hr. J. Hcor Man Tran.~r. Vol. 24. No. 9. pp. 154-1544. 1981. 0017~9310/81/091541-04 so2.

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SHORTER COMMUNICATIONS

TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION PROFILES

IN FULLY TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS

B. A. KADER
Moscow Institute of Chemical Engineering, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

(Received 30 October 1979)

NOMENCLAlWRE The second approach is based on the choice of an

a, thermal diffusivity ; interpolation formula which agrees, with tolerable accuracy,
% heat capacity at constant volume; with the observed behavior of the temperature profile in the
Pr, = v/a, Prandtl number; molecular transport sublayer, logarithmic sublayer and outer
4w wall heat flux; part of the boundary layer. This idea is at the basis of the
R, radius of tube; equations suggested by Petukhov, Polyakov and Kuleshov
L temperature ; [3] and Snijders et al. [4] for gases (Pr _ 0.7) and by
t*, = q,/pc,,u,, characteristic temperature; Kalbafiev [5] for the range of Pr numbers from 0.02 to 80.
U*, friction velocity; However, none of the relations suggested satisfies the whole
Y. coordinate normal to the wall; set of conditions required to obtain a good approximation of
Y+y = yuJv, dimensionless coordinate; a temperature profile.
6, boundary layer thickness ; Let us enumerate these conditions which follow from the
0 +7 = (tw - t)/t,, dimensionless temperature; common physical ideas on the mechanism of turbulent heat
5 eddy ditfusivity ; transfer in the boundary layer.
v, kinematic viscosity ; (1) In the immediate vicinity of the wall the coefficient of
P9 density. turbulent transfer decays rapidly and tends to zero as y -+ 0.
Hence, a molecular transport sublayer adjacent to the wall
Subscripts exists in which the molecular heat transfer dominates.
W, conditions at the wall; Temperature distribution in this zone can be found from
o, external conditions. equation (1) where E = 0 so that

CONSIDERa temperature or concentration field in a fully 0, = Pry+. (2)

turbulent boundary layer of thickness 6 developed along a (2) The dimensionless thickness y, of this molecular
smooth plate or a smooth wall of a tube of radius R. In the transport sublayer can be evaluated with the aid of the
following, for clarity I shall speak of temperature bearing in condition a(yt) I a. When Pr >> 1, the molecular heat con-
mind that all of the results are also valid for the concentration duction sublayer is deeply immersed in the viscous sublayer
profile with respective changes in notation. Note also that in and the value of Eis represented with a good accuracy by an
the subsequent analysis the assumption will be made that approximate power formula of the form s/v = by”,. The data
heat is a passive admixture, i.e. it does not influence the flow of statistical treatment of the most reliable electrochemical
dynamics. experiments [6] suggest the assumption that b = 6x 10m4
Two different approaches to calculation of the temperature and m = 3 for 500 5 Pr 5 40 x 103. Therefore
profile t(y) are used in the available literature. The first
approach, developed by Reichardt [l], Deissler [2] and some y, 0 12/Pr’13 at Pr >> 1. (3a)
other authors, is based on direct numerical integration of the For gases (Pr _ 1) the velocity and temperature fields are
differential equation approximately similar. Hence
30 at Pr _ 1.
y, ?LL (3b)
de+/dy+ = (Pr-’ + e/v), B+(O) = 0; 0+(h), 0+(R)
When Pr c 1, the sublayer of molecular heat conduction
= 0 +0
spreads from the wall to the region where the logarithmic
(1)
velocity distribution is valid and t:/v = Pr,/(ky+), where
t, - t t, - to 4w &Z 0.4 is the von Karman constant. According to [7], the
e, = -, e+o=- , t*= _, y+=y.
turbulent Prandtl number in this zone is given by the relation
t* t* PC,%
Pr, I 0.85. Thus
Here t, is the friction temperature determined by the wall
heat flux qv, fluid density p, heat capacity cp and the friction y, r 2fPr at Pr << 1.
velocity II*; t, is the temperature at the tube center line or (3c)
outer edge of the boundary layer; Pr = v/a the molecular (3) Suppose that the following generally accepted assump
Prandtl number and E the eddy diffusivity of heat. Equation tion is valid : both the coefficients of eddy viscosity and eddy
(1) determines the temperature profile near the wall of thermal diffusion are determined by velocity and temperature
temperature t, in the case when longitudinal variations of the fluctuations only and do not depend on a, i.e. Pr, is
temperature field are negligible as compared with its vari- independent of Pr (though it can vary with y in the wall
ations along the y-axis normal to the wall. region). Then the coefficients of Taylor expansion of s of the
Different authors suggested different equations for c = form E/v = cl& + a4y4+ + . . . must be universal constants.
cly, Pr) but all these are very cumbersome and this rules out In this case equation (1) [S] immediately yields
the possibility of obtaining simple analytical relationships
for B+(Y). 8, = Pry+ - Pr’(c,y$ + c,y: + .) (4)

1541
1542 Shorter Communications

o-5
e-6
V-?

