f tfnsf] ;f}Gbo{ p:t} b]lvGYof] . ofqfsf] b'Mv, kL8f tyf tgfa
If0fe/d} /f/fsf] ;f}Gbo{n] la;f{Psf] lyof] . /f/f tfns} 5]pdf /x]sf] xf]6ndf
vfgf vfP/ kms{bf kfgLn] cfkm\gf] :j¿k dfq} abn]sf] lyPg, ult klg abn]sf]
kfOof] . tfklg k"/} lbg a;]/ k"/} /f/f tfn 3'd]/ cjnf]sg ug{ ;s]gf}+ lsgls
xfd|f] ofqf w]/} nfdf] eO;s]sf] lyof] . /f/faf6 em/]/ xfdL k'gM kfFr ah]
tfNrfaf6 kms{gsf nflu uf8L r9\of}F .
To;lbg xfdL e'ne'n] cfOk'Uof}+ . lgs} cfTdLotfsf ;fy xf]6njfnfn] vfgf
v'jfP, /flt a;fP . lgs} ;/n :jefjsf xf]6n ;fx" afcfdf clg a'xf/L
klg . a'xf/Ln] lgs} cfTdLotfsf ;fy vfgf VjfOg\ . d}n] eg]sf] klg lyPF,
3/df cfdfn] v'jfPh:t} eof] . Tof] lx8+]b]lvs} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] a;fO lyof] . aflx/
lxpF kl//xFbf xfdL leq b'O{ b'O{ l;/s cf]9]/ ;'t]sf lyof}F . csf]{ lbg laxfg
e'ne'n]af6 lx8L gfUdfdf vfgf vfP/ sflnsf]6sf] ;b/d'sfd cfpFb} ubf{ uf8L
lalu|Psfn] xfd|f] ofqf s0ff{nL dfu{sf] eL/ kf/ u/]/ lv8\uLHo"nf;Dd dfq} k'Ug

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 33
;Sof] . To;lbg xfdL st} tNnf] 8'+u]Zj/ cfO k'luG5 ls eGg] cfzf lyof] t/
sflnsf]6sf] dfGdfd} /ft k¥of] . To;sf/0f Zofd / ofdhLn] uf8Lsf rfnsnfO{
bafa lbO/fv]sf lyP . /flt Tof] af6f] uf8L rnfpg k|ltaGw /x]5 . k|x/LnfO{
xfd|f] e|d0fsf] af/]df eg]kl5 pgLx¿n] t 5f]l8lbP t/ uf8L rfns eg] Tolt v'z
b]lvPg . To;sf/0f pgn] elg klg xfn], ‘s0ff{nLdf dg{ cfpg] g xf] . af6f]
lkmS; 5, s]xL b]lvb}g, 8«fOe/ klg afFRb}g .’ olt eg]kl5 eg] xfdLn] pgnfO{
bafa lbPgf}+ a? glhs} af; vf]Hg cfu|x u¥of}+ . geGb} pgn] cfwf 3G6fsf] ofqf
kl5 af; a;fn] . ef]lnkN6 ToxfFaf6 lx8]kl5 tNnf] 8'ª\u]Zj/df cfP/ vfgf
vfof}+ . clg uf8L kl/jt{g u/]/ afUn'ª cfpg] uf8Ldf ;'v]{tsf] s|fqm]ljxf/ /
a'na'n] tfn x]¥of}+ . a'na'n] tfn klg df;]5g\, lbUuhx¿n] . km]l/ k'glg{df{0f xf]nf,
b'O{ rf/ jif{kl5 < ljBfyL{x¿sf] n'lDagL hfg] rfxgf ofqfe/ klg cleJoQm
eO/x]sf] lyof] . t/ n'lDagL hfgdf cndn sfod} lyof] . ldq sltv]/ n}hfg]
sltv]/ gn}hfg] eGy] . nfg] eg]/ d}n] uf8Lsf ;f/lynfO{ ToxLcg';f/ s'/f
u/] . km]l/ gn}hfg] eG5g\ . k|To]s ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k};f k'Ub}g eG5g\ clg d}n] k};f
gk'u] @) xhf/ d xflnlbG5' eg]+ . s]xL ljBfyL{x¿n] tfnL ahfP . To;kl5 xfdL
n'lDagLlt/ nfUof}+ . n'lDagL x'Fb} gf} lbgsf /flt xfdL afUn'ª kmls{of}+ . kms{bf
a'6andf afafnfO{ e]6\g] / sl/a bz afx| jif{kl5 sf]xnk'/df ;fyLnfO{ e]6\g]
cj;/;d]t dnfO{ ldNof] .
vf;df of] e|d0f ljBfdlGb/ lj1fg ;+sfo sIff !@ n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] z}lIfs
cjnf]sg e|d0f lyof] . lj1fg ljifosf lzIfs ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ul/Psf] e|d0fdf
lj1fgsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ u}/lj1fgsfn] cg]sf}+ k|Zgx¿ t]:of{Psf lyof}+ . lj1fgsf
;/x¿sf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] pxfFx¿ jgjg:kltsf la?jfx¿ lrgfpg'x'G5 t/
ltgsf] g]kfnL gfd / pkof]lutf eGg'x'Gg . lj1fg k9\g]x¿sf nflu of] r'gf}tL klg
xf] . xfdL;Fu /x]sf jg;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] pkof]lutfsf af/]df ;a}nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg] xf] eg] xfdL ul/a 5}gf}+ . lj1fgsf ;/x¿n] u'?n] k]lG;nn]
n]vfpg l;sfPsf] gfddf ;w}el/ k]lG;nn] n]lv/xg' x'Fb}g, kfOn6 k]gdf klg
km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sg'k5{ . To;f] ug]{ xf] eg] /f/f tfnh:tf ;'Gb/ ;Dkbf ePsf
xfdLn] :jfledfg a]Rg'kg]{ lyPg . ofqfe/ ;flxTo / lj1fgsf] 3D;f3D;L
rln/Åof] st} afUn'ª 6' afUn'ª rlr{t eof] t st} /s]6 ;fOnL klg clg ;~rf]
5}g ls klg clg kfFr ¿k}ofFsf] afu]{lgª . ;Fu} ;'t]kl5 uf]8f nfU5 eg]h:t} ;Fu}
ofqf u/]kl5 ldqtf / ltSttf klg cfOxfN5g\ . t/ h] xf];\ ed|0faf6 g]kfnL
efiff tyf e]ife"iffsf] pb\ud ynf] / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/ s0ff{nL k|b]zsf
af/]df 5f]6f]df]6f] hfGg] cj;/ kfOof] .
ááá
34 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 8f=nIdLsfGt kGyL–Ps lrgf/L
k|f=8f=b'uf{k|;fb cHof{n
af}4 , /fdlx6L, sf7df8f}+
lj=;+=@))*;fn Ho]i7 dlxgfsf] !* ut] z'qmjf/sf lbg u'NdL lhNnfsf] dgf]/d
ufpF jfUnf a8frf}/df k|v/ ljåfg\ k+=eLdsfGt kGyLhLsL t];L| kTgL gLndfofb]jLsf
h]7f 5f]/fsf] ¿kdf nIdLsfGt kGyLsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cfkm\gf lktf / lkt[Joaf6
3/}df ;+:s[t ljBfsf] cWoog k|f/De u/]sf nIdLsfGtn] lj=;+=@)@! ;fnb]lv
c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] jfª\nf l:yt hLjgf]4f/ ;+:s[t dfWolds ljBfnoaf6
cf}krfl/s ljBfnoLo cWoog z'? u/] . To;kl5 slknj:t'sf] tf}n]Zj/ ;+:s[t
dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 @)@% ;fndf ;flxTo ljifodf k"j{dWodf k/LIff k"/f
u/] . To;kl5 lqe'jg ljZjljBfnocGtu{t hgtf dxfljBfno bfª\ / jfNdLls
;+:s[t dxfljBfno sf7df8f+}af6 qmdzM @)@& / @)@( df pQ/dWodf / zf:qL
k"/f u/] . @)#) ;fndf lq=lj=af6 pRrlzIff lng k|f/De u/]sf pgn] qmdzM
@)#! / @)#$df ;+:s[t;flxTo / g]kfnL;flxTodf Pd\= P= k"/f u/]sf x'g\ . @)#%
;fnsf] j}zfvb]lv g} lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|af6 hflu/] hLjgdf k|j]z
u/]sf eP klg cWoog ug{df /dfpg] kGyLn] @)$$ df ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno
v'nk] l5 klg qmdzM @)$% / @)$* df j]bfGtbz{gdf / wd{zf:q ljifodf cfrfo{
k/LIff k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] cWoogsfo{df ;w} hfu?s e}/xg] kGyLn]
lxGb";+:sf/ ljifodf ljBfjfl/lw pkflw klg lq=lj=af6} @)%@ ;fndf cfh{g
u/] .
otf lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsfo{qmdaf6 hflu/
k|f/De u/]sf eP klg pgL @)#& ;fnb]lv cd[t ;fOG; SofDk;af6
cf}krfl/s¿kdf g]kfnL ljifosf] k|fWofkg sfo{tk{m nfu]sf x'g\ . k|fWofkgs}
qmddf pgL @)^% b]lv sfzL lxGb" ljZjljBfnosf] snf;+sfocGtu{t g]kfn r]o/
df /x]/ b'O{ jif{;+d g]kfnL ljifo k|fWofkg ug{k'u] . sfzLaf6 sf7df8f}+ kml{s{P
nuQ} lqrGb| SofDk;df ;?jf eP/ % jif{ k|fWofkg u/]kl5 ;]jf cjlw #* jif{
k'Ubf pd]/sf] xbn] pgsf] clgjfo{ cjsfz ePsf] xf] . cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf
yf] / } ;do pgn] pQ/u·f dfWolds ljBfno afUn' ª sf] a' l t{ j fªdf,
afns'df/L dfWolds ljBfno lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fu9df / dx]Gb| cfbz{ dfWolds
ljBf>d nugv]nsf] ;ft bf]af6f]df klg cWofkg cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}
u'NdLsf] /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk;df klg k|fWofkg u/]sf 5g\ . otf cfkm\gf]
cgf}krfl/s :jfWoog eg] pgn] lg/Gt/ rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . kl5;+d pgn] j]b–
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 35
j]bf· Jofs/0f, lzIff, sNk-wd{zf:q_, lg?Qm, 5Gb / Hof]ltifdf ;d]t cle?lrk"js
{
cfkm\gf] cWoognfO{ a9fpFb} /x] . ;fy} k"jL{o bz{gzf:qdf klg pgsf] ulx/f]
cle?lr 5 . o; qmddf pgn] ;f+Vobz{g / of]ubz{gsf ;"qx¿sf] g]kfnLdf
JofVof;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . o:t} lxGbL / g]kfnL;flxTosf ;fy} Oltxf; k'/f0f tyf
/fdfo0f, dxfef/tsf] klg pgn] lg/Gt/ cWoog u/]sf 5g\ .
o;/L kof{Kt cWoog / cWofkgsf] cg'ej a6'n]sf nIdLsfGtnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+:s[t
lzIffsf] lzIf0f–k|lzIf0f ug]{ ulx/f] ?lrcg'¿ksf] df}sf eg] ldn]g . h]7L
5f]/L elQmn] ;+:s[t;flxTosf] zf:qL tx;+dsf] cWoog u/]sL 5g\ . dflxnL
5f]/L efjgfn] klg pQ/dWodf;+d ;+:s[t} k9]sL x'g\ . To;kl5sf] pRrlzIfftk{m
eg] 5f]/Lx¿n] klg c+u|hLsf] af6f] ;dft] . o;/L cfkm\gf b'O{6L 5f]/Lx¿nfO{
;+:s[t k9fP/ cfkm\gf] dft[–lkt[sn' j+zk/Dk/faf6 cfPsf] ;+:s[t lzIff cWoogsf]
qmdnfO{ pgn] sfod /fv]sf 5g\ . e/t bfO eGg] pkgfdn] klg lrlgg] nIdLsfGt
kGyLn] cfkm\gf efOx¿nfO{ klg ;+:s[tljBfsf] cWoog u/fP/ ;dy{ u/fPsf] b]g
klg oxfFlg/ ;+emgnfos 5 . pgsf ;a} efOx¿ pRr lzIff k|fKt 5g\ / cfcfkm\gf]
sfo{If]qdf ;Ifd eP/ lqmofzLn 5g\ . dflxnf] efO ;"o{sfGt g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;]jfdf ;x;lrjsf] kbdf k'u]/ xfn clgjfo{ cjsfz k|fKt ePsf 5g\ eg]
rGb|sfGt / lji0f'sfGt /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk; u'NdL tD3f;df k|fWofkg sfo{df
nfu]sf 5g\ . sfG5f] efO 8f=s[i0fsfGt eg] xfn cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f; /fHosf]
o'lgel;{6Ldf cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . tLgcf]6LdWo] sfG5L alxgL
sdnfn] klg pRrlzIff lnPsL 5g\ / xfn la|lnoG6 ax'd'vL SofDk; rfalxndf
k|fWofkg sfo{ ul/x]sL 5g\ .
8f=nIdLsfGt kGyLsf] ;flxTo;[hgfsf] ofqf tf}n]Zj/gfy ;+:s[t dfWolds
ljBfnosf] l;4fy{ klqsfdf k|sflzt gjjif{ gfdsf] sljtfaf6 @)@^;fnb]lv
k|f/De ePsf] xf] . ;[hgfTds ;flxTo, ;dfnf]rgf ;flxTo, cg'jfb ;flxTo /
cg';Gwfgdf klg bVvn ePsf sf/0f pgsf k|sflzt–ck|sflzt ;+:s[t /
g]kfnLsf s[ltx¿sf] ljj/0f o;k|sf/ b]lvG5 –
!= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;df uf]/vfkqsf] of]ubfg -@)$!_
@= ;lhnf] s'08nL kmn -@)$!_
#= Ct'ljrf/ sfJo ;+:s[tfg'jfb -@)^@_
$= k|fs[t kf]v/f sfJo ;+:stfg'jfb -@)^&_
%= x7of]uk|bLlksf g]kfnL cg'jfb -@)^&_
36 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
^= lxGb";+:sf/–kl/ro / ljdz{ -@)&#_
&= ;f+Vo tyf of]ubz{g g]kfnLJofVof -@)&#_
*= ljljw n]v–/rgf -ljleGg klqsfx¿df_
(= sfJodflnsf -sfJo;+u|x ;+:s[tdf k|sfzf]Gd'v_
!)= rGbg–cIftf–k"mn -g]kfnL n]v/rgf;+u|x k|sfzf]Gd'v_
plNnlvt /rgfx¿sf ;fy} ljleGg Oi6ldqsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljjfxsf lgdGq0ffkqdf
/flvg] z' e sfdgfsljtf, sljtfTds :joDj/lgdGq0ffkqsf ;fy} ,
nUgkq/rgf tyf hGds'08nL klg pgn] tof/ ul/lbG5g\ . sltko cGo n]vssf
s[ltsf] e"ldsfdf ;+:s[tsf ;fy} g]kfnLdf klg sljtf n]v]/, cfk"mn] c¿nfO{
k7fpg] sljtfTds lr7Lkq n]v]/, ;/:jtLsf] ;]jf oyfzSo ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
s]xL k':ts cfk}mn] k|sfzg u/]/ k|sfzs aGg] /x/ klg k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . xfd|f]
j}lbs wdf{r/0f kl/kfngf ug]{ qmddf pgn] 3/df lgTo :gfg, hk, lgTotk{0f,
lgTo kf~rfogk"hf, kf7 / lgTo :jfWofo ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oxfFlg/ s] ;+emgf
x'G5 eg] ‘a|f Åd0f]g lgisf/0ff] wd{M if8·f] j]b f] ˜ Wo]o f] 1]o Zr’ cyf{t \
a|fÅd0f ePkl5 p;n] j]b / j]bsf 5cf]6} c·x¿ lgM:jfy{¿kdf cWoog u/L
k9]/, a'e]m/ Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] j}lbs 1fgfg'zf;gsf] xf]; / x]Ssf /fVg]
u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L a|fÅd0fsf st{Jo–o1 ug]{–u/fpg], bfg lbg]–lng], ljBf
k9\g]–k9fpg] if6\sd{ k|d'v x'g\ eGg] ;+:s[t zf:qLo ljlwljwfgsf] Vofn klg
oyf;+ej pgdf /x]sf] 5 . >Ldb\efujtcflb k'/f0fjfrgsf] cg'ej klg w]/}
7fpFdf u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L zf:q, s'n / nf]ssf] cfrf/, Jojxf/ kfng ug]{ kGyL
afa' ljBf, wd{ / 1fgfg'/fuL 5g\ .
kGyL afa'sf] ?lr gofFgofF 7fpFsf] 3'dlkm/ ug{df / ljleGg tLyf{6g ug{df klg
plQs} b]lvG5 . logn] ljZjljBfnosf] sfdsfhsf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfnleqsf
ljleGg lhNnfdf / labfsf] ;dodf ;fyLefOsf] 6f]nLdf ;fd]n eP/ ef/tsf
ljleGg tLy{x¿sf] e|d0f klg u/]sf 5g\ . cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df hflu/ x'Fbfsf]
;dodf ljb]z hfg] cj;/ klg kfPsf 5g\ . ljleGg sfd / sljtfcflb ;flxTo
/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df kGyL afa'nfO{ g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg cflb ;+:yfaf6
;Tsf/, ;Ddfg, clegGbg / k'/:sf/ klg ldn]sf 5g\ . nIdLsfGt kGyLsf]
hLjgL, JolQmTj / s[ltTjsf] cWoognfO{ ljifoj:t' agfP/ zf]wfyL{ ljdn
l3ld/]åf/f :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq klg n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 . logsf lktf n'lDagL
c~rns} k|yd ;+:s[t dxfslj k+=eLdsfGt kGyLsf] ;flxlTos hLjgL, JolQmTj

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 37
/ s[ltTjsf] kl/rodf zf]wfyL{ ;Ltf l/hfnn] Pd\=P=sf] zf]wkq k"/f u/]sL 5g\
eg] pxfFåf/f lj/lrt hublDasfj}ejd\ gfdsf] dxfsfJosf] ljifoj:t'df g]kfn
;+:s[t ljZjljBfnocGtu{t lk08]Zj/ ;+:s[t ljBfkL7sf pkk|fWofks dxfgGb
ltldlN;gfn] ljBfjfl/lw pkflw cfh{g ul/;s]sf 5g\ . xfn ;]jflgj[Q hLjg
latfO/x]sf kGyL afa'n] :jfWofofGdf k|dbM eGg] j}lbs jrgsf] kl/kfng
ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;/L 8f=nIdLsfGt kGyLdf pgsf lktf dxfslj k+=eLdsfGt
kGyL Pj+ sfsfx¿ k+=gLnfDa/ kGyL, k+=z]v/gfy kGyL, lktfdx k+=b]jLk|;fb kGyL
/ k|lktfdx k+= bQfq]o kGyLsf] ljåTk/Dk/f / ;flxTo;fwgfsf ;fy} pgsf
dfjnLtk{msf cHof{ns'nsf] ;d]t ljåTk/Dk/f ;xh / :jfefljs¿kdf k|fKt
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
nIdLsfGt kGyL / d;d]t ljBf k9\g] / hflu/ vf]Hg] p2]Zo /fv]/ @)@*;fndf
u'NdLaf6 sf7df8f}+df cfPsf eP klg @)$! ;fnb]lv sf7df8f+} dxfgu/kflnsfsf]
af}4 /fdlx6L lz/f]dl0f dfu{df yf]/} df6f] lsg]/ To;}df u[xlgdf{0f u/L ;Fu}
a;f]af; ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F . ch/fd/jt\ k|f1f] ljBfdy{+ r lrGto]t\ . u[xLt
Oj s]z]if' d[To'gf wd{dfr/]t\ .. eGg] gLltjrg cg';f/ d kGyL afa'nfO{ s]
cfzLjf{b lbG5' eg]–
cHof{ns'n hf dftf eLdsfGtf] dxfu'? M .
ljBfdy{+ :jwd{+ r nIdLsfGt ¤ ;dh{o ..
pQm egfOsf] cfzo g]kfnLdf o;/L v'nfpFbf pko'Qm x'g cfpF5–
ljBf sdfpm wg–wd{ sdfpm /fd|f ]
;]jf u/L 3/ ;dfh agfpm /fd|f] .
/fv]/ dfg clg zfg a9fpm xfd|f]
cfk"m ljgd| ag OHht /fv xfd|f] ..
lsgeg] clxn]sf] kl/l:ylt / cj:yfdf xfdLnfO{ rflxg] ljifoj:t' log} x'g\ .
nIdLsfGt cfkm\gf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;+:s[t k9fpg ;kmn eP . o; s'/fdf dnfO{
Hofb} v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . d}n] rfx]/ ;f]r]/ ;+e]m/ klg cfkm\gf ;GtltnfO{ ;+:s[t
k9fpg g;s]sf]df dg lvGg 5 . clxn] ;do u'lh|Pkl5 d]/f 5f]/fx¿n] klg
;+:s[t gk9]sf]df cfk"mnfO{ k5'tf] nfu]sf] atfpF5g\ . ;a} s'/f a]n}df ug'{kg]{
/x]5 . kl5 k5'tf] dfg]/ s]xL sfd x'Fb}g .
ljut %% jif{b]lv nIdLsfGt afa' / d ;xofqL, ;xkf7L, ;xsdL{ x'Fb} ;dfg zLn,
:jefjn] ;xjf; ub}{ cfPsf5f}F / ;xhLjg rnfpFb}5f}F . xfdL @)!^.!& ;fnb]lv

