DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME8097 / NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND EVALUATION
QUESTION BANK - 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS
UNIT V
RADIOGRAPHY (RT)
1. What is acoustic emission testing?
AET is emerging as a powerful tool for NDE of plant components such as pressure vessels, pipes, welds
etc. acoustic emission testing is defined as the class of phenomenon whereby transient elastic waves is
generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources like places of transient relaxation of stress
and strain fields.
2. What is the principle of AET?
Acoustic emission inspections detects and analyze minute AE signals generated by
growing discontinuities in material under a stimulus such as stress and temperature. Proper
analysis of these signals can provide information concerning the detection and location of these
discontinuities and structural integrity.
3. What are the type of acoustic emission observed?
 1.continuous
 2.burst
4. List some applications of AET?
a. Inspection during proof testing and on-line monitoring of pressure vessels, pipelines
and engineering structures.
b. Leakage detection and location
c. Quality control during fabrication
5. What is the sensitivity of AET method?
AE inspection is extremely sensitive compared with the other more familiar NDT
methods. The AET can detect crack growth of the order of 25 microns. This corresponds to
microcrack growth of the order of less than 10 µm.
6. List the instrumentation for AET.
The instrumentation for AET consists of signal detection, data(signal) acquisition,
processing and analysis units.
7. List some factor for leak detect using Acoustic emission testing.
a. The nature of AEradiated from leak
b. The attenuation between leak and sensor and
c. The background noise.
8. What is thermography.
Thermography is a type of infrared imaging science. Thermo graphic cameras detect
radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or
0.9–14 µm) and produce images of that radiation.
9. List some advantages of Thermography

  It shows a visual picture so temperatures over a large area can be compared 

 It is capable of catching moving targets in real time 
 It is able to find deteriorating (i.e. at higher temperature) components prior to 
 their failure 
 It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or hazardous for
other methods 

10. List some factor affect the thermal measurements.
a)Emissivity
b)Surroundings
c)Atmosphere
11. What are the modes available for aquire of thermal image.
1. Image convertor
2. Pyrincon based devices
3. Mechanical scanning devices
12. What are all the two categories available for thermography.
1. Passive
2. Active
13. What is mean by passive technique.
In passive technique, the natural heat distribution is measured over the surface of a hot
structure. This is generally used in temperature monitoring.
14. What is mean by active technique?
In an active technique, heating or cooling in included or applied to the part or the complete
surface and the movement and redistribution of temperature profile across the test surface is
measured. This is generally used in non destructive evaluation.
15. Name some applications of thermography
1. Location of loose contacts on busbar joints of switchyard, switchgear, etc.
2. Location of improper jointing of lugs in cable joints
3. Finding irregularities in distribution boards.
16. Name some of the leak testing methods.
1)Air/ soap
solution
2)Methanol/hydro
gen 3)Hydrogen
4)Halogen gas
5)Hydrogen/
helium
6)Radioactive gas
17. What are all the advantages of bubble testing.
The advantages of bubble testing methods are that it is inexpensive, can carried out by
relatively less experienced personnel, is rapid, gives accurate location of leak, and the whole
specimen is inspected simultaneously.
18. Which kind of techniques are used in helium leak detector.
a. Probe technique
b. Envelope vacuum technique
 c. Sniffer technique
d. Envelope pressure technique
e. Pressurization technique
19. List some of the defects occurred during casting.
1. Non metallic inclusions
2. Porosity
3. Blow holes
4. Shrinkage flaws macro shrinkages
5. Centerline shrinkage
6. Cold shut
7. Crack
20. Name some of the welding defects normally occurring?
1. Gas inclusions
2. Slag inclusions
3. Lack of fusion
4. Lack of penetration
5. Cracks
6. Tungsten inclusions
7. Undercut
8. Burn through
9. Root pass oxidation

16 MARKS
1. Explain the factors which affect the radiography imaging.

Radiography is an imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation other than

visible light, especially X-rays, to view the internal structure of a non-uniformly composed and
opaque object (i.e. a non-transparent object of varying density and composition) such as the
human body. To create the image, a heterogeneous beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray
generator and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the
object, which is dependent on the particular density and composition of that object. The X-rays
that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic
film or adigital detector). The detector can then provide a superimposed 2D representation of all
the object's internal structures. Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast agent, a type of
contrast medium, to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background,
whereas plain radiography does not. Each type is best suited to certain indications.

In tomography, the X-ray source and detector move to blur out structures not in the focal
plane. Conventional tomography is rarely used now having been replaced by CT. Computed
 tomography (CT scanning), unlike plain-film tomography, generates 3D representations
used for computer-assisted reconstruction.