I , I I I I
"4 6 4 6
6d 2 a!o2 2 4 y li

FIG.1. Temperature profiles in a turbulent flow in pipes and channels of liquid metal and air (a), water and
ethylene glycol (b), technical oil (c) and (d) based on the experimental data of: 1, [9, lo] ; 2, [l l] ; 3, [12] ; 4,
[133;5,[14];6,[15];7,[16];8,[17];9,[18];10,[19,20];11,[21];12,[22];13,[23];14,[24];15,c253.
Solid lines correspond to equation (9)
 Shorter Communications 1543

a- (a)
$8 -
b-=0,7
16 - Re,= 5./O’
iti -
12 -
(0 -
8 - -f
6 - -2
-3
4-

2r

4 6 S(()’ 2 4 68g.f 2
-&Jo 2 4 6 8j03 ;p

FIG. 2. Temperature profiles in a turbulent flow ofair (a), water(b) and transformer oil (c)on the plate based
on the experimental data of: 1, [26] ; 2, [27]; 3, [28]. Solid lines correspond to equation (10).

where, according to the above estimates, a3 2! 6 x 10m4and, (5) Dimensional arguments lead to the conclusion that in a
hence, cL = a,/4 1! 1.5 x lo-&. Thus, appreciable (within fully turbulent flow, at 0.1 5 y/S, y/R S 1, the molecular fluid
10%) deviations from the linear temperature profile (2) at properties do not influence the dimensionless temperature
Pr> 1 begin at y, * ~/PY*‘~.This value agrees well with distribution, so that
both the available experimental data and the estimate (3a).
(4) In the region y, K y, x 6, (or R,) the temperature e+ =fr(u/a) or e+ =fr(ylR). (7)
distribution obeys the logarithmic law It is also evident that
6, = alny, + fl(Pr). (3 8; (S) = e;(R) = 0. (8)
As is shown in [7], this result can be deduced from general All of the above conditions are met by the following simple
similarity arguments using no assumptions related to s. equations
Moreover a z 2.12 and, hence, Pr, = const z 0.85. Some
6+ = Pry+ exp(- I-)

1+kww
iew(--
m-)
additional arguments were used in [7] to establish an
approximate form of the function /?(Pr) which determines the 1.5(2 - y/R)
temperature difference between the wall and the lower edge of (1 +y+)
the logarithmic layer. Revision of the values of empiric 1 + 2(1 - y/R)*
coefficients in the equation for /?(I+) on the basis of the most (9)
reliable recent experimental data leads to the following for tube or channel flow and
relationship
8, = Pry+ exp(- r)
B(Pr) = (3.85Pr 1’3 - 1.3)* + 2.121n Pr (6)
which holds for the range of Pr numbers from 6 x tom3 to (1 + y+)
40 x 103.
1544 Shorter Communications

for boundary layer flow, where One-Phase Flows, pp. 340-362. Energiya, Moscow
(1964).
lO-*(Pry+)4 13. C. A. Sleicher, A. S. Awad and R. H. Notter, Temperature
I-=
1 + 5Pr3y+ and eddy diffusivity profile in NaK, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 16, 1565-1575 (1973).
These equations are based on the interpolation arguments 14, R. E. Johnk and T. J. Hanratty, Temperature profiles for
and permit evaluation of the temperature field in a tube or a turbulent flow of air in a pipe, &em. En&g Sci. 17,
plane channel (in the latter case R is the half-width of the 867-892 (1962).
channel) and in a boundary layer above a smooth plate at any 15. M. Hishiha, Turbulent heat transfer and temperature
value of Pr. Equations (9) and (10) are compared in Figs. 1 distribution in the thermal entrance region of a circular
and 2 with the available experimental data on heat transfer in pipe, Bull. JSME 10, 1133123 (1967).
turbulent flows of mercury [9-121, NaK [13], air [14-201, 16, R. A. Gowen and J. W. Smith, The effect of the Prandtl
[26-281, water [21-23,261, ethylene glycol[16] and techni- number on temperature profiles for heat transfer in
cal oil [24-261. The figures show that the agreement between turbulent pipe flow, Chem. Engng Sci. 22, 1701-1711
the predicted temperature distribution and all the experimen- (1967).
tal data is quite satisfactory. 17. L. Taccoen, Mesure des profils de temperature dans un
ecoulement turbulent d’air dans un tube (fluide incom-
pressible), Commun. a l’ecole d’dte intern. sur le transfert
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