38 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
ufpFdf klg Pp6} u'?;Fu k9]sf, k|jf;df klg Pp6} ljBfno, dxfljBfno /
ljZjljBfnodf Pp6} ljifo k9]sf, Pp6} 8]/fdf jiff{}F;Dd ;Fu} a;]sf, Pp6}
efG;fdf ;xef]hg u/]sf / sf7df8f}+df klg Ps} 7fpFdf hUuf lsg]/ 3/ agfO{
a;]sf, z/L/ leGg–leGg eP klg c;fWo} dg ldNg] b'O{ JolQm xf}F . Pp6} ;dodf
xfdL ljBfyL{ eof}F / Pp6} ;dodf hflu/] klg eof}F . w]/} psfnL cf]/fnLx¿df
xfd|f] ;xofqf ePsf] 5 . xfdL b'a}sf] cWoj;fo klg Pp6} k|sf/sf] k|fWofkgj[lQ
eof] . clxn] xfdL b'a} ;]jflgj[Q ePsf 5f}F . pd]/n] deGbf cu|h eP klg pgsf]
dfjnL gftfn] ubf{ pgL d]/f bf}lxq x'g\ . o;sf/0f pgn] dnfO{ xh'/af eGg]
u5{g\, d}n] pgnfO{ gflt eGg'k5{ . d]/f] dfjnL w'/sf]6sf] kl08t 6f]nfdf xf]
/ kGyL afa'sf] dfjnL cd/e'd\sf] kl08t 6f]nfdf xf] . clxn];+d xfd|f] a;fO klg
;Fu;Fu} 5 . To;}n] xfd|f] cfTdLotf klg ;xh 5 . d]/f lktf>L / dftf>Lsf] lgwg
ePsf] qmdzM ## / @& jif{ eO;Sof] . kGyL afa'n] cem;Dd dft[:g]x kfO/x]sf
5g\ . of] ;'vb ljifo xf] . d}n] pNn]v u/]sf] kGyLsf] kGyf lg/Gt/ rln/xf];\ .
d pgsf] ;'vb, lg/fdo / bL3{hLjgsf] sfdgf ub{5' / eljiodf klg xfd|f]
nf]sofqf Pj+ ;xofqf ;xh alg/xf];\ eGg] clenfiff /fVb} kGyL afa'nfO{ wGojfb
lbG5' . w]/} w]/}=====wGojfb .
ááá

b'O{ d'Qms
w'|j ;'dg
sf7df8f} +
-!_
sDkfp08leq g}, tLg rf/j6f sf/ /}5,
a}7s sf]7f t k"/} ;lhPsf] af/ /}5 .
d cbgf k|f0fL 8]/fsf] x]/ ¤ af; 5,
xfd|f] ldngsf] aLr t ¤ s/]G6sf] tf/ /}5 ¤¤
-@_
s}n] xfF;f] s}n] /f]bg tdfd lhGbuLsf],
yfx} x'Gg efUo s:tf] cfd lhGbuLsf] .
k/L cfPsf] Aoxf]g}{kb{5, oxL w'|j ;To,
cfh oxfF ef]ln sxfF d'sfd lhGbuLsf] ¤¤
ááá
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 39
 ;"a ;]gsf] ‘zxLb s[i0fnfn’
gf6sdf ljr/0f ubf{
Clif cfhfb
a' 6 jn
s]xL lbg cl3 a'6jndf ;flxTosf/ ;"a ;]gl;t e]6 eof] . d}n] pgsf] gfd @)$)
;fnb]lv g} ;'Gb} cfPsf] lyPF . k~rfot sfndf pgnfO{ s7f]/ k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf
gfd lng] ul/GYof] . xfdLx¿ e"ldut ¿kdf ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ / cfGbf]ng p7fpg]
cleofgdf nfu]sf x'gfn] xf]nf xfdL k|zf;sx¿af6 aRg] sf]lz; uYof}{+ . nfdf]
;fwgf / k|efjsf/L cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f xfdLx¿ qmdzM ;kmntfsf] pQ/f]Q/
lzv/lt/ nfUof}+ . sfnfGt/df g]kfndf w]/} 7"nf] pynk'yn eof] . o; pynk'ynsf]
bafadf k|zf;sx¿ klg ablnb} cfP . hgcfGbf]ngsf] bafan] ablng' afWotf
lyof] . ;"a ;]g klg ablnb} ;flxTosf] ;fwgfdf nfUg yfn] .
d]/f] cWoogcg';f/ ;"a ;]gsf] c¿x¿eGbf leGb} JolQmTj lyof] . pgdf k|zf;s
JolQmTj / ;flxlTos JolQmTj cnu–cnu ¿kdf b]lvG5 . @)^# ;fnkl5 t
pgL /fhg}lts JolQmTjsf ¿kdf klg b]vf k/] . oL tLgj6f cfofdx¿nfO{
;dli6df cWoog ubf{ pgsf] JolQmTj d"ntM ;flxlTos JolQmTj g} aGof] . clxn]
pgL ;flxlTos JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .
d}n] ;"a ;]gsf s]xL s[ltx¿ x]/]+ . b/af/sf] b[li6df ;'of]Uo / lgi7fjfg\ k|zf;s
eP klg pgsf s[ltx¿df b]zelQmsf] efjgf 5 . To;} u/L bLgxLgx¿sf s?0f
Joyf / x[boljbf/s syf 5 . logsf s[ltx¿df k|ultzLntf 5 . kl/jt{gk|ltsf]
;Gb]z 5 . dfgjLo ;+j]bgf 5 . cg';Gwfg Pj+ zf]wvf]hdf cfwfl/t y'k|} s[ltx¿
5g\ . ‘zxLb s[i0fnfn’ gf6ssf] ljifoj:t' To;} P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t'df
cfwfl/t 5 . pgn] ;dfhzf:qLo If]qdf klg snd rnfPsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf /fhg}lts kl/jt{g cfof] . Tof] kl/jt{gsf] k|j[lQ / ljz]iftf klg cfkm\g}
vfnsf] 5 . kl/jt{gnfO{ lht–lht l;4fGt / lht–xf/ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
6'ª\Uofpg] ul/Psf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf @)^# ;fnsf] kl/jt{gdf /fhtGqnfO{ lht–
xf/ l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df / nf]stGqjfbLx¿nfO{ lht–lht l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df
Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . of] oxfFsf] df}lns ljz]iftf xf] . o;n] xf/]sfnfO{ klg
kZrfQfk / Ifdfsf] cfwf/df Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 . of] dfgjLo ljifo xf] . ;"a
;]gk|lt klg k|zf;s ePsf] gftfn] xfdLn] Ifdf / kZrfQfksf] gh/af6
x]g'{k5{ . a? pgdf ePsf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq
lgdf{0fdf nufpg'k5{ . pgn] u0ftGqsf] nflu 7f]; of]ubfg lbP/ Tof] k"/f
u/]sf 5g\ .
40 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
lht–xf/ l;4fGtdf k'/fgf] ;Qf / To;sf ;~rfns b'a} lj:yflkt x'G5g\ . gofF
zlQm k"/} :yflkt x'G5g\ . lht–lht l;4fGtdf k'/fgf] zlQm / gofF zlQsf] ;dfg
¿kdf lht x'G5 . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] klg cfGbf]ngsf/L / /fhtGq aLr
lht–lht l;4fGtnfO{ cFufNb} lg/°'z /fhtGqnfO{ cª\s'z nufO{ ;+j}wflgs
agfof] . To;df c;Gt'i6 kIfx¿ @)%@ ;fnkl5 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ ;z:q o'4lt/ nfu] . Tof] o'4tfsf ;"a ;]g b/af/sf] kIfdf
/fd|f];Fu nfu]sf lyP . pgL b]zeQm /fhf jL/]Gb| zfx / /fi6«jfbL g]tf dl/rdfg
l;+xsf] ljrf/df ;xdt x'Fb} cl3 a9\g rfxGy] . b/af/ xTofsf08kl5 ;"a ;]g
PsfPs lg/fz eP . pgdf /fhg}lts ljrng cfof] . pgsf] x[bodf k|ltzf]wsf]
Hjfnf blGsof] . pgn] jL/]Gb|sf] j+z gf; ug]{x¿nfO{ ;QfRo't ug{ tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf alnof] zlQmsf] ¿kdf pbfPsf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xL;Fu leqleq} ;DaGw
a9fpg yfn] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd !@ a'Fb] ;Demf}tf x'Fb} zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf]
;kmntfkl5 ePsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efdf pgn] dfcf]jfbLaf6 ;dfg'kflts
;ef;b\ ag]/ ;+;b\df k'uL u0ftGq g]kfnsf] kIfdf tfnL 7f]s]sf lyP . Tof]
;dodf pgn] jL/]Gb| zfxnfO{ ;fFrf] cy{df Gofo;lxt >4f~hln lbPsf] dx;';
u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4sf] nflu em08} %) jif{b]lv nfluk/]sf ;"a ;]g cf};t
¿kdf k|To]s jif{df Ps Ps s[lt k|sfzg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQ/f4{df w]/} s[ltx¿
k|sflzt u/] klg k"jf{w{df n]lvPsf pgsf s[ltx¿ sdhf]/ 5}gg\ . !((^ ;fndf
u'NdL lhNnfsf] k'/sf]6 afFems6]/Ldf hGd]sf pgL s'zn k|zf;s, s"6gLlt1,
Joj:yfks, of]hgfsf/ dflgG5g\ . pgn] g]kfnL jfª\dodf y'k|} s[ltx¿ k:s]sf
5g\ . tL s[ltx¿dWo] ( j6f ofqf ;+:d/0f, & j6f pkGof;, # j6f syf–;+u|x,
# j6f sljtf–;+ux| , @ j6f gf6s, ( j6f Oltxf;d"ns /rgf, $ j6f g]kfnjfbdf
cfwfl/t s[lt / $ j6f ;+:d/0fx¿ 5g\ . oL ;a} s[ltx¿df b]zelQm / hg;]jf
d'Vo ljz]iftf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL jfª\dodf olt 7"nf] of]ubfgnfO{ xfdLn] d'Qm
s07n] k|z+;f ug}{k5{ . cfh d pgsf em08} %) s[ltx¿dWo] ‘zxLb s[i0fnfn’sf]
P]ltxfl;s gf6ssf] ljifodf k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo l;4fGtsf] s;Ldf ;dfGo
;dLIff ug{ rfxG5' .
gf6s ‘g6’ zAbaf6 lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . c¿sf] af]nL / Jojxf/nfO{ gSsn ug]{
JolQmnfO{ ‘g6’ elgG5 . c¿sf] ¿ksf] gSsn jf cg's/0f ug]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{
‘¿ks’ klg elgG5 . ;+:s[t ;flxTodf gf6snfO{ kfFrf}+ j]b dflgG5 . gf6sdf
oh'j]{baf6 clego, CUj]baf6 ;+jfb, ;fdj]baf6 uLt / cyj{j]baf6 /; lnP/
rf/} tŒjsf] ;+of]hg u/L gf6s ag]sf] xf] elgPsf] 5 . gf6s klZrddf eGbf
k"j{df Hofbf ljsl;t ljwfsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . k"j{df gf6\ofrfo{ e/tnfO{
gf6s ljwfsf klxnf] l;4fGtsf/ dflgG5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 41
k"jL{o ;flxTodf gf6snfO{ ;'vfGtsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . t/ kfZrfTo
d'nsdf ;flxTonfO{ b'MvfGtsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . gf6ssf] cGTodf gfossf]
cfkm\g} sdhf]/L -Åo"dl;{of_sf sf/0f c;kmntf jf ljof]u b]vfP/ s?0ff / qf;
pTkGg u/fO{ bz{snfO{ uNtL gug{ k|]l/t ug]{ ePsf]n] b'MvfGt gf6snfO{ kfZrfTo
hut\sf ;dfh ;'wf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ c:q dflgG5 . of] k|rng lj:tf/} k"j{ klZrd
;a}lt/ x6]/ ;'vfGt, b'MvfGt / ;'v–b'MvfGt tLgj6} k|s[ltsf gf6s b]lvg
yfn]sf 5g\ .
x/]s j:t' jf ljifosf] ;+/rgf x'G5 . gf6s klg s]jn zAb / jfSox¿sf] y'k|f]
dfq x}g, To;sf] lglZrt agf]6 / a'gf]6 x'G5 . To;df cnu cnu c°x¿
x'G5g\ . ljifj:t' jf syfj:t' x'G5 . To;sf] cf/De, ljsf;, pTsif{ / pk;+xf/
x'G5 . :yfg, sfn, sfo{;lxtsf] jftfj/0f x'G5 . gf6ssf] p2]Zo x'G5 . p2]Zon]
gf6ssf] k|efj b]vfpF5 . To;df k|o'Qm kfqkfqfx¿ x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ aLrdf
cfk;df ;+jfb x'G5 . ;+jfbsf] nflu cfjZos efiff rflxG5 . efiffnfO{ k|:t't
ug]{ z}nL rflxG5 . To;/L g} cfl·s, jflrs / cfxfo{ / ;flTjs k|s[ltaf6
clego x'G5 . gf6ssf] nflu b[Zo ljwfg rflxG5 . To/L g} gf6sdf /;sf] klg
cfjZostf x'G5 . oL ;a} tŒjx¿n] dfq gf6s k"/f x'G5 . o;}sf cfwf/df
gf6ssf] c· pkf·x¿ k"/f ug'{k5{ .
g]kfnL ;flxTosf klxnf] zxLb ‘ds}sf] v]tL’sf ;|i6f s[i0fnfnsf] ef]ufOnfO{
lj=;=+!(&%–!(*) sf] kl/j]zdf hLjGt lrq0f u/]/ ;"a ;]gn] s[i0fnfn
clwsf/LnfO{ hLjGt t'NofPsf 5g\ . of] gf6s afx|f} c°df ;+/lrt 5 . ljifoj:t'sf
b[li6n] P]ltxfl;s, k|:t'ltsf b[li6n] gf6sLo, k|s[ltsf b[li6n] b'MvfGt,
;+/rgfsf b[li6n] kfZrfTo, ;dfh cWoogsf b[li6n] /f0ffsfnLg ¿kdf n]lvPsf]
of] gf6s g]kfnL gf6\o k/Dk/fdf Pp6f hLjGt s[ltsf] ¿kdf /xg] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 ;"a ;]g gf6\o ljwfdf ;bf emlNs/xg] 5g\ .
o; gf6sdf klxnf] b[Zodf /fdxl/ clwsf/L, l87\7f pk]Gb| a:g]t, d'lvof
zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\u]n, hflu/], kz'klteQm kGt, x]8 kl08t ;f]dgfy, r'/fdl0f,
ef]h/fh sfkm\n] cflb;Fu 5nkmn rN5 . ‘ds}sf] v]tL’ k':ts s[i0fnfnfn] g} n]Vg]
lhDdf kfpF5g\ . bf];f| ] b[Zodf s[i0fnfnn] ds}sf] v]tL n]V5g\ . c¿x¿af6 ;fdfGo
;'emfj kfpF5g\ . t];|f] b[Zodf s[i0fnfnsL >LdtLsf] b'Mvb Pj+ sf?l0fs lgwg
x'G5 . rf}yf] b[Zodf s[i0fnfn cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L lnP/ ltnk'· /fd]5fkdf
hfG5g\ . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ zf]sljÅjn x'G5g\ . kfFrf} b[Zodf s[i0fnfnn]
s]z/ zdz]/af6 ds}sf] v]tL k':ts 5fKg cg'dlt kfpF5g\ . 5f}7f}+ b[Zodf k|];sf]
dflns >LkGt zª\sf aLrdf klg k':ts 5fKg] lg0f{odf k'U5g\ . k':ts Ps
xhf/k|lt 5flkG5 . To;} ;dodf Pshgf ef]nf/fh jf ef]h/fh eGg] JolQmn]
Psk|lt k':ts nu]/ hfG5 . pm l;cfO8Lsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] x'G5 . Tof] 36gfn] gofF
42 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
df]8 lnG5 . ;ftf}+ b[Zodf s[i0fnfnnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqm]/ xts8L / g]n;lxt eLd
zdz]/sf] b/af/df k'¥ofOG5 . ToxfF c¿ ;xefuL klg klqmP/ cfpF5g\ .
cf7f}+ b[Zodf s[i0fnfnnfO{ eLd zdz]/sf] cufl8 k'/fOG5 . pgsf] aofg
lnOG5 . eLd zdz]/n] cleo'Qmsf] aofgsf] d'r'Nsf;lxt dxf/fhsf] Ohnf;df
k]; ug"{ eGg] cfb]z lbG5g\ . gjf}+ b[Zodf s[i0fnfnnfO{ kbaf6 vf];'jf u/L ^
jif{sf] ;hfo / Pp6f k':ts n'sfPsf] cf/f]kdf yk # jif{ ;hfo lbg] 3f]if0f
ul/G5 . To;/L g} l87\7f pk]Gb| a:g]t, d'lvof zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\u]n, x]8 kl08t
;f]dgfy, r'/fdl0f, ef]h/fh sfkm\n], k|];sf ;~rfns >LkGt / s[i0frGb|nfO{
hgxL %) ¿k}ofFsf b/n] b08 hl/dfgf ul/G5 . b;f}+ b[Zodf cfTdhLjgL n]v]sf
x'G5g\ . kxndfg l;+xn] pQm hLjgL hf]ufpg] s'/f atfpF5g\ . P3f/f}+ c°df
s[i0fnfn lgs} la/fdL b]lvG5g\ . vf]Sbf /ut} /ut afGtf x'G5 . /f0ffx¿af6
/fhb|f]xLnfO{ cf}iflw ug]{ Ohfht 5}g eGg] cdfg'lifs hjfkm cfpF5 . t/ s]xL
;dokl5 dfkmL dfu]df pkrf/;Dd ug{{ kfpg] s'/f klg cfpF5 . afx«f}+ b[Zodf
s[i0fnfnsf] b]xfGt x'G5 . s[i0fnfnsf] afa' nId0fnfn cfP/ zj a'e\m5g\ .
zjnfO{ bfx ;+:sf/sf nflu cfo{3f6lt/ nluG5 .
of] 36gf !(&% b]lv !(*) ;Ddsf] 36gf xf] . of] ;To 36gfdf cfwfl/t gf6s
xf] . o; 36gfn] g]kfndf /fhg}lts hfu/0f Nofpg 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf]
5 . /f0ff lj/f]wL pQ/jtL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ k|]/0ff k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf
s[i0fnfn pRr / b[9 dgf]an ePsf gfos x'g\ . pgn] Hofgsf] k|jfx gu/L dfkmL
dfu]gg\ . o;df k|ltgfossf] ¿kdf cfPsf rGb| zdz]/nfO{ qm"/ kfqsf] ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . of] gf6s Hofb} sf?l0fs 5 . of] gf6sdf cfpg] kfqx¿ w]/}
5g\ . d"n gfos s[i0fnfn x'g\ . gfossf] b'Mvb cGTo x'G5 . b[Zof°gsf] nflu
syfj:t' Tolt hl6n 5}g .
jf:tjdf of] s[ltdf Joª\Uor]t klg 5 . n]vsaf6 /ftf 6fps] / sfnf 6fps]
eGb} /ftf >Lk]r / sfnf >Lk]r nufpg]nfO{ Joª\Uo ul/Psf] 5 . ljb]zL
s's'/n] eGbf g]kfnL s's'/n] g} ;DklQsf] /Iff ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ cª\u|]hsf
e/f}6] /f0fx¿n] d'n'ssf] /Iff ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eg]/ Joª\Uo ul/Psf] 5 . o;}
sf/0f pgL dfl/G5g\ . o;y{ klg g]kfnL ;flxTodf pgL klxnf] zxLb
dflgG5g\ .
cGTodf efiff k|jfxzLn 5 . z}nL a8f] /f]df~rs 5 . jQmfx¿sf ;+jfbx¿
:jfefljs / ;/n nfU5g\ . c° ljefhg gu/L b[Zo ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
o;df åGåsf] klg ;kmn k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . of] b'MvfGt gf6s xf] . of] s?0f
/; k|wfg 5 . *) jifL{o cfb/0fLo pd]/df klg pgsf] ;flxTodf h'g ;lqmotf
b]lvG5, Tof] lg/Gt/ /lx/xf];\ . xflb{s z'esfdgf .
ááá
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 43
 lrtjgsf] dxfsfJoofqfdf
s}s]oL dxfsfJosf] of]ubfg
/d]z k|eft
pkk| f Wofks
jL/]G b| ax'd vL SofDk;
e/tk' /
cfd' v
sljj/ uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL -@)!)_ lrtjg / gjk/f;Lsf ljleGg ;flxlTos
;+3–;+:yfx¿;Fu s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf cfa4tf hgfpFb} cfPsf k|v/ JolQmTj x'g\ .
pgL o'jfk':tfsf nflu Pp6f c;n dfu{bz{s klg x'g\ . pgn] g]kfnL zf:qLo
nosf km'6s/ sljtf, uLt, uhnh:tf n3'/rgfdf lgs} rrf{;d]t sdfPsf
5g\ . lrtjgsf] klxnf] klqsf lrtjgsf] lrgf]df l/; sljtf -@)@!_ k|sflzt
u/L g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;fj{hlgs ePsf ;flxTosf/ ljgf]bL slj, uLtsf/,
uhnsf/, v08sfJosf/;d]t x'g\ . pgn] cGo ;h{ssf ljleGg s[ltdf e"ldsf
n]v]/ e"ldsfsf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t Voflt sdfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] xfn} kf}/fl0fs
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t s}s]oL dxfsfJo -@)&$_ k|sflzt ePsf] 5, h;n]
pgnfO{ kf7s;fd' dxfsfJosf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t pEofPsf] 5 . ;flxTosf
cltl/Qm pgsf] l;4x:ttf a|; / /ªsf dfWodaf6 lrqsf ¿kdf snfsf]
cleJolQm ug'{df klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
lrtjgsf] dxfsfJoofqfsf] ;ª\l IfKt rrf{
g]kfnL dxfsfJon] ljleGg vfnsf k|of]u / k|j[lQ cFufnL;s]sf] cj:yfdf lj=;+=
@)%& df slj kf]if/fh kf}8]nåf/f /lrt zxLbufyf dxfsfJo k|sflzt ePkl5
dfq} lrtjgn] dxfsfJotkm{ kfOnf rfNg yfn]sf] xf] . of] ofqfdf xf]dgfy kf}8]nsf]
lje"lt bk{0f, xl/x/ ;ljtfsf] k'ikkq, O{Zj/Lk|;fb cf]emfsf] cleef/f, nsfz
kf}8]nsf] zf}o{ufyf, s[i0ffb]jL zdf{ >]i7sf] qmflGtsf/L ljZj]Zj/nufotsf
dxfsfJox¿ hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lrtjgsf] dxfsfJoofqf yflnPsf] ;qjif{kl5
dfq} slj uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL klg s}s]oL dxfsfJo -@)&$_ lnP/ ;xofqLsf
¿kdf of] ofqfdf ldl;g cfOk'u]sf 5g\ .

