SPS 501 Sport Biomechanics: Lecturer: Shariman Ismadi Ismail Shariman - Ismadi@salam - Uitm.edu - My

SPS 501
Sport Biomechanics
Chapter 4
Lecturer : Shariman Ismadi Ismail
shariman_ismadi@salam.uitm.edu.my
CHAPTER 4 : STABILITY IN MOTION
Stability and Balance
What is stability?
• resistance to disruption of
equilibrium
What is balance?
• ability to control equilibrium
Equilibrium
Equilibrium = a state of zero

acceleration where there is no
change in the speed or
direction of the body
•Static equilibrium
•Dynamic equilibrium
Equilibrium
What is static equilibrium?

• a motionless state in which there
is no net force or net torque acting
• the conditions of static equilibrium
are:
ΣF v = 0
ΣF h = 0
ΣT = 0
Equilibrium
• Dynamic equilibrium = when all

the applied & inertial forces acting
on the moving body are in balance,
resulting in movement with
unchanging speed & direction
Equilibrium
An essential feature of all movement

is the need to keep the body in
stable equilibrium, so that we do not
fall over while the body is changing
its position
What affected equilibrium??
A body’s mechanical stability is

based on its resistance to motion.
Equilibrium is affected when

mechanical stability is affected by
kinetics of angular motion
Equilibrium
What is torque?
• the rotary effect of a force about

an axis of rotation
• measured as the product of force
and the force’s moment arm - the
shortest (perpendicular) distance
between a force’s line of action and
an axis of rotation
Torque
Speed Batting
Equilibrium
The moment arm
of a force is the
perpendicular axis
Force
distance from the Moment line of
arm action
force’s line of
axis
action to the axis
of rotation. Moment Force
arm line of
action
Equilibrium
Where do torques occur within the

human body?
The product of muscle tension and

muscle moment arm produces a
torque at the joint crossed by the
muscle.
Equilibrium
Torque = moment of inertia* angular acceleration
Torque = force *lever arm(moment arm)
Where do torques occur within the
human body?
Torquemuscle=
Muscle tension (Newton) x
moment arm (meter)
Muscle tension
Center of rotation
Moment arm
Equilibrium
What is a lever?
• a simple machine consisting of a
relatively rigid bar like body that
can be made to rotate about an axis
or a fulcrum
• there are first, second, and third
class levers
Equilibrium
Relative locations
of the applied F R
force (F), the
resistance (R), First class
and the R F
fulcrum(∆) or Second class
axis of rotation
F R
determine lever
classifications. Third class
First Class Lever
❑ the axis (A) is in the middle between the force

(F) and resistance (R).
❑ The force and resistance are on opposite
ends.
❑ A first class lever favors balance when the
axis is in the middle.
F R
First class
Second Class Lever
❑ R and F are on the same side of the axis. The

F arm is longer than the R arm.
❑ Second class levers favor force (power).
R F
Second class
Third Class Lever
❑ R and F are on the same side of the axis. The

R arm is longer than the F arm.
❑ Third class levers favor speed.
F R
Third class
Mechanical Advantage
MA = force arm/resistance arm
What is mechanical advantage?

the ratio of the moment arm of the
force (force arm) to the moment
arm of the resistance (resistance
arm) for a given lever.
It is to measure the efficiency of a
lever.
MA=1…..to balance lever system
Mechanical Advantage > 1
F = 10N R = 20N
fa ra
2m 1m
A force can balance a larger

resistance when the force arm is
longer than the resistance arm.
Mechanical Advantage < 1
F R
fa
ra
A force can move a resistance

through a large range of motion
when the force arm (fa) is shorter
than the resistance arm (ra).
Center of Gravity
What is the center of gravity?
• the point around which a body’s
weight is equally balanced in all
directions
• also referred to as the center of
mass or mass centroid
• (need not be physically located
inside of a body)
Center of Gravity (Dynamic
Stability)
• Many dynamic movement (running

and walking) are unstable
• Consist of series of interrupted falls
Path of the center of gravity of a runner.

Center of Gravity (Dynamic
Stability)
Why is the center of gravity of
interest in the study of human
biomechanics?
• it serves as an index of total body
motion
Path of the center of gravity of a runner.

Center of Gravity
Why is the center of gravity of
interest in the study of human
biomechanics?
• the body responds to external
forces as though all mass were
concentrated at the CG; this is
consequently the point at which the
weight vector is shown to act in a
free body diagram
What is stability?
• resistance to disruption of
equilibrium
(resistance to angular/linear
acceleration)
What is balance?
• ability to control equilibrium
Factors influence a body’s stability

• Mass
• Friction
• Center of gravity (horizontal and
vertical)
• Base of Support
Principles of Mechanical Stability

Resistance of the body to both linear
and angular acceleration, or
resistance to disruption of
equilibrium

1. Increasing body mass
- Requires a larger force or torque to accelerate
2. Increasing surface friction
- Friction forces used to prevent or stop
horizontal motion
- Increased friction → Greater ability to
resist/stop horizontal motion
A B
C

3. Increasing the size of the base of support in the
direction of the line of action of an external force
Martial artists vs Sprinters?
Base of Support
Martial Artists vs Sprinters
● Martial Artists ● Sprinters

❑ Wide stance during ❑ Maintain small BoS at
defensive starting block
❑ To increase stability ❑ Quickly disrupt
stability at the start of
the race
What is the base of support?

(area bound by the outermost
regions of contact between a body
and support surface(s))
What can increase a body’s stability?

• increasing the size of the base of
support in the direction of an
external force

4. Horizontally positioning the COG near the edge
of the base of support on the oncoming external
force (increased horizontal distance)
- Center of mass must travel farther before a

balance loss; provides more time for deceleration)
5. Vertically positioning the center of gravity as

low as possible
The higher the

CG, the greater
the amount of
torque its motion d
creates about the d
support surface. d
END OF CHAPTER 4

SPS 501 Sport Biomechanics: Lecturer: Shariman Ismadi Ismail Shariman - Ismadi@salam - Uitm.edu - My

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPS 501 Sport Biomechanics: Lecturer: Shariman Ismadi Ismail Shariman - Ismadi@salam - Uitm.edu - My

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPS 501 Sport Biomechanics: Lecturer: Shariman Ismadi Ismail Shariman - Ismadi@salam - Uitm.edu - My

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPS 501

Equilibrium = a state of zero

What is static equilibrium?

• Dynamic equilibrium = when all

An essential feature of all movement

A body’s mechanical stability is

Equilibrium is affected when

• the rotary effect of a force about

Where do torques occur within the

The product of muscle tension and

❑ the axis (A) is in the middle between the force

❑ R and F are on the same side of the axis. The

❑ R and F are on the same side of the axis. The

What is mechanical advantage?

A force can balance a larger

A force can move a resistance

• Many dynamic movement (running

Path of the center of gravity of a runner.

Path of the center of gravity of a runner.

Factors influence a body’s stability

Principles of Mechanical Stability

Principles of Mechanical Stability

Principles of Mechanical Stability

Martial artists vs Sprinters?

● Martial Artists ● Sprinters

What is the base of support?

What can increase a body’s stability?

Principles of Mechanical Stability

- Center of mass must travel farther before a

5. Vertically positioning the center of gravity as

The higher the

You might also like