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LESSON 2:
MEASUREMENT
General Chemistry 1
2nd Semester, SY 2018 - 2019
FEU HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
Agenda: Topic Outline
At the end of the lesson, you are expected
to:
Differentiate between accuracy and
precision
Practice expressing numbers in scientific
notation
Perform calculations involving rules in
significant digits
Use dimensional analysis in conversion
of units
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TOPIC: System of Measurement
Measurement refers to the determination of
dimensions, capacity and quantity of
something.
Most common types of measurements are:
Mass, length, volume, time, temperature,
pressure and concentration.
There are two main systems of measurement:
• English system
• Metric system
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TOPIC: System of Measurement
A measured quantity is usually written as a number with an appropriate
unit. There are 7 fundamental quantities that we can measure. Each
fundamental quantity has a corresponding SI unit.
Base quantity Unit Unit symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time seconds s
Electrical current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela Cd
Table 1: Fundamental quantities and their units
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SI also known as the International System of Units is the revised metric
system. The SI is the universal standard system of units. It is based on the
number 10. This system of measurement uses prefixes together with the base
quantity. Prefixes used with SI units.
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TOPIC: Review of Scientific Notation
The scientific notation is a convenient way of expressing very large and very
small numbers. The scientific notation of a number is in the form:
N x 10n exponent
coefficient
N is called the coefficient and the n is referred to as the exponent. The
coefficient must be equal to or greater than 1 but less than 10, and the
exponent must be a positive or negative whole number.
Example
4,900,000,000 = 4.9 × 109
0.0055 is written 5.5 × 10-3
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TOPIC: Expressing Numbers in Scientific Notation
Express 450,000 in scientific notation
Move the decimal point going to the left until you get the number N
Count the number of places that the decimal point was moved. This number will
be the exponent
If the decimal point has to be moved to the left, then n is a positive integer; if it
has to be moved to the right, n is a negative integer
450,000 in scientific notation is 4.5 x 105.
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TOPIC: Expressing Numbers in Scientific Notation
Example 3:
Express 0.000235 in scientific notation
Move the decimal point going to the right until you get the number N
Count the number of places that the decimal point was moved. This
number will be the exponent
0.000235 in scientific notation is 2.35 X 10-4
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TOPIC: System of Measurement
REMEMBER:
If the number is greater than or equal to 10, the decimal
point has to move to the left, and the exponent of 10
is positive
When the number is less than 1, the decimal point has to
move to the right, so the exponent of 10 is negative.
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TOPIC: Accuracy and Precision in Measurement
Fig. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to the standard
value or the true value of the measurement. Precision on the other hand
refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other.
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TOPIC: Significant Digits
The number of significant digits has something to do with
the precision of measurements. These are the rules that
you need to follow in order to determine the number of
significant digits in a measured quantity.
Rules in Significant Digits
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant.
3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant.
4. If a number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to the right of the
decimal point count as significant digits.
5. For numbers that do not contain decimal points, the trailing zeros may or may
not be significant.
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TOPIC: Significant Digits
EXAMPLES:
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
4.25 3 SF
250 2 SF
2005 4 SF
12.0 3 SF
0.0005 1 SF
3.00 3 SF
0.00104 3 SF
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TOPIC: Computations involving significant digits
The number of significant digits in an answer to a specific computation
will depend on the number of significant digits in the given data.
EXAMPLE 1:
Addition and Subtraction 89.401 + 10.12 + 3.7 = 103.221
In addition and subtraction, the
Answer must be rounded off to 103.2
answer must be rounded off to the
EXAMPLE 2:
number of decimal places of the
2.078 – 0.25 = 1.828
data having the least number of
decimal places. round off to 1.83
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TOPIC: Multiplication and Division
In multiplication and division, the number of significant digits in the
final answer is determined by the original number that has the
smallest number least number of significant digits.
EXAMPLE 3:
3.201 * 2.4 = 7.6824 120.24/6.50 = 18.49846
round off to 7.7 round off 18.5
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TOPIC: EXACT NUMBERS
Keep in mind that exact numbers obtained from definitions
or by counting numbers of objects can be considered to
have an infinite number of significant digits. This numbers
cannot be used in determining the least number of
significant digits.
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TOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimensional analysis or the factor-label method is the procedure we use to
convert between units and in solving some chemistry problems.
To apply dimensional analysis we use the relationship:
GIVEN QUANTITY x CONVERSION FACTOR = DESIRED QUANTITY
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
NOTE: The number of significant figures of your final answer shall follow the
significant figures of the given.
TOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: Mass Units
EXAMPLE 1: Convert 500.0 mg to lbs
𝟏𝒈 𝟏 𝒍𝒃
𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎𝒈 × × = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒈 𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 𝒈
EXAMPLE 2: Convert 74 oz to kg
𝟐𝟖.𝟑 𝒈 𝟏 𝒌𝒈
74 𝒐𝒛 × × = 2.098 ≈ 2.1 oz
𝟏 𝒐𝒛 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈
TOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: Length Units
EXAMPLE 1: Convert 11,230 cm to ft
𝟏𝒎 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝒇𝒕
𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎 × × = 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒕 ≈ 𝟑𝟔𝟖. 𝟑 𝒇𝒕
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟏𝒎
EXAMPLE 2: Convert 0.905 km to in
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟏 𝒊𝒏
𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒎 × × × = 35,629.92 ≈ 𝟑𝟓, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒏
𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎
TOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS: Volume Units
EXAMPLE 1: Convert 333.45 𝒄𝒎𝟑 to 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝟏𝒎 𝟑 𝟑.𝟐𝟖 𝒇𝒕 𝟑
𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎
× 𝟏𝒎
= 0.01177666≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒇𝒕𝟑
EXAMPLE 2: Convert 27.85 L to 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝟑
𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝑳 × × = 27,850 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳 𝟏𝒎
TOPIC: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 1:
𝒌𝒎 𝒎
Convert 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎 to
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒔
𝒌𝒎 𝟏 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝒉 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝒎
𝟒𝟎. 𝟎 × × × = 0.4274 ≈ 0.427
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟒 𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔 𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝒔
EXAMPLE 2:
𝒈 𝒌𝒈
Convert 146 to
𝒎𝑳 𝒎𝟑
𝒈 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑳 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 146,000
𝒎𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈 𝟏𝑳 𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
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General Chemistry 2 QUIZ TIME!!
Evaluation: Express the following in Scientific
Notation
1) 0.0000002
2) 2,680,000,000,000
Identify the number of significant digits
3) 100400
4) 0.00060100
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General Chemistry 2 QUIZ TIME!!
Dimensional Analysis
1) A climbing rope has an average diameter of 10.22 mm
(millimeters), convert this value to the following units
A) centimeters, cm
B) inches, in
C) foot, ft
2) Robert usually takes 83 grams of fat per day. Convert this
value to the following units
D) kg / min
E) lb/ sec
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Thank you!
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LESSON 3 – Atoms,
Molecules and Ions
General Chemistry 1
2nd Semester, SY 2018 - 2019