44 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
dxfsfJosf tŒjsf cfwf/df s}s ]oLsf] ljZn]i f0f
dxfsfJosf tŒjsf af/]df k"j{ / klZrdsf ljåfg\x¿sf ljleGg vfnsf
wf/0ffx¿ e]l6G5g\ . k"jL{o sfJol;4fGtn] j:t', g]tf / /;nfO{ d'Vo tŒj dfg]sf]
5 eg] 5Gbof]hgf, ;u{of]hgf, kl/j]z lrq0f cflbsf] klg rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t} kfZrfTo sfJodfGotfdf syfj:t', rl/q, efiff / ljrf/ k|d'v tŒjsf
/x]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF b'a} dfGotfnfO{ ldnfP/ syfgs, kfqljwfg, efiffz}nL,
kl/j]zljwfg, ;u{ljwfg, noljwfg, /;ljwfgh:tf tŒjsf cfwf/df s}s]oL
dxfsfJosf] lgDgfg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 M
s}s ]oL dxfsfJosf] syfgs
/fdfo0fnfO{ pkhLJo dfg]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJosf] cfVofg;|f]t
k"jL{o jfª\dosf] kf}/fl0fs ldys xf] . o;df /fdfo0fdf :jfyL{ gf/Lsf ¿kdf
lrlqt / ckx]lnt /x]sL s}s]oLnfO{ d'Vo kfqsf ¿kdf pEofP/ PsfnfkLo
z}nLdf p;sf d'vaf6 syfjfrg u/L syfgsnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJosf] klxnf] ;u{df /fdsf] /fHofleif]sf] ;Gbe{ cfPsf]
5 eg] bf];f| ] ;u{df s}s]oLn] cfkm\gf] ctLtsf] :d[lt u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} t];f| ] ;u{df
dGy/fn] s}s]oL;Fu 5f]/f e/tnfO{ /fhf agfpg /fhf;Fu lng afFsL j/ dfUg]
;Nnfx lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] rf}yf] ;u{df /fhfn] o'4sf ;dodf s}s]oLnfO{ b'O{
j/bfg dfUg lbPsf] s'/fsf] k"j{k|;ª\u cfPsf] 5 . o:t} u/L kfFrf}F ;u{df /fgL
s}s]oLn] /fhf bz/y;Fu klxn] lbPsf] jrgcg';f/ j/ dfUg u/]sf] gf6ssf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] 5}7f}F ;u{df /fhfn] /fdnfO{ rf}w jif{ jgjf;sf ;§f c¿
j/ dfUg u/]sf] cg'gosf] k|;ª\u cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;ftf}F ;u{df /fdsf]
jgk|:yfgsf] s'/f 5 eg] cf7f}F ;u{df 5f]/fsf] ljof]udf /fhf bz/yn] b]xTofu
u/]sf] s'/f kfOG5 . To:t} gjf}F ;u{df dfjnLaf6 e/tsf] u[xcfudgsf] s'/f
ul/Psf] 5 eg] bzfF} ;u{df e/tn] /fHof/f]x0f c:jLsf/ u/L bfh' /fdnfO{ g}
c;nL /fHosf] xsbf/ dfg]sf] s'/f kfOG5 . To:t} P3f/f}F ;u{df lrqs"6 kj{tdf
/fd / e/tsf] ldng ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] afx|f}F ;u{df efO e/tn] /fhf aGg
u/]sf] cfu|xnfO{ /fdn] rf}w jif{sf nflu c:jLsf/ u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t}
t]x|f}F ;u{df e/tn] /fdsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L /fHo rnfPsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] rf}wf}F
;u{df s}s]oLn] kZrfQfkk"0f{ hLjg afFr]sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . kGwf}F ;u{df
Ct'kl/jt{g b]vfpFb} rf}w jif{sf] jgjf; ;lsPsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] ;f]x|f}F ;u{df
/fdsf] cof]Wofdf k'g/fudg ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t} ;qf}F ;u{df dftf
s}s]oLn] 5f]/f /fd;Fu Ifdfofrgf u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] c7f/f}F ;u{df ;du|
sfJosf] pk;+xf/ /flvPsf] 5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 45
dxfsfJosf syfj:t'sf ;DaGwdf n]vssf] egfO o:tf] kfOG5 M
a[xt\ >L /fdufyfsf] of] ;fgf] c+z s]jn
srf}/fn] pafPsf] dxf;fu/sf] hn -clejfbg, k[= ^_
dxfsfJosf] syfj:t' a[xt\ / Jofks x'g'k5{ eGg] sfJodfGotfnfO{ of] dxfsfJon]
kfngf u/]sf] 5}g . /fdfo0f dxfsfJoleqsf] ;fgf] c+znfO{ lnP/ tof/
kfl/Psf] of] dxfsfJon] syfgssf] lj:tf/ geP/ 5f]6f] / 5l/tf]kgnfO{ cª\uLsf/
u/]sf] 5 .
s}s ]o L dxfsfJosf] kfqljwfg
ljj]Ro s}s]oL dxfsfJosf] k|d'v kfq s}s]oL x'g\ eg] cGo kfqsf ¿kdf /fhf
bz/y, pgsf 5f]/fx¿ /fd, e/t, nId0f / zq'£g, u'? jlzi7, Clif ef/åfh,
/fhf cZjklt, o'j/fh o'wflht, nª\sfklt /fj0f, ljeLif0fh:tf k'?if kfqx¿
uf}0f kfqsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} /fhf bz/ysf /fgLx¿ sf}lzNof
/ ;'ldqf, a'xf/Lx¿ ;Ltf / pmld{nfh:tf gf/L kfqsf] e"ldsf klg uf}0f kfqs}
¿kdf b]lvG5 . oxfF k|d'v kfqsf ¿kdf lrlqt s}s]oLsf] lgDgfg';f/ rl/qlrq0f
ul/G5 M
k|:t't dxfsfJosf] d'Vo e"ldsfdf b]lvg] s}s]oL /fdfo0fdf jl0f{t s]so b]zsf
/fhf cZjkltsL 5f]/L, cof]Wof g/]z bz/ysL dflxnL /fgL, /fhs'df/
e/tsL dftfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . pgdf ¿k, u'0f, lzIff, /fhg}lts 1fg,
o'4sf}zn cflbh:tf ljljw ljz]iftf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . /fhf bz/yn] cfkm\gf
h]7f 5f]/f /fdnfO{ /fhf agfpg vf]Hbf pgdf cyfx v';L 5fPsf] kfOG5,
t/ pgsL bf;L dGy/fn] pgnfO{ /fhf aGg' / gaGg'sf] e]b b]vfO{ e/tnfO{ /fhf
agfpg /fhf;Fu lng afFsL b'O{j6f j/bfg ;DemfPkl5 pgdf k'qdf]x hfU5 .
kltnfO{ jfrfdf kf/]/ /fdnfO{ rf}w jif{ jgjf; / e/tnfO{ /fHo dfUg' g} pgsf]
7"nf] e"n ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
s}s]oLsf] rl/qsf af/]df pgsf 5f]/f e/tsf] o:tf] egfO kfOG5 M
s'dftfsf] x'Fbf k'q dnfO{ ckzf]r 5
t/ >L/fddf d]/f] lrQ of] cg'/Qm 5 -!)÷$&, k[= !$)_
cfkm"n] cfkm\gf] k'qsf nflu u/]sf] sfo{sf af/]df s}s]oLsf] wf/0ff o:tf] 5 M
/xnfg\ slxn]; Dd lgGbfsf af]l emnf If0f
jfT;No k|]dsf] d]/f] xf]nf rrf{ s'g} lbg -!)÷&@, k[= !!(_
46 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
s}s]oLsf af/]df n]vsn] o:tf] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ M
s}s]o L lar/L gf/L ;f]rL ;Gtfgsf] lxt
ubf{ lg0f{o cfkm}Fn] eOg\ Joy}{ snª\lst -!*÷%(, k[= @!!_
dxfsfJosf] gfos eJo vfnsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] sfJodfGotfnfO{ of] dxfsfJon]
kfngf u/]sf] 5}g . /fdfo0fdf k'qdf]xsf sf/0f :jfyL{ / ktLt kfqsf ¿kdf
lrlqt kfqnfO{ d'Vo kfq agfOPsf] of] dxfsfJodf s}s]oLnfO{ pRr b]vfpg
vf]h]sf] eP klg pgn] 5f]/f /fd;Fu gfxsdf jgjf; k7fPsf]df Ifdfofrgf
u/]sf] b]vfP/ gfosTjdf bf]if b]vfOPsf] kfOG5 .
s} s ] oL dxfsfJosf] efiffz} n L
k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJodf ;/n / ;xh efiffsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . of] dxfsfJo
o;sL k|d'v kfq s}s]oLsf d'vaf6 PsfnfkLo z}nLdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . o;df
5f]6f5f]6f zAbx¿sf] k|of]u Hofbf ePsf] 5 .
Pp6f ;/n vfnsf] Znf]ssf] pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
/fd|f :jKgx¿ h:t} ljkgf klg e}lbP
cxf ¤ hLjg dfG5]sf slt wGo x'g] lyP -@÷%#, k[= @^_
;+:s[tsf Znf]]ssf] k|of]u ePsf] s]xL hl6n vfnsf] pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
;fg}b]lv ;'g]F d}n] plQm ;b\u'?sf] oxL
‘k'q:o k/df] wd{M lkœo'4f/;df] g lx’ -!@÷%*, k[= !$)_
dxfsfJosf] efiff eJo vfnsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o;n] kfngf u/]sf]
5}g . st}st} ;+:s[tsf Znf]ssf] p4/0f ul/Psf] eP klg of] dxfsfJosf] efiff
;fdfGo kf7sn] ;d]t u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] b]lvG5 .
s}s ] o L dxfsfJosf] kl/j]z ljwfg
k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJodf d"ntM cof]Wofsf] lrq0f kfOG5 eg] :d[ltsf ¿kdf
s]so b]zsf] klg rrf{ kfOG5 . o;df /fd jgdf /xFbf e/tn] /fhf aGgsf nflu
kmsf{pg hfg] ;Gbe{df lrqs"6 kj{t j/k/sf] jGo jftfj/0f klg cfPsf] 5 .
To:t} kGwf}F ;u{df Ct'kl/jt{gsf] rrf{ ub}{ kl/j]zlrq0fdf Jofkstf ;d]l6Psf]
5 . of] dxfsfJodf rf}w jif{sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] eP klg d"ntM /fdsf]
/fHofleif]s x'g] a]nfsf] sl/a Ps dlxgf / /fd jgaf6 kms]{sf] s]xL lbgsf] j0f{g
d"n ¿kdf ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 47
dxfsfJodf s]so b]zdf x'g] snf;flxTok|ltsf] cg'/fusf] lrq0f o;/L ul/Psf]
5M
;df/f]xx¿ x'Gy] uLt ;ª\uLt g[Tosf
snf ;flxTo dflgGy] 7"nf j}ej /fHosf -@÷@*, k[= @#_
dxfsfJosf] kl/j]z Jofks x'g'k5{ eGg] k"jL{o sfJodfGotfsf] o;n] cf+lzs
¿kdf dfq} kfngf u/]sf] 5 . kl/j]z lrq0fsf b[li6n] o;df ck"0f{tf kfOG5 .
s} s ]o L dxfsfJosf] ;u{ l jwfg
k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJosf s"n !* ;u{df hDdf !#)( Znf]sx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf]
;f]x|f}F ;u{ ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] 5, h;df s]jn ^# Znf]s 5g\ . To:t} o;sf] ;a}eGbf
nfdf] ;u{ kGw|f}F ;u{ xf], h;df !)! Znf]s /x]sf 5g\ . o;df ;uf{Gtdf afx]s ;a}
Znf]sx¿ cg'i6'k\ 5Gbdf /rgf ul/Psf 5g\ . k|To]s ;u{sf cGTodf zflngL
5Gbsf] rt'ikbL Ps Znf]s 5 eg] afFsL ;a} Znf]sx¿ låkbL 9fFrfsf] cg'i6'k\
5Gbsf] kfOG5 .
k"jL{o sfJodfGotfdf dxfsfJo x'gsf nflu sDtLdf cf7 ;u{ / Ps xhf/ Znf]s
x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff kfOG5 . of] dxfsfJodf s"n c7f/ ;u{df !#)( Znf]s x'g' eg]sf]
cf};tdf k|lt ;u{ &@ Znf]s x'g' xf] . Znf]s ;ª\Vof / ;u{ ;ª\Vofsf lx;fan] of]
dxfsfJosf] ;u{ljwfg pko'Qm 5 .
s} s ] oL dxfsfJosf] noljwfg
s"n c7f/ ;u{df ljeQm k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJodf hDdf !#)( Znf]sx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . o;df cg'i6'k\ 5Gbsf !@(! Znf]s 5g\ eg] zflngL 5Gbsf hDdf !* Znf]s
5g\ . of] dxfsfJosf] ;uf{Gtdf afx]s ;a} Znf]sx¿ cg'i6'k\ 5Gbdf /rgf ul/Psf
5g\ . k|To]s ;u{sf cGTodf zflngL 5Gbsf] rt'ikbL Ps Znf]s 5 eg] afFsL ;a}
Znf]sx¿ låkbL 9fFrfsf] cg'i6'k\ 5Gbsf] kfOG5 . o; cfn]vdf lnOPsf ;a}
pbfx/0f cg'i6'k\ 5Gbsf 5g\ eg] zflngL 5Gbsf] Znf]ssf] Pp6f pbfx/0f o:tf]
5M
s}s ] o Lsf k'q ;Qflj/fuL
of]uLh:t} b]l vP v"a TofuL
/fd}nfO{ /fHo ;'D kG5' eGb}
yfn] ofqf b08sf/0o vf]H b} -!)÷&&, k[= !@)_
;uf{Gtdf 5Gbkl/jt{g ug]{ k"jL{o dfGotfsf] kfngf ul/Psf] eP klg 5Gb /
nout ljljwtfsf] sdL of] dxfsfJodf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
48 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
s}s ]o L dxfsfJosf] /;ljwfg
k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJosf] cª\uL/;sf ¿kdf zfGt /; /x]sf] eP klg
/;kl/kfssf b[li6n] k"0f{tf xfl;n u/]sf] kfOGg . o;df cª\u/;sf] /fd|/L
ljsf; ePsf] gkfOP klg jfT;Noefj clws b]Vg kfOG5 . dxfsfJosL gflosf
s}s]oLdf cfkm\gf] k'q e/tnfO{ /fhf agfpg] rfxgf a9\g' To;sf] gd'gf xf] . To:t}
o;df st}st} s?0f efj klg kfOG5 .
jfT;Noefjsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
k'qsf] lxtdf :jfyL{ aGg' s] ck/fw xf] <
kfPsf] xs d]/f] xf] eGg' s] ck/fw xf] < -*÷^^, k[= (%_
To:t} s?0f efjsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/fF} M
x] O{Zj/ tF g} a'‰nf;\ dfG5]df 5}g Tof] snf
kL8fd} afFRg'sf] rNnf slxn];Dd z[ª\vnf < -%÷@@, k[= %%_
s'g} /;nfO{ kl/kfsdf k'¥ofpg g;Sg', cª\u/;sf] ;d'lrt ljsf; gx'g'h:tf
nIf0fnfO{ x]bf{ /;ljwfgn] of] dxfsfJodf k"0f{tf kfPsf] b]lvGg .
lrtjgsf] dxfsfJoofqfdf s}s ]oLsf] :yfglgwf{/ 0f
dxfsfJosf tŒjx¿ syfgs, kfqljwfg, efiffz}nL, kl/j]zljwfg, ;u{ljwfg,
noljwfg, /;ljwfg cflbsf cfwf/df x]]bf{ k|:t't s}s]oL dxfsfJo k"0f{ dxfsfJo
geP klg Pp6f ;'Gb/ sfJo eg] ag]sf] b]lvG5 . c7f/ ;u{df /rgf ul/Psf]
of] sfJo syfj:t'sf] Psfª\uL ult, Psn kfqsf] ljsf;, ;Lldt kl/j]zsf]
lrq0f, ;Lldt 5Gbsf] k|of]u tyf /;k|of]udf b]lvPsf] ck"0f{tfnfO{ lgofNbf
dxfsfJo sd v08sfJo Hofbf b]lvg uPsf] 5 .
dxfsfJosf ;DaGwdf :jo+ dxfsfJosf/sf] egfO o:tf] /x]sf] 5 M
of}6L cgfb[t f gf/L s}s]o Lsf] lnO{ syf
PsfnfkLo z}n Ldf pgs} dgsf Joyf
kf]Vg] oTg u/]sf] 5' of] ;fgf] sfJodf t/
;|i6fn] ;[li6sf] lrq sf]g{ ;Snf a[xQ/ < -clejfbg, k[= ^_
;du| lrtjgsf] dxfsfJo ofqfnfO{ uf}/ u/]/ x]bf{ zxLbufyf, lje"lt bk{0f,
zf}o{ufyf, qmflGtsf/L ljZj]Zj/h:tf dxfsfJox¿ s]jn ufyfsf ¿kdf /x]sf]

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 49
kfOG5 eg] k'ikkq dxfsfJodf kqz}nLsf] k|of]u u/L s]jn pkb]z lbg vf]h]sf]
kfOG5 . o:tf] ck"0f{tfdf dxfsfJosf/ uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL kl/k'i6 syfgs /
j0f{gdf lgvf/ lnP/ b]lvg'nfO{ Pp6f pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 . dxfsfJosf nflu
rflxg k|r'/ ;fwgfdf eg] sdL b]lvPsf] 5 . pgsf] cfufdL dxfsfJo ;Dk"0f{
dxfsfJo agf];\ oxL z'esfdgf;lxt snd /f]Sg rfxG5' .
;Gbe{ ; fdu| L ;" r L
á clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh, @)%^, k"jL{o ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt, -5}7f} ;+:s=_,
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
á pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb, @)^!, k"jL{o ;flxTo l;4fGt, -rf}+yf] ;+:s=_,
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
á yfkf, lxdf+z', @)#^, ;flxTo kl/ro, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg .
á ljgf]bL, uf]ljGb/fh, @)&$, s}s]oL, sf7df8f}F M lzvf a'S; .
á zdf{, df]xg/fh / n'O6]n, vu]Gb|k|;fb, @)^&, k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ;flxTo
l;4fGt, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts, k|sfzg .
ááá

@)&% ;fnsf] ljhof bzdL / bLkfjnLsf]

kfjg cj;/df :jb]z / ljb]zdf /x]sf
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿ / ;+;f/e/sf ;d:t
lxGb"x¿df ;'v, ;d[l4, ;d'Ggltsf nflu
xflb{s z'esfdgf .

