PHYSICS INTRO SI Unit
- Goal of physics is to - International System of
provide an understanding Units
- Official system of
of the physical world by
measurement used
developing theories
throughout the world
based on experiment
- Examples: km, m, cm, g, l,
- Provisional: can still kelvin
change English Unit
- Every theory is a work in - Unit of measurement used
progress in England
- Most fundamental - Examples: mile, foot, inch,
qualities: Length (L), Mass pound, ounce, gallon,
(M), and Time (T) celsius
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN
MEASUREMENT AND
Physical Quantities SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
- Anything that humans can - Accuracy of measurement
measure depends on the sensitivity
- Has two important parts: of the apparatus the skill of
magnitude and unit the person carrying out
- Divided into two: Significant Figures
1. Basic Quantities - Number of digits in a value
- One of the or measurement that
conventionally chosen contributes to degree of
subject accuracy of the values
- Examples: Length, Rules in Significant Figures
mass, time, current, 1. All nonzero digits are
temperature significant
2. Derived Quantities - 777 has 3 significant figures
- Derived from base 2. Zeros between nonzero
quantities or digits are significant
combination of basic - 707, 105 has 6 significant
quantities figures
- Examples: force, 3. Trailing zeros in the
velocity, density, heat, decimal portion are
power, energy, significant
momentum, - 75.1200 has 6 significant
acceleration figures
4. Leading zeros are not - a - coefficient
significant - The absolute value of
- 0.0000075 has 2 significant the coefficient is
figures greater than or equal
5. Trailing zeros is a whole to 1 and strictly less
number with decimal than 10
shown are significant - b - exponent
- 500. has 3 significant figures - Exponent cannot be 0
6. Trailing zeros in a whole but can be positive or
number with no decimal negative
shown are not significant - 10 - base
- 70,000 has 1 significant - Base should always be
figure 10
Adding/Subtracting Significant Operations on Scientific
Figures Notation
- Final answer should be ● Adding or Subtracting
expressed in the least 1. Rewrite the number
number of significant digits with smaller exponent
after the decimal so that it has the
- Example: same exponent as the
- 17.12 + 30.123 = 47.24 number with the
- 1000.00 - 62.5 = 937.5 larger exponent by
Multiplying/Dividing Significant moving the decimal
Figures point of its decimal
- Final answer should be number
expressed in the least 2. Add/Subtract the
number of significant digits decimal numbers (the
- Example: power of 10 will not
- 0.1700 x 1700 = 289 change)
- 35.010/1.23 = 28.5 ● Example:
Note: pag di naman karound off 4 5
○ (4. 3𝑥10 ) + (5. 6𝑥10 )
round off like don sa subtraction 5 5
○ (0. 43𝑥10 ) + (5. 6𝑥10 )
na example wag na iround off
○ 0.43 + 5.6
5
○ = 6. 03𝑥10
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
● Multiplying or Dividing
- A standardized way to
1. Multiply/divide the
represent any number to
decimal number
the power of 10
2. Multiply/divide the
- General formula:
powers of 10 by
𝑏
- 𝑎 𝑥 10 adding/subtracting
their exponents (add if - 1 mi = 5280 ft
multiply, subtract if Mass/Weight
divide) - 1 kg = 1000 g
● Example: - 1 kg = 2.2 lbs
−2
○ (3. 4𝑥10 ) 𝑥 (6. 2𝑥10 )
6 - 1 lb = 16 oz
○ 3.4 x 6.2 = 21.08 - 1 ton = 2000 lbs
−2 6 −2+6 4 - 1 metric ton = 1000 kg / 2204
○ 10 𝑥 10 = 10 = 10
4
lbs
○ = 21. 08𝑥10 Time
● Example: - 1 hr = 60 mins
5 −2
● (8. 4𝑥10 ) ÷ (1. 4𝑥10 ) - 1 min = 60 secs
● 8.4 / 1.4 = 6 - 1 day = 24 hrs
5
● 10 𝑥 10
−2
= 10
5−(−2)
= 10
5+2 - 365 days = 1 year
7 - 30 days = 1 month
= 10
7 - 1 century = 100 years
● = 6𝑥10 - 1 millennium = 1000 years
Volume/Capacity
CONVERSION OF UNITS - 1 L = 1000 mL
- 1 mL = 1 cm³
Unit Conversion - 1 m³ = 1000 L
- Changing of one unit to - 1 gal = 3.785 L
another - 1 gal = 4 qts
- Unit Examples: meters, - 1 qt = 2 pints
grams, inches, feet, pounds, Metric System Prefixes
seconds - Simplify the writing of very
Metric Unit large or very small
- Are the universally accepted quantities
units around the world EXAMPLES:
(except for the US)
- Easies to convert
Base Units (meters, liters, grams)
- All other metric units are
based off of these (km, cm,
ml, kg
Distance
- 1 ft = 12 in
- 3 ft = 1 yd
- 1 in = 2.54 cm
- 1 km = 1000 m
- 1 m = 100 cm
- 1 mi = 1.609 km
VECTORS AND SCALARS Non-Collinear Vectors
- When 2 vectors are
Scalar perpendicular you must use
- Any quantity in physics that the Pythagorean Theorem
has magnitude but not a - Resultant: hypotenuse in
direction associated with it physics
- Magnitude: a numerical - Components: legs of the
value with units triangle
But what about the direction?