Applications of radiography include medical radiography and industrial radiography: if the

object being examined is living, whether human or animal, it is regarded as medical all other
radiography is regarded as industrial radiographic work orIndustrial computed tomography.
The role of the Radiographer has changed dramatically as a result of more advanced
equipment

2. Explain in detail about neutron radiography

Neutron radiography is a non-destructive imaging technique that uses thermal neutrons to
probe the sample. Unlike X-ray, neutron only interacts with atomic nuclei. Therefore, the
attenuation pattern of thermal neutron is different from X-ray. Fig. 1 shows the mass-
attenuation coefficient for X-ray and neutron with given wave length. [1] The mass-
attenuation coefficient μ/ρ can be defined by Beer-Lambert Law

Most work in neutron radiography is performed with thermal neutron defined as neutron with
energy of about 0.025eV. There are two reasons for the choice of thermal neutron. First,
neutron within this energy range can exhibit the useful attenuation feature described above;
second, thermal neutron can be easily obtained. Neutron from point sources, e.g. nuclear
reactor, usually has higher energy than thermal neutron and diverges in direction. Therefore,
it is necessary to slow down and collimate the neutron to generate a sharp radiograph with
high resolution
3. Briefly explain the Radiography.
In Radiography Testing the test-part is placed between the radiation source and film (or
detector). The material density and thickness differences of the test-part will attenuate (i.e.
reduce) the penetrating radiation through interaction processes involving scattering and/or
absorption. The differences in absorption are then recorded on film(s) or through an
electronic means. In industrial radiography there are several imaging methods available,
techniques to display the final image, i.e. Film Radiography, Real Time Radiography (RTR),
Computed Tomography (CT), Digital Radiography (DR), and Computed Radiography (CR).

There are two different radioactive sources available for industrial use; X-ray and Gamma-
ray. These radiation sources use higher energy level, i.e. shorter wavelength, versions of the
electromagnetic waves. Because of the radioactivity involved in radiography testing, it is of
paramount importance to ensure that the Local Rules is strictly adhered during operation.

Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the lab based advanced NDT methodsthat TWI offers
to industry. CT is a radiographic based technique that provides both cross-sectional and 3D
volume images of the object under inspection. These images allow the internal structure of
the test object to be inspected without the inherent superimposition associated with 2D
radiography. This feature allows detailed analysis of the internal structure of a wide range of
components.

Industrial radiography is the use of ionizing radiation to view objects in a way that cannot
be seen otherwise. It is not to be confused with the use of ionizing radiation to change or
modify objects; radiography's purpose is strictly viewing. Industrial radiography has grown
out of engineering, and is a major element of nondestructive testing. It is a method of
inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of short X-rays and gamma rays to
penetrate various materials. Two ways to inspect materials for flaws is to utilize X-ray
computed tomography or Industrial computed tomography scanning.
 Inspection of products
Gamma radiation sources, most commonly iridium-192 and cobalt-60, are used to inspect
a variety of materials. The vast majority of radiography concerns the testing and grading of
welds on pressurized piping, pressure vessels, high-capacity storage containers, pipelines,
and some structural welds. Other tested materials include concrete (locating rebar or
conduit), welder's test coupons, machined parts, plate metal, or pipewall (locating anomalies
due to corrosion or mechanical damage). Non-metal components such as ceramics used in
the aerospace industries are also regularly tested.

4. Write short notes Fluroscophy.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous X-ray image on a monitor,
much like an X-ray movie. During a fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray beam is passed through
the body. The image is transmitted to a monitor so the movement of a body part or of an
instrument or contrast agent (“X-ray dye”) through the body can be seen in detail.
Benefits/Risks

Fluoroscopy is used in a wide variety of examinations and procedures to diagnose or treat

patients. Some examples are:
 Barium X-rays and enemas (to view the gastrointestinal tract)
 Catheter insertion and manipulation (to direct the movement of a catheter through blood
vessels, bile ducts or the urinary system) 

 Placement of devices within the body, such as stents (to open narrowed or blocked blood
vessels) 

 Angiograms (to visualize blood vessels and organs) 

 Orthopedic surgery (to guide joint replacements and treatment of fractures) 

Angiographic systems used for interventional procedures have a digital acquisition or "cine"
mode. A high radiation dose rate is used to obtain a series of high-resolution images with
reduced image noise. The radiation dose per frame for digital acquisitions can be 15 times
greater than for fluoroscopy.