rGb|÷lgd{nf cfrfo{
jfª\nf, c3f{vfFrL
50 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf]
jt{dfg cj:yf / efjL ;f]r
ofbjrGb| lg/f}nf
pk;lrj
k' : tsfno ;dGjo zfvf
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|l jlw dGqfno
l;+ x b/af/, sf7df8f} + .
!= k[i 7e"l d
;To];TojtL oq q]t fofd\ t' tkf]jgd\ .
åfk/] d'lQm;f]kfg+ snf} g]kfnLsf /lj .
g]kfnsf] Oltxf; slt nfdf] 5 eGg] s'/f :sGw k'/f0f lxdjTv08df j0f{g
ul/Psf] dflysf] Znf]saf6 cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . of] e"ld /fhf hgs, ;Ltf,
eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn dfq xf]Og Jof;nufotsf dgLifLx¿sf] tkf]e"ld
klg xf] . dxfd'lg Jof;n] o;} e"lddf a;]/ >Ldb\efujtnufotsf !* k'/f0fsf]
/rgf u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s k|df0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf g]kfnL ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf]
Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .
>'lt, :d[ltsf ¿kdf cWoog cWofkg sfo{ klg P]ltxfl;s ;Eotf ;+u;+u} Ps
k':tfaf6 csf{] k':tfdf qmdzM x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm"n] u/]sf
sfdx¿ efjL k':tsf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ lnlka4 u/]/
/fVg'k5{ eGg] r]t /fdfo0f / dxfef/t h:tf dxfg\ u|Gyx¿sf] /rgf / ltgLx¿sf]
;+/If0f / ;Djw{gdf tIflznf, gfnGbf, ljb]xh:tf pRr cWoogsf s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf / ;~rfngdf ;dfhn] b]vfPsf] rf;f]af6 :ki6 x'G5 . k|frLg sfnsf
d7, dlGb/, u'Daf, ljxf/ tyf u'?cf>d cflb :yfgx¿ lzIff xfl;n ug{] k|d'v
7fpFx¿ lyP .
k':tsfno dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ug{] k|d'v ynf] xf] . ;Eotfsf]
ljsf; ;+u;+u} dfgjLo ultljlwx¿ a9\b} uP . o:tf] a9\bf] ultljlwnfO{
clen]vLs/0f u/]/ k'v{fsf] gf;f]nfO{ efjL k':tfsf nflu hf]ufP/ /fVg] sfd
k':tsfno, ;"rgf s]Gb|, k|n]vg s]Gb| cflbh:tf ;+:yfx¿s} xf] .
k':tsfnox¿nfO{ sfo{k|s[lt / ;]jfsf cfwf/df z}lIfs, ;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos,
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 51
ljz]if tyf /fli6«o k':tsfnosf ¿kdf ljefhg ug{] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm afn k':tsfno tyf lghL k':tsfnosf ¿kdf klg juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
klg kfOG5 . ;fdfGotM ;a} k|sf/sf k':tsfnodf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu a]Un}
;+sng ePsf] afn zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . a]Un} afn k':tsfnosf] dfq
Joj:yf;d]t ul/g] k|rng klg 5 .
g]kfndf k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] eg]/ ldlt ls6fg u/]/ eGg ;Sg]
cj:yf 5}g . dn\nsfndf eQmk'/ b/af/ glhs} sl/a !$))) x:tlnlvt
u|Gyx¿ ePsf] /fhsLo k':tsfno -;fsf]yf_ /x]sf] lyof] / of] k':tsfnodf
ef/tdf d';ndfg cfqmd0f x'Fbf ;f]af6 aRg g]kfn cfPsf lnR5jLx¿n] cfFkm";+u}
n\ofPsf dxŒjk"0f{ x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿ /x]sf lyP elgG5 -;'jfn @)&)_ . g]kfn
PsLs/0fsf] qmddf ;f] k':tsfno cfunfuLdf k/Øf] . cfunfuLaf6 ar]v'r]sf
u|Gyx¿ PsLs/0fkl5 sf7df8f}+sf] xg'dfg 9f]sfdf n\ofP/ /flvP elgG5
-clwsf/L, @)&$_ . ltg} k':tsx¿nfO{ k':tsfnosf ¿kdf Jojl:yt u/L
/fVgsf nflu /fhf uLj{f0fo'4 ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfn -lj=;+= !*^( efb|
!% ut]_ df k':ts lrtfO{ txljn :yfkgf ug{] nfndf]x/ hf/L ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
o;} P]ltxfl;s lbgsf] ;+emgf:j¿k lj=;+= @)^% ;fnb]lv x/]s jif{ efb| !% ut]
g]kfndf k':tsfno lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] . ‘;d[4 k':tsfnoM ;'b[9
;dfh’ cfbz{ jfSo;lxt P3f/f}+ k':tsfno lbj; o; jif{ d'n'ssf & j6} k|b]z,
&& j6} lhn\nf, &%# j6} :yfgLo lgsfo, ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿,
;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos k':tsfnox¿, k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df
;+nUg ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] cfof]hgdf eJo ¿kdf
dgfOof] .
g] k fndf k' : tsfno
k[i7e"lddf pn\n]v ePh:t} g]kfndf dn\nsfnd} k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf]
eP klg xfn o;sf] s'g} cjz]if afFsL 5}g . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] klxnf] k':tsfnosf
¿kdf k':ts lrtfO txljnnfO{ g} dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . :yfkgf x'Fbf o;sf] p2]Zo
b/af/sf ;Lldt kf7ssf] ;]jf ug{' / ToxfF ePsf k7g ;fdu|Lsf] ;+/If0f /
;Djw{g ug{' g} lyof] . b/af/ :s"nsf] :yfkgfkl5 o; k':tsfnonfO{ z}lIfs
k':tsfnosf ¿kdf yfkfynL b/af/sf] h};Lsf]7fdf :yfgfGt/0f ul/of] . yfkfynL
b/af/af6 /fgLkf]v/Ldf :s"n ;/]kl5 of] klg Tot} ;/Øf] . jL/ zdz]/sf
kfnfdf k':tsfnosf nflu a]Un} ejgsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePkl5 lj=;+= !(%&
;fndf jL/ k':tsfnosf] gfddf k'gM ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . 306f3/;Fu}
k':tsfno /x]sfn] o;nfO{ 306f/ nfOa|]/L jf 306f3/ k':tsfno;d]tsf gfd
52 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L Pp6} k':tsfon] s'g} a]nf z}lIfs k':tsfnosf] t s'g} a]nf
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lj=;+= !(*& ;fndf nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fnufotsf $^ hgf o'jfx¿n] ;/:jtL
;bg gfds k':tsfno vf]n\g vf]Hbf cfkm"x¿dWo]s} Pshgf /fdrGb| clwsf/Ln]
b/af/df ;"rgf lbPsf sf/0f ;f] k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{ ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ hgxL
!)) b]lv !))) ;Dd hl/jfgf ul/Psf] 36gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df k':tsfno
kj{sf] ¿kdf kl9G5 . es'08f]nfO{ hlt hf]8n] bjfof] Tolt g} dfly pk|m]h:tf] o;
36gfn] g]kfndf k':tsfnosf] :yfkgfdf s]xL ;do lj/fd lnP klg /fhwfgL
aflx/ ljleGg :yfgdf k':tsfnox¿ v'n\g yfn] . k':ts k9\g] bnfgsf gfddf
:yfkgf ePsf] kfn\kfsf] wjn k':tsfno o;}sf] pbfx/0f xf] . lghL:t/df s]z/
k':tsfno, l;+x k':tsfno tyf ef/tL ejg k':tsfnoh:tf s]xL k':tsfnox¿
v'n]sf eP klg logLx¿df kf7ssf] kx'Fr lyPg .
@))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 cGo If]qdf h:t} k':tsfnox¿sf] :yfkgf
/ ;~rfngdf klg Jofks hgnx/ cfPsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @))( ;fndf u7g
ePsf] g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]un] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bg g]kfndf lzIff,
@)!! n] ljBfno k':tsfnonfO{ g} ;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{
;lsg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . @)!* ;fnsf] ;j{f·L0f
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] l/kf]6{df ;fd'bflos k':tsfnonfO{ ;+sng tyf ;fwg
/ ;|f]tsf cfwf/df s, v, / u ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pn\n]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 . /fli6«o lzIff k4lt @)@*÷#@ ;Ddsf] of]hgfn] ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos
k':tsfnosf ;DaGwdf vf;} Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvb}g . o; aLrdf lj=;+= @)#&
;fndf g]kfn k':tsfno ;+3 -g]k';+_ sf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf
k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 g]k';+= n] @)%$ / @)^) ;fndf d'n'se/ /x]sf
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno tyf ;fd'bflos k':tsfnox¿sf] ;e{]If0f u/]sf] lyof] .
d'nse/ sl/a *)) ;fd'bflos k':tsfno /x]sf] tYof° ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]
lyof] . ;e{]If0f ul/Psf clwsf+z k':tsfnox¿sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf]
s'/f cf}+n\ofPsf] lyof] . lj;+. @)$( ;fndf u7g ePsf] /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf]
k|ltj]bgn] ‘:yfgLo txdf gj;fIf/x¿ / cGo ;fIf/x¿nfO{ 1fg / ;"rgfsf
lglDt k':ts / kf7\o;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf sfo{ tyf hg;xeflutfsf]
kl/rfng ug{'k5{ . hg3gTj ePsf ufpF, gu/ / pkgu/ If]qdf k':tsfno tyf
jfrgfnox¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'k5{ . k|To]s ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf
jfrgfnosf] Joj:yf ug{ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfx¿df cfjZos
kq–klqsf tyf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L;d]tsf k':tsfnox¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;flxt

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 53
ug{'k5{ ;fy} k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf ;]jfsf nflu plrt z'Nssf] lgw{f/0f u/L
nlIft ;d"xnfO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . ;dfhdf k7gzLntfsf] ;Djw{g ug{]
p2]Zo /fvL z'Ns Go"gtd x'g'k5{’ eg]/ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% df ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf, lhn\nf
ljsf; ;ldltsf ljleGg sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x¿dWo] ;fd'bflos k':tsfno
-jfrgfno_ sf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{] s'/f klg pn\n]v ePsf] eP
klg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfo{fGjog x'g ;s]g . g]kfndf xfn ;a} vfnsf ;fd'bflos
/ ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] s'n ;+Vof sl/a !))) /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/P klg
olsg tYof° 5}g . z}lIfs k':tsfnosf xsdf x/]s z}lIfs ;+:yfdf k':tsfno
x'g'kg{] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . clwsf+z z}lIfs ;+:yfdf /x]sf k':tsfnox¿n]
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;]jf lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljz]if k':tsfno tyf cg';Gwfg
k':tsfnox¿sf] cj:yf t'ngfTds ¿kdf k|efjsf/L b]lvP klg logLx¿sf] ;+Vof
pNn]Vo 5}g .
g]k fndf ;fj{h lgs k': tsfno
l;4fGttM To:tf] k':tsfnonfO{ ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno elgG5 h'g ‘:yfgLo
;/sf/ jf k|b]z ;/sf/ jf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u / ;xfotfdf ;d'bfosf
;a} ju{, wd{, ln·, hfthflt, efiffefifLnufotsf ;a} pd]/ / k];f Joj;fodf
;+nUg gful/sx¿nfO{ ljgfe]befj ;]jf k|bfg ug{] p2]Zon] :yfkgf / ;~rfng
ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf k':tsfnox¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;/sf/L -;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs jf
:yfgLo ;/sf/_ cg'bfgdf ;~rfng ePsfn] logLx¿af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿
klg k"0f{ ¿kdf lgMz'Ns jf Gogtd z'Nsdfq lng] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
gful/ssf] df}lns xs / st{Josf] sfo{fGjog ug{ u/fpgsf nflu o:tf
k':tsfnox¿n] k|d'v e"ldsf lgj{fx ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf k':tsfnodf sfd
ug{] hgzlQm klg s'g} g s'g} ;/sf/s} dftxtdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;}sf/0f x'g ;S5 d'ns
' sf] ;d[l4sf] dfkg ug{] ljleGg kl/;"rsx¿dWo] ;fj{hlgs
k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf / Jolj:yt ;~rfngnfO{ klg k|d'v cfwf/ dfGg]
ul/Psf] . clg ;fj{ghlgs k':tsfnonfO{ hgtfsf] ljZjljBfno elgPsf] 5 .
plNnlvt kl/efiffsf cfwf/df g]kfndf xfn;Dd o:tf k|sl[ tsf k':tsfnox¿sf]
:yfkgf / ;';~rfng ePs} 5}g eGbf klg x'G5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/cGtu{t /x]sf
g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno tyf s]z/ k':tsfno Pjd\ ljsf; ;ldlt P]gcg';f/
;~rflnt l8n\nL/d0f sn\of0fL /]UdL :df/s k':tsfnon] s]xL xb;Dd ;fj{hlgs
k':tsfnosf] sfd u/] klg k"0f{¿kdf o;sf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]sf]
54 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
b]lvb}g . lsgeg] oL k':tsfnox¿af6 ;j{;fwf/0f kf7sn] ;b:o ag]/ rfx]sf]
;dodf 3/df nu]/ jf k':tsfno kl/;/jflx/ nu]/ cWoog ug{ kfFpb}gg\ .
g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] k':tsfno wjn k':tsfno jf ljleGg gfddf v'n]sf k':tsfno
tyf lj=;+= @)^) ;fndf v'n]sf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnonufot
ljleGg k':tsfnox¿n] cfkm\gf ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno gfd /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . t/ o:tf k':tsfnonfO{ klg k"0f{ ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf]
kl/efiffleq /fVg' pko'Qm b]lvb}g . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f o:tf k':tsfnox¿df
;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] dfqf ;Lldt 5 / sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ of t s/f/ ;]jfdf jf
c:yfoL ¿kdf /xg' xf] . ctM o:tf sd{rf/Lx¿n] lghfdtL sd{rf/L;/xsf] s'g}
;]jf / ;'ljwf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
g]k fndf ;fd'b flos k': tsfno
:yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;dfh;]jL, jf ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L tyf cGt/{fli6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] cu'jfOdf :yfkgf / ;~rfng ePsf k':tsfnox¿nfO{
;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . ljleGg u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ h:tf] l/8 g]kfnn] :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf vf]n]sf
k':tsfno tyf ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿nfO{ klg ;fd'bflos k':tsfno g} eGg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
o:tf k':tsfnox¿sf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;fwg / ;|f]t ;DalGwt
;+:yfn] g} h'6fPsf] x'G5 . t/ o:tf ;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf nflu Psd'i7 ¿kdf
jf s'g} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cf+lzs ;xof]u ;+3, k|b]z jf :yfgLo
;/sf/n] ug{ ;S5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% / ;f]eGbf cufl8 g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] o; ls/0f k':tsfnonufotsf ljleGg
k':tsfnox¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] cg'bfg /sdnfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng
;lsG5 .
uxg ljZn]if0f ub{f ;fj{hlgs / ;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf y'k|} leGgtf / ljz]iftf
/x]sf eP klg g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv b'a} k|s[ltsf k':tsfnonfO{
ko{fojfrL zAbsf ¿kdf Jojxf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs zAbn] hlt
Jofks cy{af]w u/fpF5 ;fd'bflos zAbn] Tolt u/fpFb}g .
lj=;+= @)^$ ;fn c;f/ @* ut] dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ePsf] k':tsfno tyf
;"rgf ;]jf /fli6«o gLltsf] bkmf 5 df ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno;DaGwL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . o; gLltdf pNn]v ePsf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf
;DaGwdf ljleGg * j6f a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL a'Fbfx¿ lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf 5g\ M
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 55
! ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnonfO{ ;dfhsf] cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf lnO{ ;fdflhs
z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg
ug{],
@ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn agfpg k|To]s :yfgLo
lgsfodf df}h'bf k':tsfnox¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] / gePsf :yfgdf
;fd'bflos÷;fj{hlgs÷afn k':tsfno :yfkgf ub{} hfg],
# ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / bLuf] ljsf;sf] nflu :yfgLo
;d'bfo / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{],
$ k':tsfno ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm lgd{f0f ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt lgsfo;+u ;DaGwg lnO{ k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf lj1fg;Fu
;DalGwt k]zfut ;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ 5f]6f] cjlwsf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{],
% g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;DalGwt ljefuLo k':tsfnox¿n]
lhn\nf:t/Lo lgsfodfkm{t ;fd'bflos k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf s]Gb|;Dd
k'/Øfpg] Joj:yf ug{],
^ u|fdL0f / sl7g oftfoft ePsf b'u{d :yfgx¿df tf]lsPsf lhNnf:t/Lo
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿n] 3'DtL k':tsfno ;]jf ;~rfng ug{],
& cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL l8lh6n
tyf er{'cn (virtual) k':tsfno :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug{],
* :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf s]Gb| jf ;fd'bflos ;|f]ts]Gb|
:yfkgf ug{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ .
plNnlvt a'Fbfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{fGjog eg] ePsf] kfOb}g .
o;}u/L ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno Joj:yfkg lgb{]lzsf, @)^( sf]
kl/R5]b % df ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos k':tsfno;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . h;df o:tf k':tsfnox¿sf] btf{ k|lqmof, k':tsfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
u7g, sfd, st{Jo Pjd\ clwsf/, cfly{s ;|ft] sf] Joj:yfkg, k':tsfno Joj:yfkg
tyf ef}lts Joj:yfkg;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{h lgs k': tsfnosf jt{dfg ;d:of
cGt/{fli6«o dfkb08cg';f/sf] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno g]kfndf 5}g eg]/ dfly g}
56 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
rr{f ul/;lsPsf] x'Fbf oxfF yk rr{f ul//xg' cfjZos /x]g . hgtfsf]
ljZjljBfnosf ¿kdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf
/fHo olt cg'bf/ x'g' plrt xf]Og . xfdLn] clxn];Dd :yfgLo ;d'bfo jf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] :yfkgf / ;~rfng u/L cfPsf ;fd'bflos k':tsfnox¿nfO{
g} ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnsf ¿kdf lrq0f ub{} cfof}+ . d'n's PsfTds zf;g
k|0ffnLaf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|j]z u/L ;f]sf] cEof;;d]t eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf casf] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnodf ;f]xLcg';f/sf] cEof; x'g' cfjZos
5.
o:tf k':tsfnox¿sf nflu ko{fKt ah]6 / sfg'gsf] cefj 5 . k':tsfnodf sfd
ug{] bIf hgzlQmsf] ;d]t cefj 5 .
efjL lbzf
g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lj=;+= @)&$ ;fn sflt{s !@ / !# ut] d'n'se/ /x]sf
;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos k':tsfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf ;+nUg
k':tsfnosd{L{ tyf cleoGtfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf sf7df8f}+df klxnf] /fli6«o
;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf kfl/t 3f]if0ffkqsf] !$
g+j/ a'Fbfdf k|To]s jif{ ;+3 / k|b]zx¿df ;fj{hlgs / ;fd'bflos k':tsfnox¿sf]
;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ug{ dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] k6s kfFr gDa/
k|b]z:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ls/0f k':tsfnosf] :j0f{hoGtLsf] cj;/ kf/]/ cfof]hgf
ul/Psf]df cfof]hsnfO{ awfO .
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/x¿n] lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf ljz]if Wofg k'/Øfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 M
à k|b]z :t/df k|b]z s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf ug{'k5{ / ;f]
k' : tsfnon] k| b ] z ;efsf] k' : tsfnosf] ;d] t sfd ug{ ] Joj:yf
ldnfpg'k5{ .
à ;+3Lo ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug{] cfly{s
;xof]uaf6 k"FhLut zLif{ssf cltl/Qm lglZrt /sd ;fwf/0f zLif{sdf
;d]t vr{ ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
à k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lgd{f0f ug{] lzIff P]g, lgodfjnL tyf
cGo P]g, sfg"gdf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] ;~rfng / bt{f;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿
/fVg'k5{ .