Vector
- Any quantity in physics that
has both magnitude and
directions
- Typically illustrated by
drawing an ARROW above
the symbol (the arrow
conveys direction and
magnitude)
NOTE: When drawing a right
triangle that conveys some type of
Application of Vectors
motion, you must draw your
1. Vector Addition
components HEAD TO TOE
- If 2 similar vectors
But what about the value of the
point in the same
angle?
direction add them
- To find the value of the
2. Vector Subtraction
angle we use a trig function
- If 2 vectors are going
called TANGENT
in opposite direction,
subtract
What if you are missing a
component?
- Always make a right triangle
- To solve for components we
often use the trig functions
sine and cosine
TIP#2: Make a chart with all the
horizontal components in one
column and all the vertical
components on the other
EXAMPLES
TIP#3: Assign a negative sign to
any vector which is moving west
or south
TIP#1: Make a drawing showing all
the vectors, angles, and given
directions
TIP#4: Add all the horizontal REMEMBER: TORQUE IS A
components to get one value for VECTOR QUANTITY THAT HAS
the horizontal. Do the same for DIRECTION AS WELL AS
the vertical MAGNITUDE
Torque is Determined by 3
Factors
1. The magnitude of the
applied force
2. The direction of the applied
force
3. The location of the applied
force
TIP#5: Use the Pythagorean
- Forces nearer the end of the
Theorem to Find the resultant and
wrench have greater
Tangent to find the direction
torques
SIGN CONVENTION FOR TORQUE
- Positive torque:
counter-clockwise (ccw)
- Negative torque: clockwise
(cw)
Units for Torque
- The magnitude of F
- The distance r from the aix
TORQUE
- A twist or turn that tends to
produce rotation
- Applications are found in
many common tools around
the home or industry where
CORRECTION: 24.0 Nm, cw
it is necessary to turn,
tighten, or loosen devices
- Defined as the tendency to CENTER OF GRAVITY
produce a change in - Also called center of mass
rotational motion - Point where a body can be
- Represented using the balanced in a uniform
greek letter tau as follows: gravitational field
- - Point where most of the
mass is concentrated
- A single point on an object into different shapes then
where all of its weight is its CG may change as its
assumed to be located shape does
- CG of Boys: Above the navel - Even then, it has one CG for
- CG of Girls: Below the navel any given shape
When you carry a heavy load
such as a pail or water with one
arm, why do you tend to hold
your free arm out horizontally?
- It is to shift the CG of your
body away from the load so
your combined CG will more
easily be above
To resist being toppled, why
Locating the Center of Gravity does a wrestler stand with feet
- The center of gravity of a apart and bent knees?
uniform object is at the - A wide apart feet increase
midpoint, its geometric the support base
center - Bent knees lower the CG
- Supporting that single point What is the importance of tails
supports the whole object of an animal in terms of
- When the distribution of toppling?
mass of the object is not - Tail gives an animal the
constant or the object is not ability to shift its CG and
uniform, the center of increase stability
gravity SHIFTS to the Why is it impossible for us to
direction of GREATER mass stand with our back and our
- The CG of an object may be heels against a wall and bend
located where no actual over and touch your toes
material exists without toppling forward?
Why does not the leaning tower - The center of mass of our
of Pisa topple over? body shifts to our
- Because its center of gravity abdomen’s weight, which
has been carefully kept results in unbalance and
within its base toppling forward.
Where is the Center of Gravity of Stability
a Donut? - Measure of maintaining
- In the center of the hole equilibrium: a measure of
- A rigid has one CG, if it is the difficulty of displacing
non rigid such as a piece of an object or system from
clay or putty and is distorted equilibrium
- UNSTABLE: when the CG is
lowered with displacement
- STABLE: when work must
be done to raise the CG
- NEUTRAL: when
displacement neither raises
nor lowers the CG