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 57
à ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno hLjgko{Gt lzIff xfl;n ug{] ynf] ePsfn] x/]s
:yfgLo lgsfodf Ps ;'ljwf;DkGg ;fj{lhgs k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf /
;~rfngdf ko{fKt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf
;/sf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ .
à Ps ufpF Ps ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ ;a}sf
nflu lzIff, ;a}sf nflu :jf:Yo eg]h:t} ;a}sf nflu k':tsfno cleofg
;~rfng ug{'k5{ / sDtLdf Pp6f :jf:Yo rf}sL jf Pp6f cfwf/e"t
ljBfnosf nflu ljlgof]hg u/]hlt /sd :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfkgf ul/g]
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf nflu 5'6\ofpg'k5{ .
à :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfkgf x'g] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnon] ;DalGwt :yfgLo
lgsfo -ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf_ leq /x]sf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg, snf,
;+:s[lt, ;flxTonufot ;a} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt k7g ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;+sng
u/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{'k5{ . o:tf k':tsfnon] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|sfzg x'g]
;a} vfnsf P]g, sfg"g, gLlt, lgb{]lzsfnufotsf ;a} vfnsf b:tfj]hx¿
;+sng / ;Djw{g u/L vf]h]sf] avt t'¿Gt kfpg] u/L /fVg] Joj:yf
ldnfpg'k5{ .
à k|bz
] :t/df :yfkgf / ;~rfng x'g] k':tsfnosf nflu ;DalGwt k|bz
] leqsf
/ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|b]zaflx/sf ljz]if1 /x]sf] Ps ;n\nfxsf/ ;d"x
u7g ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .
à ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/ ;a} :jfoQ ;/sf/ ePsf sf/0f Ps
;/sf/n] csf{] ;/sf/nfO{ lgoGq0f / lgb{]zg lbg]eGbf ;xhLs/0f ug{]
ug'{k5{ .
-ls/0f k':tsfnoåf/f cfof]lht % g+= k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngdf
k|:t't sfo{kq – ;Dkfbs_
ááá
ljut $% jif{bl] v k|sflzt x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] ‘xfd|f]
k' / miffy{ ’ /fli6« o q} d fl;s ;flxlTos
klqsfdf ;"rgf, ;Gb]z / lj1fkg 5kfO{ nfe
lng'xf];\ .
58 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf ;d:of
/ ;dfwfgsf pkfo
jgdfnL lg/fsf/
cWoIf
zxLb :d[l t k': tsfno
l;4fy{ g u/, ¿kGb] x L
ljifo–k| j ] z
k':tsfno 1fgsf] e08f/ xf] . dflg; :jefj}n] 1fg lkkf;' x'G5 . cfkm\gf] 1fgsf]
lkkf;fnfO{ zfGt ug{ dflg;n] w]/} / ljljw k|sf/sf pkfosf] vf]h u¥of] .
To;dWo]sf] Ps vf]h xf] cWoog . cWoogaf6} dflg;n] cfkm\gf] 1fg j[l4 ug{
;Sg] eof] . cWoogsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf kq–klqsf, k':tsx¿sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . Pp6} JolQmn] ljljw k|sf/sf kq–klqsf, k':ts ;+sng tyf cWoog
;fdu|L ;+sng ug{ c;Dej h:t} x'GYof] / x'G5 klg . dfG5] To:tf] c;Dej
sfo{nfO{ ;Dej agfpg] pkfosf] vf]hdf nfUof] / k':tsfnosf] lgdf{0f u¥of] .
k':tsfno dfgj lgld{t 1fg dlGb/ xf] . o;af6 dflg;n] cfkm\gf lh1f;f zfGt
ug{ ;Sb5 . x/]s If]qsf / ljifosf k':ts / kq–klqsf tyf cWoog ;fdu|L
oxfF ;+slnt ul/g] x'gfn] ljljw ljifodf ?lr ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ pkof]uL
x'G5 . To;}n] k':tsfnosf] dxŒj cToGt ljzfn 5 . k':tsfnosf] dxŒj /
pkb]otfsf ljifodf cr]n obfsbf k|Zg p7] tfklg jf:tjdf dxŒj 36]sf] 5}g,
d t cem dxŒj a9]sf] b]Vb5' . k/Dk/fut k':tsfnosf] tf}/ tl/sfdf kl/jt{g
xf]nf . ljB'tLo sf/0fn] o;sf] :j¿k / k|of]udf kl/jt{g xf]nf . sfddf ;d]t
leGgtf b]lvPnf t/ k':tsfnosf] d"n dd{ cWoog cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g' xf] .
Tof] d"n dd{df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g / x'g] klg 5}g eGg] d]/f] 7DofO 5 . of] ;fgf]
cjwf/0ff–kqdf k':tsfnosf] Oltxf;, k|f/De / ljsf;sf] rrf{ ug{tk{m nfluPsf]
5}g . o;df ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnodf s]lGb|t /xL o;sf] cj:yf, ;d:of
/ ;dfwfg;DaGwL ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g vf]h]sf] 5' .
kl/efiff
k':ts / cfno zAbsf] ;lGw k|lqmofaf6 lgld{t zAb xf] k':tsfno . o;sf] cy{
x'G5 -k':tssf] 3/ of k':ts /fVg] 3/ . cFu|]hLdf o;nfO{ Library elgG5 .
of] Library zAb klg Nofl6g efiffsf] Liber / k|mfG;]nL librairie zAbaf6
Library zAb ag]sf] xf] .

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 59
A Library is a collection of sources of information and similar
resources, made accessilole to defined community for
reference or poreourity.
hxfF cWoog ;fdu|L–k':ts, lkmNdL kq–klqsf, dfglrq, x:tlnlvt u|Gy,
u|fdf]kmf]g /]s8{ Pjd\ cGo k7gLo ;fdu|L ;+u[xLt / ;'/lIft ul/G5–To;nfO{
k':tsfno elgG5 .
k':tsfnonfO{ n]vL, 5fkL, sf]/L, lvrL jf o:t} c¿ ljleGg dfWodåf/f tof/
kfl/Psf k':ts–k'l:tsf, cvaf/, klqsf, gS;f, lrq, lkmNd cflb 1fg ;fdu|L
;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf pknAw u/fO{ hLjge/ lzIff k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs s]Gb|
dflgG5 .
ljZjdf k':tsfnosf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] 5 . ;j{k|yd #)) O{zfk"j{ u|L; /fHodf
lk|l;:6«f6;gn] k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . sf]xL sf]xL ljåfg\x¿ Tof] ;do
eGbf cufl8 klg z}lIfs ;+:yfgx¿ / dlGb/x¿df wfld{s / cGo u|Gyx¿sf] ;+u|x
lyof] eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g\ . h] xf];\ k':tsfnosf] Oltxf; nfdf] eP klg g]kfndf
o;sf] z'?jft !*^( af6 ePsf] dflgG5 . !*^( efb| !% ut] uLjf{0f o'4 ljqmd
zfxn] k':ts lrtfO{ txljn gfdsf] sfof{no v8f u/L ;/sf/;Fu ePsf] k'/fgf
lnvt / x:tlnlvt u|Gy Jojl:yt ug{ z'? ul/Psfn] g]kfndf k':tsfnosf]
z'¿jft ToxL+af6 ePsf] elgG5 / @)^% ;fnb]lv ;f]xL efb| !% nfO{ k':tsfno
lbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L !*^( df k':tsfnosf] z'?jft eP tfklg ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf eP h:tf
;fj{hlgs÷;fd'bflos k':tsfnosf] k|f/De g]kfndf w]/} kl5 ePsf] xf] .
;d'bfosf] rGbfaf6 ;+rfng ePsf] klxnf] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno O{=;g\ !&!# df
cd]l/sfsf] lkmnf 8]lNkmofdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
k':tsfnosf] Joj:yfkg, :jfldTj If]q cflbsf cfwf/df k':tsfno ljleGg
k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L k':tsfno, j}b]lzs lgof]usf k':tsfno, JolQmut
lghL k':tsfno, :s'n sn]hsf k':tsfno, ;DalGwt sfof{noLo k':tsfno /
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno .
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno To:tf] k':tsfno xf] hf] cfd hgtfåf/f rGbf ;+sng
u/]/ cfd ;d'bfosf nflu :yfkgf, ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . !*^( df
g]kfndf k':tsfno :ykgf ePsf] dflgP tfklg g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno
w]/} kl5 dfq z'? ePsf] xf] . !*^( df k':ts lrtfO txljnaf6 z'? ePsf]
k':tsfno ljsf;sf] nfdf] Oltxf; eP klg ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k':tsfno z'?jft
x'g ;o jif{ kv{g'k¥of] .
60 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
;fj{ h lgs k' : tsfnosf] cj:yf
g]kfndf /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / zf}lIfs r]tgfsf] j[l¢;Fu} k':tsfnosf] :ykgf
klg hf]l8Psf] 5 . JolQmn] ;+sng u/]/ cfkm\g} 3/df :ykgf u/]sf k':tsfnonfO{
;fj{hlgs ug'{nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts / z}lIfs r]tgf
km}nfpg] p2]Zon] k':tsfno :ykgf ug]{ sfo{ lj=;+= !(&) kl5 z'? ePsf]
b]lvG5 . lqrGb| k':tsfno -!(&@ l;/fxf, kz'klt k|tfk k':tsfno -!(*#
tf}lnxjf_, wjn k':tsfno -k':ts k9\g] bnfg!(*# kfNkf_ dxfjL/ k':tsfno
-@))$ a'6jn_ / sf7df8f}+sf] nfOa|]/L kj{ / To;kl5 b]z}el/ /fhg}lts
r]tgfsf] j[l4;Fu} k':tsfno :yfkgf ug]{ nx/ g} cfof] / g]kfnsf k|l;4
zx/x¿df k':tsfno v'Ng yfn] . lj/f6gu/, wgs'6f, jL/u~h, ef]hk'/,
kf]v/f, bfª / g]kfnu~h h:tf zx/x¿df k':tsfnox¿ v'n] . ;d'bfosf nflu
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] u/L k':tsfnox¿ v'Ng] s|d lgs} kl5;Dd rln/xØf] .
of] qmd /f]lsPsf] 5}g / obfsbf clxn];Dd klg k':tsfnox¿ v'n]s} 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿ cfd hgtfaf6 p7fOPsf] rGbf / ;b:otf z'Nsaf6
;+rfng / Joj:yfkg x'g] x'gfn] :yfkgfsf z'? z'?df cToGt} hf]z hFfu/df /fd|f]
Joj:yfkg;lxt ;~rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fd|f /fd|f sfo{s|dx¿ klg u/]sf]
kfOG5 / kl5 cln lzlyn x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Ps b'O{ k':tsfnox¿ ;lqmo
b]lvP tfklg clwsf+z k':tsfnox¿ o]gs]g k|sf/0f rln/x]sf 5g\ . sltko
k'/fgf k':tsfnox¿ k|foM aGb e};s]sf 5g\ . sltko k':tsfnox¿ :ykgfsf
;dodf cToGt /fd|/L ;+rfng ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 lj:tf/} lgl:qmo /x]sf
/ k'gM kl5Nnf] ;do ;~rfng e}/x]sf] b]lvPsf 5g\ . k':tsfno k':tsfno dfq
geP/ ;fdflhs sfo{df, ;flxlTos ultljlwdf klg ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
kqklqsf / k':tsx¿ k|sfzg sfo{df klg ;+nUg eO{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;du|df x]bf{
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿ k|foM ;d:ofu|:t g} b]lvG5g\ .
;fj{h lgs k' : tsfnosf ;d:of
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿n] cfkm\gf] :ykgfsf] p2]Zocg'¿k ljsf; ug{ g;Sg'sf
k5fl8 ljljw sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . tL sf/0fx¿af6 ;d:of pTkGg x'G5g\ . oxFf
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnon] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf ;d:ofnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't ug{
rfxG5' .
-s_ ;dflhs r]t gfsf] cefj
;dfhsf] nflu k'":tsfno cTofjZos 5 eGg] r]tgf ;dfhdf gx'g'n]
k':tsfnosf] lglDt 7"nf] ;d:of v8f ePsf] x'G5 . k':tsfnonfO{ dxŒj

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 61
 glbg] k':tsfnosf ultljlwdf rf;f] glng] / Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf]
dfq k':tsfno xf] eGg] wf/0ff /fVg'n] k':tsfnosf] ljsf; / k|ultdf 7"nf]
afwf k'¥ofpF5 . k':tsfno jt{dfg ;dodf ;dfhsf] ;d[l4sf] Pp6f dfgs
xf] eGg] a'‰g g;Sg' k':tsfnosf] lglDt b'ef{Uo g} xf] . lgMz'Ns of cToGt
sd nfutdf k':tsfnon] lzIff, 1fg / ;"rgf k|jfx u5{ eGg] r]tgf gx'g' g}
;fdflhs ;d:of aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
-v_ cfly{ s ;d:of
k':tsfnosf] lglDt ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] cfly{s ;d:of xf] .
k':tsfnosf] cfkm\g} alnof] cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cfwf/ x'Fbg} . rGbf / k':tsfnosf]
lgodcg';f/ nfUg] Go"gtd ;b:otf z'Nsaf6 cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{' kg{]
afWotf 5 . cfly{s sf/0fn] gofF gofF k':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|L lsGg
;lsFb}g . jfrgfnodf /fVg kq–klqsf / ;+u[xLt lstfax¿ lsGg ;Sg]
cj:yf x'Fb}g . tna lbg g;Sbf k':tsfno k"/} lbg vf]Ng k"0f{sfnLg ;dosf]
nflu sd{rf/L /fVg ;lsFb}g . lbgsf] @÷# 306f dfq k':tsfno vf]n]sf]
b]lvG5 . cem clxn]sf] cj:yfdf O–nfOa|]/Lsf nflu cfjZos kg{]
pks/0fx¿ v/Lb ug{' kg{] afWotf 5 . cfly{s sf/0fn] k':tsfnon] Tof]
km8\sf] dfg{ ;ls/x]sf] kfOFb}g .
-u_ ;fj{h lgs k': tsfno gLltsf] cefj
g]kfndf k':tsfnosf] z'?jftsf] @)) jif{ / ljsf;sf] !)) jif{ x'Fbf klg
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno;DaGwL gLlt aGg g;Sg' cToGt b'Mvb kIf xf] .
;/sf/n] :yfkgf ug{'kg{], Joj:yfkg ug{'kg{] / ;+/If0f ug{'kg{]df k':tsfno
lgodg ug{] lgsfo klg gx'g' b'a{n kIf xf] . hg:t/af6 cToGt d]xgt /
pT;fx;fy :yfkgf ePsf k':tsfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug{] ;/sf/L gLlt gx'Fbf
;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿ cGof]ndf 5g\ . g]kfndf k':tsfnonfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ @)^( df lzIff dGqfnodf dGqL :t/Lo lg0f{oaf6 k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf
Joj:yfkg lgb{]lzsf @)^( hf/L eof] . To; lgb{]lzsfsf] kl/R5]b % / ^
df ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno;DaGwL ljifo pNn]v 5g\ t/ Tof] lgb{]lzsfcg'¿k
sfd x'g ;s]g . cfh;Dd ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] cj:yf p:t} 5 .
cfh b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ;+ul7t 5 . tLg txsf ;/sf/ 5g\ . cf–cfkm\g}
sfo{If]q / ;Ldf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnon] t s'g
;sf/sf] b}nf] 3r3Rofpg' kg{] xf] csf{] ;d:of ylkPsf] 5 .
dfly plNnlvt d'Vo ;d:ox¿afx]s :yfgLotf / cGo sf/0fn] ljleGg k':tsfnosf
;d:ofx¿ klg leGg leGg x'g ;Sb5g\ .
62 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo
;d:of g} ;dfwfgsf pkfo x'g\ elgG5 . ;d:of k5{ clg ;dfwfg vf]lhG5 .
To;}n] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf ;d:of c;fWo 5}gg\, xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] ;fgf] k|of;
htftt}af6 eof] eg] ;dfwfg x'g ;S5g\ eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 .
!= ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnok|lt ;d'bfosf] pbfl;gtfsf sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs
k':tsfnosf] k|ult x'g g;s]sf] xf] . k':tsfno ;dfhsf nflu cem efjL
;Gtfgsf nflu cToGt dxŒj /fVb5 eGg] ;Demfpg jf r]tgf lbnfpg
;s]df k':tsfnosf] k|ult s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g . ha;Dd k':tsfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltdf a:g] JolQmx¿ jf cem cWoIf x'g] JolQmsf] dfq k':tsfno eGg]
wf/0ff agfOG5 ta;Dd ;d:of ;dfwfg x'Fb}g . To;sf/0f k':tsfnon]
cfkm\gf] lgoldt lqmofsnfksf ;fy} r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿, afnaflnsf
s]lGb|t ljleGg sfo{qmd / ;dfhkof]uL lzIff, :jf:Yo;DaGwL r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmd ug{ ;s]df of] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb5 .
@= k':tsfnosf] lglDt ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d:of cfly{s ;d:of xf] . cyf{efjn] s'g}
klg sfo{qmd /fd|/L ;+rfng ug{ ;lsb}g . ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf lglDt
lgoldt ¿kdf cfo x'g] :yfoL ;|f]t gx'Fbf;Dd ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g .
;/sf/n] xfn hDdf # j6f Tof] klg sf7df8f}+df dfq k':tsfno ;+rfng
ul//x]sf] 5 . tL k':tsfnosf] klg cj:yf Tolt /fd|f] 5}g . ha;Dd
k':tsfnonfO{ ;/sf/n] z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub{}g ta;Dd ;d:of
oyfjt\ /xg hfG5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] clxn] ;+rfngdf /x]sf lhNnfx¿sf
k':tsfnox¿nfO{ sDtLdf @ hgf sd{rf/Lsf b/aGbL l;h{gf u/L k':tsfno
;+rfngsf nflu ah]6 5'§ofOlbg' kb{5 . To;f] x'g ;s]df dfq k':tsfno
;+rfng ;xh¿kdf x'g ;Sb5 .
k':tsfnon] klg cfkm\gf] Ifdtfcg'¿k /sd ;+sng u/L cIfo sf]if :yfkgf
ug{] / To;af6 cfPsf] Jofhaf6 k':tsfnosf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ Joj:yf
ldnfPdf cfly{s ;°6 6g{ ;S5 .
#= ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf kIfdf ;/sf/L gLlt ;sf/fTds x'gk' b{5 . k':tsfno
;/sf/L b[li6df s:tf] ;+:yf xf] k|i6 5}g . ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnonfO{
Pg=hL=cf]=, cfO=Pg=hL=cf]= jf gfkmfd"ns s'g} Pp6f ;fdflhs Sna h:tf]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf btf{ ug{' kg{] afWotf 5 . o:tf] gLltdf kl/jt{g
u/L z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf lng] gLlt cjnDag ug{'kb{5 .
clg csf{] ljBfno:t/sf] kf7\oqmddf k':tsfnonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{x¿ xKtf jf kGw| lbgdf Ps k6s ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnodf hfg],
ToxfFaf6 cfkm\gf] :t/sf] k':ts k9\g] / To;sf af/]df cfkm\gf] ljrf/
-Book Review_ n]Vg] . Tof] n]vfOsf cfwf/df c° lbg] / Tof] c°
k/LIffkmndf hf]8\g] u/]df k':tsfnosf] dxŒj / pkfb]otf :yflkt x'G5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 63
 clxn] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcGtu{t ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] sf7df8f}+df /x]sf tLgj6f
s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno;lxt ;ft} k|b]zsf] /fhwfgLdf ;ftj6f ;'ljwf;DkGg
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{] . To:t} k|b]zn] cfk"mcGtu{tsf lhNnf
;b/d'sfddf k|b]z :t/Lo ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{] . To:t} ufpF
kflnsfn] cfkm\gf] ufpFsf] s]Gb|df / gu/kflnsfx¿n] k|To]s j8fdf k':tsfnosf]
:yfkgf ug{k' b{5 . o;f] ubf{ clxn] ePsf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] ;lqmotfsf]
cj:yf, lqmofsnfk cflbsf] d"Nof+sg u/L s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo
txsf] k':tsfnosf] ¿kdf ;/sf/L dfGotf k|bfg u/L sd{rf/L / ah]6sf]
Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .
;/sf/n] b]zel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] d"Nof+sg u/L
k':tsfno lbj;sf cj;/df k'/:s[t ug{] k/Dk/f klg a;fNg'kb{5 . k':tsfno
:jo+n] cfk"mnfO{ ;dofg's"n cfjZostfcg'¿k kl/jt{g ub{} n}hfg'kb{5 .
lgisif{
dxfTdf ufGwLn] k':tsnfO{ /Tg;Fu t'ngf ub{} slxNo} gf; gx'g] /Tgfuf/sf] ¿kdf
k':tsfnonfO{ lnPsf 5g\ . of] dxŒjnfO{ a'e]m/ ;dfhn] / /fHon] k':tsfnosf]
;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ug{' cfjZos 5 . k':tsfno ;Eo ;dfhsf] k|tLs xf] .
;dfhsf] uxgf xf] . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df klg k':tsfnonfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf
/fv]/ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf eg] s]z/ zdz]/sf] lghL ;+sngnfO{
s]z/ k':tsfno, /fhu'? x]d/fh kf08]sf] lghL ;+sngnfO{ g]kfn /fli6«o
k':tsfno / l8NnL/d0f /]UdLsf] lghL ;+sngnfO{ l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL /]UdL
:d[lt k':tsfnosf] ¿kdf ;/sf/n] ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . oL tLgj6} sf7df8f}+d}
5g\ . hlt klg ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno ;~rflnt 5g\ tL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf
5}gg\ . ljZjljBfno / SofDk;x¿df k':tsfno 5g\ . tL ;Ldfdf afFlwPsf
5g\ . :s"nx¿df 5 ls 5}gsf] a/fa/df k':tsfno 5 . ?d 6' l/8 jf Ps :s'n
Ps k':tsfno cleofg klg Tolt k|efjsf/L b]lvPgg\ . To;sf/0f ca
;fj{hlgs k':tsfno / tL ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/
;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf gLltut ¿kd} lx:;]bf/L hgfpgsf]
ljsNk 5}g .
-ls/0f k': tsfno tD3f;, u'NdLsf] :j0f{dxf]T;j–@)&% sf] cj;/df
cfof] l ht % g+ = k| b ] z :t/Lo ;fj{ h lgs k' : tsfno ;Dd] n gdf k| : t' t
cjwf/0ff–kq . o; cjwf/0ffkqsf n] v s >L jgdfnL lg/fsf/
zxLb :d[lt k':tsfno, l;4fy{gu/, ¿kGb]x Lsf] cWoIf x'g 'x'G 5 .
–;Dkfbs_
ááá
64 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 kfFr gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd
k':tsfno ;Dd]ngsf] k|ltj]bg
uf]kfn kGyL
/]; '· f gu/kflnsf–@, tD3f;, u'N dL
!%# cf}+ df]tL hoGtL, !)% cf}+ aL=kL= hoGtL / ls/0f k':tsfno, u'NdLsf] :j0f{–
hoGtL jif{sf] pknIodf @)&% efb| @$ ut] tD3f;l:yt afndlGb/sf] ;efxn
tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;efxndf ljleGg ;flxlTos sfo{qmd tyf % g+=
k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ng & a'Fb] tD3f; 3f]if0ff–kq hf/L ub}{ eJo
¿kdf ;DkGg eof] .
k':tsfnon] :j0f{hoGtL jif{sf] pknIodf @)&$ ;fn sflt{sb]lv @)&% sflt{s
b]jsf]6f hoGtL;Dd jif}{el/ ljleGg ;flxlTos, eflifs, af}l4s sfo{qmdx¿
u/L dgfO/x]sf] 5 . ljleGg k':tsx¿sf] k|sfzg, ljleGg k|ltof]lutfx¿sf]
;~rfng, k':ts vl/b, k':tsfno ;ef, k':tsfno ;Dd]ng, k':tsfno :j0f{jif{
ljz]iff° k|sfzg, k':tsfno ejgsf] lznfGof;, ls/0f k':tsfnosf ;du|
k|sfzgx¿sf] lqlbj;Lo k|bz{gL h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ub}5 { . oL sfo{qmdx¿dWo]
kfFr gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{
sfo{ xf] . g]kfndf k':tsfno ;~rfngsf] Oltxf; nfd} eP klg o;sf] Joj:yfkg
/ ;~rfngsf] kIf l67 nfUbf] g} 5 . k':tsfnonfO{ /fHon] dxŒj lbO{ k|fyldstfdf
/fv]sf] kfOFbg} . b]zsf ljleGg s'gf sGb/fdf ;d'bfosf] kxndf rn]sf ;fj{hlgs
k':tsfnosf] cj:yf sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . ls/0f k':tsfno u'NdLn] klg krf; jif]{
ofqfdf ljleGg cf/f]x–cj/f]xx¿ kf/ ub}{ of] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . oBlk
/fHoaf6 e/kbf]{ / lgoldt ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;
If]qsf cGo ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] cj:yf klg o:t} xf]nf of k[ys\ eGg]
k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg tyf ;+ul7t cfjfhsf] cfjZostf af]w eO{ k':tsfnosf]
cfof]hgfdf of] P]ltxfl;s k|b]z:t/Lo k':tsfno ;Dd]ng klxnf]k6s cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] xf] .
ldlt @)&% efb| @$ ut] !%# cf}+ df]tL hoGtL / !)% cf}+ aL=kL= hoGtLsf] z'e
;+of]usf] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] % gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno
;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o k':tsfno ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL
lg0f{oadf]lhd o; % g+= k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnfx¿sf k':tsfnox¿df lgdGq0ff–kq
k7fOPsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu, k|b]z / s]Gb|Lo
k':tsfnox¿nfO{ ;d]t cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngsf dxŒjk"0f{
sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ o; k|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 65
kfFr gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ng u'NdL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd
tD3f;df /x]sf] afndlGb/sf] ;efxndf @)&%÷)%÷@$ ut] laxfg *M)) ah]
;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] v'nf;qsf] cWoIftf ls/0f k':tsfno,
u'NdLsf cWoIf >L g/k|;fb >]i7n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] k|d'v cltlysf] ¿kdf
kfg;df bLk k|HHjng tyf cflbslj df]tL/fd e§, ;flxTosf/ aL=kL=sf]O/fnf
/ lbj+ut hfgsL 1jfnLsf] t:jL/df dfNofk{0f ub}{ sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g % g+=
k|b]zsf dfggLo ;ef;b\ tyf ljz]ifflwsf/ ;ldltsf ;efklt sdn/fh >]i7n]
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ljlzi6 cltlysf] ¿kdf % g+= k|b]zsf dfggLo
;ef;b\åo lbg]z kGyL / v8\uaxfb'/ s]=;L=sf] cfltYotf /x]sf] lyof] . o;
sfo{qmddf k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/Lnufot sfof{no k|dv ' x¿, ;+3–;+:yfsf k|dv
' x¿,
k|d'v lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bn, g]skfsf k|ltlglw xL/f P=;L=, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf
;efklt e'jg >]i7, /];'·f gu/kflnsf k|d'v l8NnL/fh e';fn, w'sf]{6
ufpFkflnsfsf k|d'v e'kfn kf]v/]n, dbfg] ufpFkflnsfsf k|d'v bfgaxfb'/
s]=;L= nufotsf hgk|ltlglwx¿, s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf cWoIf tyf k|ltlglwx¿,
lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf pk;lrj ofbjrGb| lg/f}nfnufotsf kfx'gfx¿,
k|f1 8f= t'n;L e§/fO{, OlGb/f bnL, jgdfnL lg/fs/ h:tf ljlzi6
;flxTosf/x¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf k':tsfno ;~rfns ;ldlt,
;+/Ifs tyf cfhLjg ;b:o, :yfgLo ;flxTosf/, k|fWofks, lzIfs, kqsf/
tyf k':tsfnok|]dL dxfg'efjx¿sf] eJo pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf k':tsfnosf ;+:yfks tyf jt{dfg pkfWoIf zlz kGyLn] sfo{qmdsf]
p2]Zodfly k|sfz kfb}{ :jfut dGtJo k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] :jfutuLt sdnf
kx/fO{n] ufpg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng k':tsfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf
;b:o uf]kfn kGyLn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf :jl:t jfrg, /fli6«o ufg,
sljsf] s[lt kf7, g[To k|bz{g, ;Ddfg tyf clegGbg, k':ts ljdf]rg, sljtf
k|ltof]lutf / dGtJosf sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf lyP .
ls/0f k':tsfnoaf6 k|sflzt ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’sf kfNkf k|ltlglw sdn vqLn] slj
df]tL/fd e§sf] sljtf jfrg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k':tsfnosf ;lrj bLg kGyLn]
;Ddflgt x'g] ;|i6f ;"a ;]gsf] s[ltTj / JolQmTjaf/] rrf{ ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg]
hfgsL ;flxTo k'/:sf/ gub ?=%,))).–, bf];Nnf / k|df0f–kqn] ;|i6f ;"a
;]gnfO{ k|d'v cltly / ljlzi6 cltlyx¿af6 ;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}
sfo{qmddf ls/0f k':tsfnosf] q}dfl;s k|sfzg ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’sf sf7df8f}+
k|ltlglw 8f= s[i0f e08f/L ‘d'd'If'’n] jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] v08sfJosfl/tfdf
ljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf] v'lzofnLdf bf];Nnf / ;Ddfg–kqn]
clegGbg ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf k'/:s[t ;|i6f ;"a ;]g, ;Ltf/fd e§/fO{,
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ob'gfy kf}8]n, 8f= lx/0onfn 1jfnL, OlGb/f bnL,
66 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
ofbjrGb| lg/f}nf, l8NnL/fh e';fn, ;Ltf/fd e§/fO{, 8f= t'n;L e§/fO{,
dfggLo v8\uaxfb'/ s]=;L=, dfggLo lbg]z kGyL, dfggLo sdn/fh >]i7n]
dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] 8f= lx/0onfn 1jfnL, jgdfnL lg/fsf/, Clifs]zj
ef/åfh, z+s/k|;fb uf}td h:tf jl/i7 slj tyf ;flxTosf/x¿n] :jsLo
sljtf jfrg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo tyf lhNnfaflx/sf sl/a @) hgf
sljsf lsjtf ;do cefjn] jfrg u/fpg ;lsPsf] lyPg . sfo{qmddf
k|ltof]uL sljtfx¿ klg jfrg ePsf lyP . pQm sljtf k|ltof]lutfsf] d"Nof°gstf{sf]
¿kdf lji0f'sfGt kGyL, sdn vqL / /fwf kGyLn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf gf} hgf sljx¿n] efu lnPsf]df k'/:s[t x'g] sljx¿ lgDg
lyP –
!= /lj/d0f 1jfnL -c;+ot kl/j]z_ k|yd ?=!,%)).– / k|df0f–kq .
@= xl/k|;fb kGyL -s] a]Rg afFsL 5 / <_ låtLo ?=!,))).– / k|df0f–kq .
#= dgf]h cof{n -uhn_ t[tLo ?=&)).– / k|df0f–kq .
$= lji0f' sfnf du/ -uhn_ rt'y{ ?=%)).– / k|df0f–kq .
;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6gsf cj;/df ;To ;fO{ s]Gb|, u'NdLsf efO–alxgLx¿ l;hg
k/fh'nL, ;'bz{g cof{n, l;4fGt kf08]o, gjLg 1jfnL, ;fjg k|wfg, c~hln
cof{n, ljGb' kGyL, cG;' kf08]o, ;[hgf dxt, od'gf k/fh'nLaf6 dGqf]Rrf/0fsf
;fy zflGtkf7 ul/Psf] lyof] eg] u·f a:g]tåf/f g[To k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
To:t} sfo{qmdsf] aLr–aLrdf u|Lidf kf08] / ch'g{ cfjf;Lo dfWolds ljBfnosf
ljBfyL{x¿ /~hgf yfkf, ;]l/gf lgzf, cK;/f /fodfemL, ;GWof kf08], O/d
vft'g, /]lhgf uf}rg, dlGb/f kf08] / dgf]h kf}8]naf6 g[To k|:t't ul/Psf]
lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] aGb;q lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;efxn tD3f;df ck/fÅg
@M)) ah]b]lv ;fFem *M#) ah];Dd rn]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ;fd'bflos
afn k':tsfnosf cWoIf >L OlGb/f bnLn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] k':tsfno
;Dd]ng cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTo, sfo{qmdsf ljifoj:t'x¿, sfo{kqsf] k|:t'ltnufotsf
ljifoj:t'x¿dfly k|sfz kfb}{ k':tsfnosf pkfWoIf >L zlz kGyLn] dGtJo
/fVg'ePsf] lyof] . ;+:yfut pkl:yltsf] hfgsf/L;lxtsf] kl/ro sfo{qmdn]
;efsf] dxŒj emNsfPsf] lyof] . s]Gb|;lxt !% lhNnfsf $) hgfeGbf a9L
;xefuL tyf cfof]hs u/L aGb;qdf !)) hgfeGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . ;f] aGb;qdf l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL /]UdL :d[lt k':tsfnosf cWoIf k|f1
8f= t'n;L e§/fO{ / lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, k':tsfno ;dGjo tyf
clen]v zfvfsf pk–;lrj ofbjrGb| lg/f}nfn] ;Dd]ngdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 67
;Dd]ngdf ;flxTosf/ jgdfnL ‘lg/fsf/’ / lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf
pk–;lrj >L ofbjrGb| lg/f}nfn] k':tsfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf sfo{kqx¿
k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . tL sfo{kqx¿dfly qmdzM wjn k':tsfno, kfNkfsf
dxf;lrj /fh]zs'df/ cof{n, ;jf]{bo k':tsfno bfªsf ;b:o kb\dk|;fb
zdf{nufotsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|Zg, lh1f;f / l6Kk0fL ug'{ePsf] lyof] . /fd|f]
;xeflutf / ;fGble{s ljifoj:t'x¿dfly s]lGb|t k':tsfno ;Dd]ngn] lgisif{sf]
¿kdf lgDg & a'Fbfdf tD3f; 3f]if0ff–kq hf/L u/Øf] . cGTodf cWoIfaf6 ;f/
ule{t dGtJo;lxt ;ef lj;h{g ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
tD3f; 3f] i f0ff–kq
!= k|b]z gDa/ % df ;~rflnt ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf]
tYof° ;°ng ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ .
@= k|b]z gDa/ % df /x]sf ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿df
sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos
tflnd kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t sDtLdf # dlxgfsf] tflnd ;~rfng ug{sf
nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ .
#= k|To]s :yfgLo txdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnonfO{ ;f]
:yfgLo txdf /x]sf ;a} k7g ;fdu|L ;°ng ePsf] k':tsfnosf ¿kdf
ljsf; ug]{ .
$= x/]s :yfgLo txn] cfkm\gf] If]qleq :yfkgf / ;~rfng x'g] k':tsfnosf]
cg'dlt lbg] / ljjfb ePdf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ .
%= k|b]zdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnodf ;fj{hlgs÷;fd'bflos
k':tsfno x]g]{ 8]:s :yfkgf ug{ cg'/f]w ug]{ .
^= ;fd'bflos tyf ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] ;~rfngsf nflu Go"gtd
cfwf/e"t ljBfnonfO{ lbPsf] cg'bfg /sd;/xsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ug{
;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ .
&= k|b]z :t/df k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf lglDt
;dGjofTds sfo{ ug]{ u/L k|b]z ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
% g+= k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngsf] pb\3f6g ;qdf @)) eGbf a9L
JolQmx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ;efsf] pb\3f6g ub}{ k|d'v cltly
68 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
dfggLo sdn/fh >]i7n] k':tsfnox¿nfO{ /fHon] ;xof]u ug]{ gLlt agfP/} 5f8\g]
k|lta4tf hgfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
pQm ;Dd]ngsf] cj;/df >L ;"a ;]gåf/f lnlvt ‘dft[e"ldnfO{ b08jt\ ;]jf’
gfds s[ltsf] ljdf]rg, ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’sf ;Dkfbs >L zlz kGyLn] ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
;Dd]ngaf6 kms]{kl5 s]xL ;xefuLx¿n] ;Dd]ngsf] k|ltj]bg cfkm"n] k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf] k':tsfnodf a'emfO;s]sf] hfgsf/L ls/0f k':tsfnonfO{ k|fKt ePsf]
5 . k|f=8f= lx/0onfn 1jfnL, ;'lgtf ;]gf 7s'/L, kb\dk|;fb zdf{ cflbn]
k|ltj]bg n]vL ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ls/0f k':tsfnodf k7fO;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
% g+= k|bz
] :t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ls/0f k':tsfnon]
@)&% ;fn efb| @# ut] a]n'sf;Dd k|ltlglw, ;xefuL / cltlyx¿nfO{ tD3f;
cfOk'Ug cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo % j6f xf]6]nx¿df cfjf; / ef]hgsf]
Joj:yf cfof]hs ls/0f k':tsfnon] u/]sf] lyof] eg] cfjft–hfjtsf] Joj:yf
;xefuL cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] lgsfoaf6 ug'{kg]{ k"j{ hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .
ls/0f k':tsfnoåf/f cfof]lht pQm ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf nflu tD3f;
afndlGb/sf] tkm{af6 ;efxnf lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOg'sf ;fy} lhNnf afn
;+u7g, u'NdLaf6 ?=!%)).– sf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . To:t} bf];|f] aGb
;q ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;efxn lgMz'Ns pknAw
u/fOPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf;lxt ls/0f k':tsfnonfO{
l;h{gzLn ;fd'bflos ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ?=!),))).–, dx]Gb| gd"gf dfWolds
ljBfnoaf6 ?=%,))).–, l;4afaf dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 ?=%,))).– xf]6]n
Joj;foL d~raf6 ?=@,%)).– gub ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;xefuLx¿nfO{
@)&% ;fn efb| @% ut] laxfg /];'·f bz{gsf nflu n}hfg u'NdL oftfoft
Joj;foL ;+3n] @ j6f hLk pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] eg] /];'·f
;+/If0f ;ldltsf] ;f}hGodf @% ut] laxfgsf] ef]hg /];'·fd} Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;'zLnf lk|06;{n] ;xefuLx?nfO{ kmfOnsf] ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] eg]
/];'·faf6 kms]{/ k':tsfnoaf6 labfO x'g] a]nfdf dfofsf] lrgf]:j¿k u'NdLsf]
skmL lbP/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ labfO ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;/L % g+_= k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ng ;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg
eof] . ;Dd]ngsf] ;dfrf/ :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWod, Pkm\=Pd\= /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,
cgnfOg / /fli6«o klqsfx¿n] k|;f/0f / k|sfzg u/]sf lyP .
ááá
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 69
% g+= k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngdf pkl:yt ljlzi6 dxfg'efjx¿sf]
gfdfjnL ljj/0f
l;= gfd, y/ kb cfa4 ;+:yf jf lgsfo ;Dks{ g+=
g+=
1 >L g/k|;fb >]i7 cWoIf ls/0f k': tsfno, 079-520109
u'NdL
% g+= k|b]z;ef k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno,
2 >L sdn/fh >]i7 ;b:o, u'NdL a'6jn, ¿kGb]xL
9857064907
-k|d 'v cltly_
% g+= k|b]z;ef k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno,
3 >L lbg]z kGyL ;b:o, u'NdL a'6jn, ¿kGb]xL
9841699018
-ljlzi6 cltly_
% g+= k|b]z;ef k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno,
4 >L v8\uaxfb'/ s]=;L= ;b:o, u'NdL a'6jn, ¿kGb]xL
9847106894
-ljlzi6 cltly_
k|d'v lhNnf lhNnf k|z f;g
5 >L ob'gfy kf}8]n clwsf/L sfof{no, u'NdL
9857017777

6 >L l8NnL/fh e';fn gu/k|d 'v /];'· f gu/kflnsf, 9857025065

u'NdL
>L xL/f P=;L= k|ltlglw g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
7 9857061774
-g]skf_, u'NdL
8 >L e'jgk|;fb >]i7 ;efklt g]kfnL sfFu|];, u'NdL 9857061607

>L bfgaxfb'/ s]=;L= cWoIf dbfg] ufpFkflnsf,

9 9857027920
u'NdL
10 >L e"kfn kf]v/]n cWoIf w'sf]{6 ufpFkflnsf, 9857067440
u'NdL
>L k|Ånfb kf]v/]n lhNnf ;dGjo lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt,
11 9841360241
clwsf/L u'NdL
lzIff ljsf; tyf
12 >L yfg]Z j/ l3ld/] OsfO k|d'v ;dGjo OsfO, u'NdL
9857051625

13 >L ;"a ;]g n]vs k'sf]{6, u'NdL 9841669074

14 >L hLjg]Z j/L ;]g – k'sf]{6, u'NdL 9841669074

/];'· f gu/kflnsf–!,
15 >L clvn]Z j/k|;fb kf08]o j8f cWoIf 9857023342
u'NdL

70 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
k':tsfno ;Dd]ngdf pkl:yt ljlzi6 dxfg'efjx¿sf] gfdfjnL ljj/0f -btf{
k'l:tsfsf] cfwf/df_
l;= k|ltlglwTj ePsf]
gfd, y/ kb ;Dks{ g+=
g+= k': tsfno, lgsfo

sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
k': tsfno
1 >L h'h 'efO 8+uf]n ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno, 9803035980
lj1
e[s'6Ld08k, sf7df8f}+
k':tsfno cfjfh
2 >L /d]z s'df/ e';fn k|sfzs dfl;s -g]kfn nfOa|]/L 9851114753
kmfp08]z g_, sf7df8f}+
l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL
3 >L k|f1 8f=t'n;L e§/fO{ cWoIf /]UdL :df/s k':tsfno, 9851077561
sf7df8f}+
l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL
4 >L ;'wf e§/fO{ ;b:o /]UdL :df/s k':tsfno, 9841545930
sf7df8f}+_
lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
5 >L ofbjrGb| lg/f}nf pk–;lrj dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, 9841494062
sf7df8f}+
g]kfn ;fd'bflos
6 >L s]zj/fh cfrfo{ cWoIf 9855066633
k':tsfno ;+3, sf7df8f}+
l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL
/]UdL :df/s k':tsfno,
sf7df8f}+,
7 >L OlGb/f bnL ;b:o 9841437714
cWoIf–;fd'bflos
afnljsf; k':tsfno,
nlntk'/
k': tsfno g]kfn /fli6«o k':tsfno,
8 >L ;'lgtf ;]g 7s'/L -l;+x_ 9848033232
;xfos xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/
k|]; sfplG;n
9 >L dx]G b|/fh l;+x :j=;lrj cWoIfHo"sf] ;lrjfno, 9860982222
sf7df8f}+
lq=lj= g]kfnL s]Gb|L o
10 8f= s[i0fk|; fb e08f/L ‘d'd'If'’ ;xk|fWofks 9856032477
ljefu, sf7df8f}+

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 71
l;= k|ltlglwTj ePsf]
gfd, y/ kb ;Dks{ g+=
g+= k': tsfno, lgsfo
zxLb k': tsfno,
11 >L jgdfnL lg/fsf/ cWoIf l;4fy{gu/, ¿kGb]xL
9847039867

gjhfu[lt k':tsfno,
12 k|f=8f= lx/0onfn 1jfnL ;Nnfxsf/ a'6jn, ¿kGb]xL 9867335850

13 >L k/z'/fd cof{n k|ltlglw jf;':d[lt k':tsfno, 9867196740

jgjfl6sf, ¿kGb]xL
l;4fy{ 1fgdlGb/
14 >L /fdnfn e';fn vl/bf/ k':tsfno, l;4fy{ 9847020394
gu/kflnsf, ¿kGb]xL
a'6jn ax'd 'vL SofDk;,
15 >L ;Ltf/fd e§/fO{ 9857033457
¿kGb]xL
Go" nfO6 df=lj=,
16 >L /lj/d0f 1jfnL lzIfs 9867214330
z+s/gu/, ¿kGb]xL
lxdfno a'S; xfp;,
17 >L dfwj uf}td ;~rfns 9851013281
a'6jn, ¿kGb]xL
a'6jn
k|ltlglw ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsf,
18 >L ?? zdf{ 9847093011
‘xfd|f] z+s/gu/, ¿kGb]xL
k'? iffy{’

af0fu+uf ;fd'bflos
19 >L Clifs]zj ef/åfh jl/i7 k':tsfno, hLtk'/ tyf 9857061217
;Nnfxsf/ dgsfdgf ;+:s[t u'?s'n
k':tsfno, slknj:t'

af0fu+uf ;fd'bflos
;Nnfxsf/ k':tsfno, hLtk'/ tyf
20 >L sdnf sF8]n 076-411165
;b:o dgsfdgf ;+:s[t u'?s'n
k':tsfno, slknj:t'

21 >L /ljrGb| zfSo ;b:o slknj:t' jfrgfno, 076-560834

slknj:t'
slknk|1f k':tsfno,
22 >L OGb|axfb'/ sf]O /fnf cWoIf 9841292252
slknwfd, slknj:t'

72 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
l;= k|ltlglwTj ePsf]
g+= gfd, y/ kb k': tsfno, lgsfo ;Dks{ g+=

slknk|1f k':tsfno,
23 >L b'uf{k |;fb kf}8]n ;lrj 9821923605
slknwfd, slknj:t'

>L /fh]zs'df/ kf08] cWoIf kz'kltk|tfk k':tsfno,

24 9847040882
tf}lnxjf, slknj:t'

>L ;Gt/fd cu|xl/ pkfWoIf kz'kltk|tfk k':tsfno,

25 9847040882
tf}lnxjf, slknj:t'

26 >L o'j/fh kf}8\ofn cWoIf wjn k':tsfno, kfNkf 9847028049

27 >L /fh]zs'df/ cof{n dxf;lrj wjn k':tsfno, kfNkf 9857060202

28 >L 6+sk|;fb kGy ;lrj wjn k':tsfno, kfNkf 9847028049

29 >L pk]G b| g]kfn ;b:o wjn k':tsfno, kfNkf 9847029843

kfNkf
k|ltlglw
30 >L sdnaxfb'/ vqL ls/0f k':tsfno 9847308908
‘xfd|f]
k'? iffy{’
31 >L lzj/fh kGyL kqsf/ gofFo'u /fli6«o b}lgs 9847819936
e'mjfgL ;fd'bflos
32 >L /fdk|;fb ;fksf]6f sf]iffWoIf 9855066633
k':tsfno, lrtjg
dgsfdgf ;fd'bflos
33 >L n]vaxfb'/ 608g cWoIf k':tsfno, kfl0flg–%, 9847167045
c3f{vfFrL
;fd'bflos k':tsfno
34 >L vu]Gb| Gof}kfg] cWoIf tyf ;|f]ts]Gb| kfl0flg–&, 9851198843
c3f{vfFrL
35 >L gf/fo0fk|;fb kf}8 ]n cWoIf lsd8fF8 f ;fd'bflos 9857028896
k':tsfno, c3f{vfFrL
lsd8fF8 f ;fd'bflos
36 >L sdnk|;fb k/fh'nL pkfWoIf cWoog s]Gb|, c3f{vfFrL
9857063024

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 73
l;= k|ltlglwTj ePsf]
gfd, y/ kb ;Dks{ g+=
g+= k': tsfno, lgsfo

lsd8fF8 f ;fd'bflos
37 >L uf]k fn e';fn ;b:o 9857063024
cWoog s]Gb|, c3f{vfFrL
df]tL ;fd'bflos
38 >L z+s/k|;fb e';fn sf]iffWoIf k':tsfno, jfª\nf, 9847157349
c3f{vfFrL
df]tL ;fd'bflos
39 >L sdnk|;fb e§/fO{ cWoIf k':tsfno, jfª\nf, 9869412595
c3f{vfFrL
c3fF{vfFrL kmfp08]zg,
40 >L a'l4/fd u}/] cWoIf e'=g=kf=, g'jfsf]6, 9847107445
c3f{vfFrL
;'gufef ;fd'bflos
41 >L xf]dnfn zdf{ ;b:o 9868945698
l;sfOs]Gb|, ?s'dk"j{
?lSd0fL k':tsfno,
42 >L 6f]kaxfb'/ cf]nL ;b:o 9841296625
?s'dk"j{
gjHof]lt ;fd'bflos
43 >L b'uf{axfb'/ s'Fj/ IfqL pkfWoIf 9809563871
k':tsfno, Ko"7fg
44 >L 6f]kf/fd cfrfo{ ;lrj gjHof]lt ;fd'bflos 9847821266
k':tsfno, Ko"7fg
hnhnf ;femf
45 >L cf]d s]=;L= sf]iffWoIf k':tsfno, /f]Nkf
9847864203

b]pv'/L ;fd'bflos
46 >L lul//fh e§ cWoIf k':tsfno tyf ;|f]ts]Gb|, 9857840886
bfª
b]pv'/L ;fd'bflos
;+:yfks
47 >L xl/ kf]v/]n cWoIf k':tsfno tyf ;|f]ts]Gb|, 9857821947
bfª
48 >L kb\dk|;fb zdf{ ;b:o ;jf]{bo k': tsfno, bfª 9857832822

lqe'jg ;fd'bflos
49 >L gjLg clwsf/L cWoIf k':tsfno tyf ;|f]ts]Gb|, 984801712
afF;u9L g=kf=–*, alb{of

74 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
l;= k|ltlglwTj ePsf]
gfd, y/ kb ;Dks{ g+=
g+= k': tsfno, lgsfo
sflnsf ;fd'bflos
50 >L ;'zLn rf}w/L ;b:o k':tsfno, a9}oftfn, 9848081722
alb{of
;+:yfks
51 >L z+s/ uf}td hfgsL ;flxTo k|lti7fg 9857061744
cWoIf
52 >L ;/:jtL e08f/L lzIfs /];'·f dfWolds ljBfno 9847105749

k|]d kGyL cfhLjg ls/0f k':tsfno

53 9847184333
;b:o
54 k|]d ;'gf/ kqsf/ /];'·f 6]lnlehg 9857061530
u'NdL pBf]u jfl0fHo
55 b'uf{k|;fb kf08] cWoIf ;+3
9857025167

ch'{g cfjf;Lo
56 ljj]s kGyL lzIfs dfWolds ljBfno
9867195140

gj/fh e';fn ;efklt g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3,

57 9857064833
u'NdL
58 rGb|sfGt kGyL ;xk|fWofks /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk; 9747006815

59 ;'/]z rGb| e';fn cWoIf /];'·f ;+/If0f ;ldlt 9857064035

60 9'l08/fh kf]v/]n pkk|fWofks /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk; 9847105566

g]kfn gful/s ;dfh,

61 u'0fflglw zdf{ ;efklt 9857064641
u'NdL
dx]G b| gd"gf dfWolds
62 s]z /axfb'/ yfkf k|wfgfWofks
ljBfno
9857022672

63 tf/fk|;fb e';fn ;lrj g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, 9857028495

u'NdL
64 hgfb{g l3ld/] k|ltlglw PleGo"h va/ 9857028495
65 xl/axfb'/ s]=;L= SofDk;k|d'v /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk; 9857067145
/];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk;,
66 nf]sgfy uf}td nfOa|]l/og k':tsfno 9844784949

huGgfy uf}td ;efklt g]kfn Ifo/f]u lgjf/0f

67 9857061661
;+:yf

xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 75
 ;~rfns, cfof]hs tyf lhNnfleqaf6 pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿sf] ljj/0f
l;=g+= gfd, y/ kb cfa4 ;+:yf ;Dks{ g+=
1 >L zlz kGyL pkfWoIf ls/0f k':tsfno, 9851148807
u'NdL
2
ls/0f k':tsfno, 9847506288
>L bLg kGyL ;lrj u'NdL
3 >L rgsaxfb'/ s'Fj/ sf]iffWoIf ls/0f k':tsfno, 9847106664
u'NdL
4 >L uf]kfn kGyL ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno, 9857064746
u'NdL
5
ls/0f k':tsfno, 9857064933
>L w'|j/fh kGyL ;+/Ifs ;b:o u'NdL
6 >L /fdrGb| kGyL ;+/Ifs ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno, 9847105620
u'NdL
ls/0f k':tsfno,
7
u'NdL tyf cWoIf 9847185652
>L /fwf kGyL cfhLjg ;b:o
/];'·f ;fd'bflos
l;sfO s]Gb|, u'NdL

8
ls/0f k':tsfno, 9857061756
>L o1Zj/ kGyL cfhLjg ;b:o u'NdL
9 >L gdf]gf/fo0f kGyL cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno, 9847358715
u'NdL
10
cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno, 9857067435
>L ltns/fd kGyL ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’ u'NdL
11 >L /fdk|;fb vgfn cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno, 9857064596
u'NdL
12
ls/0f k':tsfno, 9869139555
>L czf]s kf08]o cfhLjg ;b:o u'NdL
13 >L u0f]z >]i7 cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno, 9846108671
u'NdL
14
ls/0f k':tsfno, 079-520067
>L hok|sfz >]i7 cfhLjg ;b:o
u'NdL
15 >L lji0f'k|;fb vgfn u|G ykfn ls/0f k':tsfno, 079520287
u'NdL
76 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
l;=g+= gfd, y/ kb cfa4 ;+:yf ;Dks{ g+=
16 >L 1fg/fh d/fl;gL ;=u|Gykfn ls/0f k':tsfno, 9847185195
u'NdL
17
/];'·f ax'd'vL 9867729988
>L lji0f'sfGt kGyL pk–k|fWofks SofDk;, u'NdL
18 >L tf/fk|;fb kf08] ;dfh;]jL /];'·f g=kf=–!, 520213
tD3f;, u'NdL
19 >L xl/k|;fb kGyL lzIfs eujtL df=lj=, 9847106681
l;dLrf}/, u'NdL
;fOa/ jN8{
20 >L czf]s u}/] sDKo'6/ lzIfs sDKo'6/, tD3f;, 9847105356
u'NdL
21
cfhLjg ;b:o, /];'·f g=kf=–!, 9851201122
>L af]daxfb'/ cof{n xfd|f] k'?iffy{ u'NdL
22
cfhLjg ;b:o, /];'·f g=kf=–*,
>L s]zj kf]v/]n
xfd|f] k'?iffy{ u'NdL
23
cfhLjg ;b:o, 9847106928
>L s[i0fk|;fb cof{n xfd|f] k'?iffy{ /];'·f g=kf=, u'NdL

24
/];'·f ax'd'vL 9867238403
>L ljqmd kGyL ljBfyL{
SofDk;, u'NdL
25 >L dgf]h cof{n O:df uf=kf=, u'NdL 9867712600

26 >L ;Gtf]if u}/] O:df uf=kf=, u'NdL 9860278821

27 >L lk|td a:g]t /];'·f g=kf=–!), 9844790615

u'NdL
28 >L lji0f'sfnf du/ ?? uf=kf=–^, u'NdL 9844770256

29
/];'·f g=kf=–#, 9867143983
>L lxdfn cfrfo{
u'NdL
ls/0f k':tsfno,
30 >L rGb|axfb'/ 608g cfhLjg ;b:o /];'·f g=kf=–*, 9841901309
u'NdL
31
/];'·f g=kf=–@, 9867329030
>L rd]nL s]=;L= :jf:YosdL{ u'NdL
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 77
l;=g+= gfd, y/ kb cfa4 ;+:yf ;Dks{ g+=
32 >L zf/bf kGyL vgfn /];'·f g=kf=–!,
u'NdL
l;4afaf dfWolds
33 >L dfwjL a:g]t yfkf lzIfs ljBfno, /];'·f 9847105225
g=kf=–@, u'NdL

34 >L lk|td/fh >]i7 ?? uf=kf=–#, u'NdL 9867028565

35
/];'·f g=kf=–#, 9857064050
ydg s]=;L= j8f cWoIf
u'NdL
36 uf]kfnk|;fb kf08]o pk–k|fWofks /];'·f ax'd'vL 9857061908
SofDk;, u'NdL
37
/];'·f ax'd'vL 9847072132
dfwj 1jfnL pkfWoIf SofDk;, u'NdL
38 s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L k"j{ cWoIf u'NdL pBf]u 9857027768
jfl0fHo ;+3
39 x]d/fh d/fl;gL cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno 9847106318
40 t'nf/fd kf08] cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno
41
/];'·f ax'd'vL 9847310570
sdnk|;fb zdf{ pk–k|fWofks
SofDk;, u'NdL
42 lzjnfn vgfn pk–k|fWofks /];'·f ax'd'vL 9847104868
SofDk;, u'NdL
43 b|f]0f kGyL lzIffk|]dL tD3f;, u'NdL 9847231931
44 d's'Gbxl/ uf}td cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno 9747007667
45 s]z j kf08] cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno
46 3gZofd ;'l:dt cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno
47 gGb/fd kf08] cfhLjg ;b:o ls/0f k':tsfno
48 czf]s kf08] kmf]6f]u|fkm/ /];'·f g=kf=–*,
tD3f;, u'NdL
ááá
;do v]/ gkmfnf}+, k':tsfnodf uO{ k':ts,
kq–klqsf k9\g] afgL a;fnf}+ .
78 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
k':tsfno ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf
;'lgtf ;]g 7s'/L
g]k fn /fli6«o k': tsfno
xl/x/ejg, nlntk' /
ls/0f k':tsfnosf] kl/ro M /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk;sf k"j{ SofDk;k|d'v
zlz kGyLsf] ljz]if kxn / cu'jfOdf lj=;+= @)@% ;fn sflt{s @) ut] ls/0f
k':tsfnosf] ljlwjt\ :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . k|l;4 tkf]e"ld /];'·fsf] sfv}df
cjl:yt u'NdLsf] ;b/d'sfd
tD3f;df /x] s f] o;
k':tsfnosf] cfkm\g} ejg
/ hdLg /x]sf] 5 .
k':tsfno ;Dd]ngaf/] M
ls/0f k' : tsfnosf]
cfof]hgfdf % g+=k|b]z:t/Lo
a[xt\ k':tsfno ;Dd]ng
@)&%ebf} @$ ut] u'NdLsf]
tD3f;df ;DkGg eof] . ls/0f k':tsfno :yfkgfsf] %) jif{ k'u]sf] cj;/df
cfof]lht ;Dd]ngdf % gDa/ k|b]z;lxt /fhwfgLaf6 k':tsfno If]qsf
dxfg'efjx¿sf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . k|d'v jQmfsf egfOx¿ o:tf
lyP M–
sdn/fh >]i7, k|d'v cltly, ;f+;b M kfg;df aQL afn]/ ;Dd]ngsf]
pb\3f6g ug'{eof] . tLg} tx-;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo_df k':tsfno ckl/xfo{ /x]sf]
5 . cfufdL ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdb]lv ;fna;fnL k':tsfno zLif{sdf ah]6
5'6\ofpg] Joj:yfsf nflu kxn ug]{5' . ;+;b\df 6]a'n 7f]Sg]5' . dfG5]x¿ km];a's,
o'6\o'j k9\5g\ t/ k':ts k9\b}gg\ . k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ 7"nf] r'gf}tL 5 .
cfw'lgs vfnsf] k':tsfnotkm{ ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf eO;Sof] . ls/0f k':tsfnonfO{
of] :yfg;Dd Nofpg of]ubfg lbg] cfb/0fLo JolQmTjx¿ ;dfhsf ;DdfggLo
JolQm x'g'x'G5 .
v8\saxfb'/ s]=;L=, ;f+;b M of] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf slt ptf/ r9fj cfP
xf]nfg\ < dfG5] hGdG5, d5{ t/ ;dfhdf c;n 5fk 5f]8\g ;Sof] eg] dfq} dfG5]
:d/0fLo x'G5 . h'g sfd zzL kGyL, bLgkGyL ;/x¿n] ug'{ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 79
lbg]z kGyL, ;f+;b M /fd|f] sfdsf] z'?jft ePsf] 5 eGb} ;Dd]ngsf]
;kmntfsf] sfdgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
8f= t'n;L e6\6/fO{ cWoIf, l8NnL/d0f sNof0fL /]U dL k':tsfno M
Oltxf;, ;+:s[ltnfO{ hLjGt agfpg] k':tsfno :yfkgf h:tf] k'0o sfo{sf nflu
!& if{sf] pd]/d} zlz kGyL ;/n] o'jfx¿ a6'n/] :j0f{ pT;j;Dd NofOk'¥ofpg'eof] .
pxfFsf] of]ubfgsf] hlt k|z+;f u/] klg sd} x'G5 . k':tsfno;Fu} ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’
klqsfn] :j0f{dxf]T;j dgfpg] a]nf cfpFb}5 . Pp6f pbfx/0f eGb5'–;+;b
;lrjfnodf k':tsfno 5 . ^)! ;f+;b x'Fbfsf] cjlwdf !# hgf ;f+;bn] dfq}
k':tsfno k|j]z u/]sf] /]s8{ 5 . clg s;/L x'G5 k':tsfnosf] ljsf; <
OlGb/f bnL, lj1 M k|b]z:t/df o;k|sf/sf] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf x'g'n] v'zL
t'NofPsf] 5 . k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df k':tsfno :yfkgfdf
nufgL ug{ sGh':ofOF ug{' x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfsf] plrt lzIfftkm{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
ofbjrGb| lg/f} n f, pk;lrj, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|l jlw dGqfno M
k':tsfno geP;Dd ;dfh ;'b[9 x'g;Sb}g, ;fj{hlgs k':tsfno hgtfsf] d'Vo
s]Gb| ePsf]n] k':tsfnodf nufgL ug{ hgk|ltlglwn] kxn ug}{k5{, o; ;DaGwdf
cfjZos sfg'g tyf gLlt th'{df x'g'k5{ .
ob'gfy kf}8]n, k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/L M cfof] h sk| l t
cfef/L 5' . o;k|sf/sf] k'gLt
sfo{sf] nflu d]/f] tkm{af6 ;b}j
;xof]u /xg]5 .
s]zj cfrfo{, cWoIf, g]kfn
;fd'bflos k':tsfno ;+3 M
k7g ;+ : s[ l tsf] cefj 5,
k':tsfnodf kf7ssf] cfudgdf
sdL ePsf] 5 . k':tsfnonfO{ cfw'lgs agfpg] / k9\g] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{'
h?/L 5 . rf8kj{ tyf ljljw cj;/x¿df k':tssf] cfbfg–k|bfg u/]/ k7g
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Ltf/fd e§/fO{ M lbju+t ;flxTosf/ hfgsL 1jfnL -@)&# d+l;/ !@ ut]
lgwg_ :d/0fLo JolQmTj x'gx' G' 5 . #( jif{sf] pd]/df b]xTofu ug'e
{ PsL ;flxTosf/
hfgsLsf] ;Demgfdf pxfFsf klt z+s/ uf}tdn] hfgsL 1jfnL ;flxTo k|lti7fg

80 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
:yflkt ug'{ePsf] 5 . k|lti7fgn] o;} jif{b]lv hfgsL ;flxTo k'/:sf/ ljt/0f
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ k"j{ k|zf;s, hgk|ltlglw Pj+ ;flxTosf/
;"o{axfb'/ ;]g -;"a ;]g_ nfO{ k|bfg ul/Fb}5 .
bLg kGyL, ;flxTosf/ M ;"a ;]g ;dfhsf gIfq x'g'x'G5 . ;flxTosf
dfWodaf6 ;dfhnfO{ hfu[t ug{ pxfFsf $% j6f k':tsx¿ k|sflzt x'g'sf] ;fy}
b]zelQmk"0f{ km'6s/ sljtf, n]vx¿ y'k|} k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .
;"o{axfb'/ ;]g, ;flxTosf/ M zlz kGyLHo"sf] of]ubfgn] k':tsfnon] :j0f{
pT;j dgfpg kfPsf] 5, o; k':tsfnon] c3f{vfFrLaf;LnfO{ ;d]t ;]jf
lbO/x]sf] 5 . d s'g} /fhgLlts bnk|lt cfa4 5}g t/ klg aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf]
of]ubfg ct'ngLo /x]sf] s'/f hfx]/ ub{5' . o'jfslj df]tL/fd e6\6n] #) jif{sf]
pd]/df ;flxTodf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg klg sd 5}g . df]tL/fd slj dfq lyPgg\
kqsf/ klg lyP . g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] uf]vf{ ef/t hLjg klqsf pgs}
;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{nfO{ rrf{sf]
lzv/df k'¥ofpg] pgL g} lyP . dfWolds sfndf c+u|]hL, lxGbL / kmf/;Lsf
hfgsf/ pgn] uhn, uLt, sljtf k|z:t} n]v] . To:t}, lbju+t u'Nd]nL r]nL
hfgsLsf] gfddf k'/:sf/ k|fKt ub}{ ubf{ pxfFsf klt z+s/ uf}tdn] rfn]sf] sbd
;/fxgLo 5 . k':tsfno ghfg] / 3/df k':ts gx'g] JolQm gfsfd x'G5 eGg]
d]/f] 7DofO 5 .
To;}u/L 8f= jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf]
v08sfJosfl/ltf ljifodf
u' N dLaf6 xfn} ljBfjfl/lw
ug'{ePsf s[i0fk|;fb e08f/LnfO{
;d] t ;f] cj;/df ;Ddfg
ul/of] . ls/0f k':tsfnosf
cWoIf g/k| ; fb >] i 7sf]
cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ;df/f]xdf
;"o{axfb'/ ;]gåf/f lnlvt ‘dft[e"ldnfO{ b08jt\ ;]jf’ gfds k':ts ;dfh;]jL
zlz kGyLn] ljdf]rg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pb\3f6g ;qdf af]Nb} ls/0f k':tsfnosf
;+:yfks tyf /];'·f ax'd'vL SofDk;sf k"j{ k|d'v zlz kGyLn] k':tsaf6 1fg–
lj1fg tyf ljut / jt{dfgsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] k':tsfno hfg] /
k':ts k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'eof] .
!%# cf}+ df]tLhoGtL, !)% cf}+ aL=kL=hoGtL, a'afsf] d'v x]g]{ lbg s'z] cf}+zL;d]t
;+of]un] Ps} lbg k/]sf] lyof] . ;f] cj;/df sljtf jfrg k|ltof]lutf, tLh uLt,
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 81
g[To k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . ;df/f]xdf SofDk;k|d'v xl/axfb'/ s]=;L=, kqsf/
dxf;+3 u'NdL zfvfsf gj/fh e';fn, gu/k|d'v l8NnL/fh e';fn, ;flxTosf/
;'wf e§/fO{nufot pQm k|b]zsf c3f{vfFrL, slknj:t', kfNkf, ¿kGb]xL, alb{of,
?s'dk"j,{ Ko"7fg, /f]Nkf, gjnk/f;LklZrd, lrtjgnufotsf lhNnfaf6 k':tsfno
If]qdf sfo{/t dxfg'efjx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
pb\3f6g ;qkl5 lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] xndf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf lzIff,
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf k':tsfno ;dGjo dxfzfvf k|d'v ofbjrGb|
lg/f}nf, ;fd'bflos k':tsfno ;+3sf cWoIf s]zj cfrfo{, zxLb :d[lt
k':tsfnosf cWoIf jgdfnL lg/fsf/nufotsf JolQmTjx¿sf] sfo{kqsf] k|:t'lt
/x]sf] lyof] .
/fhwfgLnufot ljleGg lhNnfaf6 kfNg'ePsf k|ltlglw, cltlyx¿nfO{ ;Dd]ngsf]
cjlwe/ uf;, af;sf] plrt k|aGw ug'{sf] ;fy} cfof]hsn] @)&% ebf} @% ut]
;f]daf/ tkf]e"ld /];'·fsf] bz{gsf] Joj:yf;d]t ldnfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ofqfsf]
qmddf af6f]df s]xL cj/f]w eP klg ;du|df ofqf ;'vb /x]sf] lyof] .
kljq tkf]e"ld /];'·faf/] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L M /];'·fwfd u'NdL lhNnfsf]
k|l;4 wfld{s :yn xf], hxfF k|frLgsfndf ljef08s d'lgsf 5f]/f Cioz[·
Clifn] tk:of u/]sf lyP . oxfF cg]s gfdsf Clif, dxlif{x¿ cfO{ tk:of
u/L l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f zf:qx¿df kfOG5 . tkf]e"ld /];'·fdf ;Gt
zlzw/, dxfk|e' nIdLgf/fo0f, :jfdL ob'sfgGb, afns[i0f, 7fs'/k|;fb,
sdnfkltn] ;d]t tk:of u/]sf], kl08t gf/fo0fk|;fb kf]v/]nn] dxfefujt
nufpg'ePsf] / @)$@ ;fndf of]uL g/xl/gfyn] sf]l6 xf]d cfof]hgf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . clxn] tD3f;af6 & ls=ld= sRrL df]6/af6f] / sl/a @ ls=ld= psfnf]
r9]kl5 /];'·fsf] o1zfnf dlGb/ tyf Eo" 6fj/;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 .
cGTodf ;f] sfo{qmd Jojl:yt Pj+ ;Eo / eJo ¿kn] ;+rfng ug]{ / /fhwfgL
nufot % g+= k|b]z:t/Lo k':tsfnox¿af6 kfNg'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{
ljgf s'g} emGem6 uf;,af;, cfjf;sf] klg plrt k|aGw ldnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{x'g]
ls/0f k':tsfnosf pkfWoIf zlz kGyLHo"nufot ;Dk"0f{ ls/0f k':tsfno
kl/jf/nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb . ;fy} cfufdL lbgx¿df klg ;a} k':tsfnox¿n]
o:tf k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf u/L Pscfk;df xft]dfnf] ub}{ k':tsfnosf]
a[xQ/ ljsf; / ;d[l4df ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'/\ofO{ k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{
ckl/xfo{ 5 .
ááá
82 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
ls/0f k':tsfnosf] kftf]
% gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ng
g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, k':tsfno ;dGjo zfvfsf]
cfof]hgfdf @)&$ ;fn sflQs !@ / !# ut] sf7df8f}+df ePsf] ;jf{hlgs
k':tsfno tyf ;fd'bflos k':tsfno;DaGwL b'O{ lbg] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf ls/0f
k':tsfno, u'NdLsf] klg ;xeflutf lyof] . @)&% ;fndf k':tsfno ;dGjo
zfvfaf6 @)) k[i7eGbf 7"nf] cfsf/df ;Dd]ng–kq k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
;Dd]ngsf] sfo{qmd, z'esfdgf dGtJo, ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t 3f]if0ffkq, pb\3f6g
/ lj;h{g ;df/f]xsf lj:t[t ljj/0f, ;];g r]o/stf{x¿sf] dGtJo, n]v/rgf,
;kmntfsf syf, kl/lzi6, ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLx¿sf] ljj/0f / ;Dd]ngsf
emnsx¿ lrqdf klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k':tsfno ;dGjo zfvfn] u/]sf] of]
Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ lyof] . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ lg/Gt/ u/L k':tsfnox¿sf]
ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgod lgdf{0f ug{ / sfof{Gjog u/fpg xfdL ;a}n]
;fd"lxs k|oTg ug'{k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf 5 .
;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos k':tsfnox¿sf] o; /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] !( a'Fb] 3f]if0ff–
kq kfl/t u/L k|To]s jif{ ;+3 / k|b]zx¿df k':tsfnox¿sf] ;Dd]ng ug'{kg]{ dfu
klg u/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf]
sfo{sf nflu pRr k|flydstf lbO{ cfjZos sfg"g agfO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;dIf dfu u/]sf] lyof] .
;Dd]ng ePsf] Ps jif{ k'Ug] a]nf;Dd tL dfux¿af/] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / u/fpg]tkm{
;/sf/sf s'g} lgsfo lqmofzLn ePsf] b]Vg kfOPsf] 5}g . dGqfnon] ;Dd]ng
ug]{, dGqL / ;lrjx¿n] efif0faf6 To;sf] cfjZostf bzf{pg] / sfof{Gjogdf
s'g} kl/0ffd gcfpg] kl/kf6Laf6 xfd|f] d'n's / k':tsfnox¿sf] ljsf;
s;/L xf]nf < ;a}n] ;f]+Rg'kg]{ x'G5 .
/fli6«o ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t Pp6f k|:tfjdf k|b]z ;Dd]ngsf] klg dfu ul/Psf] /
;f] ;Dd]ng u/fpg s'g} k|bz ] ;/sf/n] rf;f] gb]vfPsf] x'gfn] ls/0f k':tsfnon]
cfkm\gf] :j0f{hoGtL jif{sf] ;Gbe{ kf/]/ @)&% efb| @$ ut] o'js slj df]tL/fd
e§sf] hGdhoGtLsf] cj;/df % gDa/ k|b]z:t/Lo k|yd k':tsfno ;Dd]ngsf]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ‘xfd|f] k'?iffy{’sf] o;}
;Dk"0ff{° &( af6 ;a}nfO{ ljlbt x'g] g} 5 . ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf & a'Fb] tD3f;
3f]if0ff–kq / dfunfO{ ;+3Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 oyfzL3| sfof{Gjog
ug{ u/fpgsf nflu xfdL xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
– ;lrj
ááá
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 83
k':tsfnosf] kl/ro

nIdL:d[lt k':tsfno, /fª\vf]nf, :ofª\hf

k':tsfno 1fg cfh{g ug]{ ynf] xf] . 1fg–lj1fgsf] t[i0ff d]6\g k':tsfno
cfjZos k5{ . oxL oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ efiff–;flxTo–snf / ;+:s[ltk|d] Lx¿n]
k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ubf{ h]n a:g] / gub hl/jfgf ltg{ afWo ePsf lyP .
To;/L bl08t x'g]x¿df g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f klg
x'gx' 'GYof] . Tof] 36gfnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ‘nfOa|]/L sf08’ sf] ¿kdf /flvPsf]
5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= !()# b]lv @))& ;Dd n]Vg] k9\g] :jtGqtf lyPg . snf
l;h{gfsf] :jtGqtf klg lyPg . d"lt{ agfpg], lrq agfpg]x¿sf xft sfl6Gy] .
;flxTo ;h{sx¿nfO{ oftfgf lbP/ dg{ afWo kfl/GYof] . lnR5ljsfn / dNnsfndf
;[lht snfsf] e08f/ cfh ljZj ;Dkbf dflgG5g\ t/ /f0ffsfn pN6} pN6f] sfn
aGof] .
@))& ;fndf /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo eof] / k|hftGqsf] cEo'bo eof] . s]xL xb;Dd
hgftfn] df}lns xsx¿sf] pkef]u ug{ kfP . @)!% ;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rgdf
dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfP . hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ aGof] t/ sfd ug{ kfPg .
@)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] c;+j}wflgs sbdn] b]znfO{ tL; jif{ kl5
ws]Nof] . ;+;b\sf] lj36g ul/of] . hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ e· eof] . k|wfgdGqL
aL=kL= sf]O/fnfnufot ;a} dGqLx¿ lu/km\tf/Ldf k/], ;+f;bx¿ klg y'lgP, sf]xL
efu]/ :jlgjf{;gdf uP . ToxL g} a]nf agf/;df k9\g uPsf :ofª\hfnL o'jfåo
lzjs'df/ clwsf/L / ljZjk|]d clwsf/Ln] ænIdL k':tsfno klZrd $
gDa/, ;tf}+, /fª\vf]nfÆ cl°t /a/sf] 5fk agfO{ k':ts ;°ng ug{ yfn] . @)!&
af6 @)!( ;fn;Dd k':ts ;°ng eO/x] . k/LIff lbP/ kms{g] qmddf k|To]s jif{
k':ts cf];fg]{ sfd klg eof] .
@)@) ;fndf sRrL 3/sf] e'OFtnfsf] sf]7f dfl;s !) ¿k}ofFdf ef8fdf lnP/
ljlwjt\ pb\3f6g u/L ;~rfngdf NofOof] . pb\3f6g ug]{ JoflQm lyP :ofª\hf
lhNnfsf tTsfnLg a8fxflsd >L gGbaxfb'/ dNn . pb\3f6g dGtJo lbg] qmddf
a8fxflsd dNnn] Psjif{ uf]/vfkq b}lgs cfkm\gf tkm{af6 lgMz'Ns lbg] pb\3f]if
u/] . lng pgs} sfof{nodf hfg'kYof]{ . s]xL dlxgfkl5 g} pgL u08sL c~rns}
c~rnfwLz eP/ kf]v/f uPkl5 ‘uf]/vfkq’ aGb eof] . Tolt g} a]nf lgdf{0ffwLg
;'gf}nL kf]v/f df]6/af6f] -clxn] l;4fy{ /fhdfu{_ sf] h};L8fF8f -a/hf v08_sf]
6]G8/ eof] . 6]G8/jfnfsf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L u}6L, a]Nrf, ;fan, 6f]s/L cflb
84 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
/fVg] 7fpF rflxof] . ToxL k':tsfno ePsf] 7fFpnfO{ dfl;s ?= @%.– lbP/
vf]l;Pkl5 k':ts af]s]/ 3/ NofOP . Tolta]nf;Dd g]kfnL, ;+:s[t, c+u|]hL /
lxGbLsf u/L s/La $)) k':ts / s]xL ;flxlTos klqsf -/rgf, dw'ks{,
sNkgf, sljtf cflb_ klg lyP . agf/;af6 k|sflzt ;Gb]z, laxfgLkv, ph]nL,
ljZjlzvf, /lj, sf]zLsf] nx/, efg"bo, sNof0fL / o'uefiff cflb klg lyP .
@)#! ;fn ;fpg # ut] agf/;af6 s]xL ;fyLx¿n] ( a6f lu|g]6, #) /fp08
dfs{y|L /fOkmnsf uf]nL / Pp6f d]8 Og a]NhLod lk:tf]n lnP/ /fª\vf]nf
pq] . ;fpg rf/ ut]af6 w/ks8 ;'? eof] . s[i0fs'df/ clwsf/L, lzjs'df/
clwsf/L, ljZjk|]d clwsf/L / /fds[i0f clwsf/Lsf] efufefu eof] / xltof/
;a} a/fdt eP . of] 36gf ‘:ofª\hf adsf08’ sf] ¿kdf rlr{t /x\of] .
b'O{j6f bfO / Pp6f eO efu]/ agf/; k'u] eg] ljZjk|]d clwsf/L lu/km\tf/Ldf
k/] . cj}w xftxltof/ / /fhsfhsf] d'b\bf rNof] . 3/ vfgtnf;L eof] .
efUg]x¿sf] tfobft ;j{:j ug{ rncrnsf] nfut -d'r'Nsf_ eof] . k':ts /
agf/;af6 k|sflzt klqsfx¿ k|zf;gdf bflvnf eP . k'ln;, k|zf;g /
d08n]x¿sf] /fhsfh rNof] . k':tsfno efF8df uof] .
@)#% ;fnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng, @)#^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng / @)#& ;fnsf]
hgdt;+u|xkl5 clwsf/L aGw'x¿ lgjf{;g / h]naf6 kms]{ . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g
s]xL ePg . km]l/ @)$^ ;fndf cfGbf]ng eof], k~rfot 9Nof], kf6L{dflysf]
k|ltaGw x6\of], r'gfj eof], kl/jt{g cfof] . o;}a]nf /fª\vf]nf l:yt rqmsdnf
k|f=lj=df k|=c= eP/ /fds[i0f cfPkl5 la|l6; ;]gfaf6 lgj[Q b'O{ hgf nfx'/]
efOx¿ dgaxfb'/ u'?ª\ / lanaxfb'/ u'?ª\n] xª\sªaf6 k':tsfno lgdf{0fsf
nflu ^@,))).– rGbf p7fP/ k7fPkl5 ToxL rqmsdnf k|f=lj=sf] k'/fgf]
38]/L, hf] ;8s–;Ldfleq kYof]{ ToxLF ejg aGof] . ejg tof/ ug{ nfdf] ;do
nfUof] / klg kSsL ejg aGof] . @)$( ;fndf lzjs'df/ lh=lj=;= :ofª\hfsf]
;efklt eP/ kfFr jif{ latfP . Toltv]/ cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu k|oTgzLn
/x]sfn] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eP/ k':tsfno ;~rfng eg] ePg . @)%& ;fndf
lzjs'df/ clwsf/Lsf] g} ;Nnfxdf b'u{axfb'/ zfxsf] ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsfdf
:yfgLo ;dfh;]jL, a'l4hLjL / Jofkf/Lsf] e]nfn] lzjs'df/ clwsf/Ls}
cWoIftfdf k':tsfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g eof] . @)%& ;fn r}q @% ut]
o;} ;ldltn] k'/fgf] ænIdL k':tsfno k=$ g+= ;tf}+ /fª\vf]nf, nIdL :d[lt
k':tsfno k'=a=g=kf= !@Æ gfds/0f u/L ;~rfng u¥of] .Tof] ;ldltdf lgDg
JolQmx¿ lyP –
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 85
cWoIf M lzjs'df/ clwsf/L
pkfWoIf M b'u{axfb'/ zfx
;lrj M sfhLdfg >]i7
sf]ifWoIf M hLjg yfkf
;b:ox¿ M ljZjk|]d clwsf/L, nLnfaxfb'/ >]i7, ;'= u+uf/fh >]i7, lszf]/
s'df/ >]i7, lgd{ns'df/ >]i7 -u0f]z_, s]zjnfn >]i7 /
O=kbdgf/fo0f >]i7
kl5sf lbgx¿df ;ldltdf gofF o'jfx¿ klg ylkb} uP . xfndf b'u{axfb'/ zfx
sfo{jfxs cWoIf 5g\ . ;f+u7lgs :j¿k lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
sf=jf=cWoIfM b'u{axfb'/ zfx
;lrj M sfhLdfg >]i7
sf]ifWoIf M clUgk|;fb kf}8]n
;b:ox¿ M ljZjk|]d clwsf/L, nLnfaxfb'/ >]i7, lszf]/s'df/ >]i7,
lgd{ns'df/ >]i7 -u0f]z_, s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n, eLd;]g kf}8]n /
;'/hs'df/ clwsf/L
xfn o; k':tsfnodf Ps hgf sd{rf/L -nfOa|]l/og_ ;Gtf]ifL zfx;]jf/t 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs labfafx]ssf lbgx¿df laxfg !) ah]af6 rf/ ah];Dd k':tsfno v'nf
/xG5 . uf]/vfkq, sflGtk'/, gful/s, sf7df8f}+ kf]i6 -;dfrf/kq_, g]kfn,
lxdfn, / gf/L klqsf, /h:yn, HofUbLvf]nfsf] t/· / xfd|f] k'?iffy{ h:tf
q}dfl;s / sflGtk'/sf] ;xk|sfzg ;fKtflxs lgoldt k9\g kfOG5 . g]kfnL,
c+u|]hL, lxGbL / ;+:s[t efiffdf n]lvPsf j]b, pklgifb\, k'/f0f]ltxf;, bz{g
cflbsf dxŒjk"0f{ u|Gyx¿ k':tsfnodf ;hfOPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;flxTosf rlr{t k':tx¿ k|foM 5g\ . b}lgs, ;fKtflxs klqsf k9\g] kf7s
klg 5g\ t/ k':ts k9\g] kf7s ;fx«} yf]/} 5g\ . k':tsx¿sf] ;+Vof # xhf/eGbf
a9L 5 . k':tsfnosf] lgoldt cfo;|f]t cfkm\g} ejgsf] tNnf] tnfsf tLg
;6/af6 dfl;s ?=!$,))).– rf}wxhf/ cfpF5 . ?=!@ nfv hltsf] cIfosf]if
5 . o;}af6 kqklqsf vl/b ug]{ / sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds lbg] ul/G5 . a]nf
avtdf slj hoGtL dgfpg] / ;flxTo uf]i7L ug]{ ul/G5 .
– ;'idf zdf{, :ofª\hf
ááá

86 xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&(
 gf}nf] ;[li6 M ;fgf] b[li6
!= j}h oGtL M ;dfnf]rgf
uLt, uhn, sljtf, ;dfnf]rgf /
lgaGwsf dfWodaf6 cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnL
;flxTodf lrgfpg ;kmn JolQmTj 8f=
s[ i 0f e08f/L ‘d' d ' I f' ’ n] g] k fnL
;flxTosf Vofltk|fKt ;flxTosf/x¿sf
s[ltx¿dfly ;dLIff ub}{ P3f/j6f
;dfnf]rgfsf] ;+u|x ‘j}hGtL’ tof/
ug'{ePsf] 5 .
o;leq efg'eQm cfrfo{sf sljtfdf
5Gbljwfg, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
syfsfl/tf, e}/j cof{nsf lgaGwsf]
lr/kmf/, b]jsf]6fsf] kfun sljtf,
dfwj l3ld/]sf] cfZjTyfdf uLlt
gf6s, OGb|axfb'/ /fO{sf] nLnf n]vg,
v08sfJo M ljwf Ps ¿k cg]s h:tf
kIfx¿df ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 . t'N;L, s'Gb, kfl/hft, dGbf/ / sdn kfFry/L
km"n ldnfP/ tof/ ul/Psf] dfnf j}hoGtL ePh:t} cfVofg, sljtf v08sfJo,
lgaGw / uLt;d]tsf] ;dLIffaf6 k|:t't ‘j}hoGtL’ tof/ ePsf] 5 . o;leqsf
;dfnf]rgf ;fdu|L /·L–lj/·L 5g\ . k"j{jtL{ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rsx¿sf d"No
dfGotfx¿sf cf8df g} k|:t't ;dLIff u|Gy tof/ ePsf] 5 . tfklg ;dfnf]rgf
k|lqmofdf s]xL leGg 9fFrf cFufNg] k|oTg eg] ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} ;dLIffsf]
z'?df ;f/, zAbs'~hL, ljifo kl/ro, ;fdu|L / ljlwh:tf zLif{såf/f kl5 dfq
d"n ljifo ;Gbe{df k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sltko ;dLIffdf of] qmd e· ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
h] xf];\ ;dLIfs 8f= d'd'If'n] cToGt kl/>dk"j{s k|:t't ‘j}hoGtL’ dfnf
tof/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] Oltxf;df ;'jf; / ;f}Gbo{ b'a}
5g]{ ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfd|f] k'/miffy{–&( 87
@= g/k'/ f0f
lj=;+= @)&# df ‘dgsf] ax’ sljtf k|sflzt u/]sf u'0flglw kGyLn] k'gM @)&$
d} ‘g/k'/f0f’ k|sflzt ug'{ePsf] 5 . ‘g/k'/f0f’ uDeL/÷;f/ule{t zLif{sleq
!)* j6f ljeGg sljtf u'R5f ufFl;Psf 5g\ . z'?df kfFrf}+b]lv ;ftf}+ qmd;Dd
k|ydb]lv t];|f] cWofo /flvPsf] 5 eg] PSsfO{;f}+ qmdb]lv dfly gjf}+ cWofo;Dd

qmdzM /flvPsf] 5 . cGo (( j6f zLif{sx¿ 5g\ . $! cf}+ qmddf lj/f6\

uf]/Iff dxfofqfsf s]xL emnsx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;cGtu{t rf/ Znf]s sljtf
/ afFsL ;a} $@ j6f 5fofFlrqx¿ ;°ng ul/Psf 5g\ . o;leq ;ª\slnt
sljtfsf zLif{sx¿ ;fdfGob]lv uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 5g\ . sljtfTds cleJolQm
klg uDeL/b]lv cToGt ;fdfGo :t/;Ddsf 5g\ . cg'k|f; cn°f/ st} :jfefljs
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