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STUDY PAGE 19-22 OF THE TEXT BOOK
Summarise it as part of self-study
Torque :p33-34 Angular acceleration :p34-35 Joint axis :p37-38 Conditions for equilibrium :p38=39 Total muscle force vector :p39-40 Anatomical pulleys :p40-41 Moment arm and lever arm :p40-46 This equation is only valid if forces are applied at right angles to the lever Pulleys Remember What factors affect muscular strength? • Tension-generating capability of the muscle tissue, which is in turn affected by: • Muscle cross-sectional area • Training state of muscle • Moment arms of the muscles crossing the joint (mechanical advantage), in turn affected by: • Distance between muscle attachment to bone and joint center • Angle of the muscle’s attachment to bone A B C The mechanical advantage of the biceps brachi is maximum when the elbow is at approximately 90 degrees (A), because 100% of muscle force is acting to rotate the radius. As the joint angle increases (B) or decreases (C) from 90 degrees, the mechanical advantage of the muscle is lessened because more and more of the force is pulling the radius toward or away from the elbow rather than contributing to forearm rotation. FOR PRACTICAL: STUDY ANATOMICAL PULLEYS: p 40-41 book on Joint Structure and Function by Levangie & Norkin, 5th Edition
Anatomic pulleys, Action Lines, and Moment Arms
Read and understand page 41-60
Middle deltoid pull over the pulley of the humeral head Patella as an Anatomic Pulley: The quads lie parallel to the femur. The tendon of this muscle passes over the knee and Attaches to the tibia. The patella is in the quadriceps tendon and pushes the tendon away from the femur, changing the line of pull of the quadriceps muscle away from the knee joint axis. This increases the moment arm, producing greater torque when using the same force.
Moment arm = the perpendicular distance between
the line of action of the force and the axis of rotation… sometimes called “lever arm”
Torque = also called moment of force. The “tendency to
turn”. The product of the force and the perpendicular distance from its action line to the joint center. = measured in Nm
Example of torque in biokinetics
Cybex isokinetic measures the amount of joint torque that a muscle can develop at specific velocities TORQUE WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF FORCES NOT PASSING THROUGH THE CENTER OF MASS??
If the torque created by the force
couple is unopposed then angular acceleration takes place
ROTATION AND TRANSLATION vs ROTATION
Identify joint axis about which body segment rotates
PIVOT POINT = AXIS OF ROTATION
JOINTS: PIVOT POINT WILL SHIFT SLIGHTLY DURING MOTION
IDENTIFY a fixed point about which joint rotation appears to occur
Conditions for equilibrium The sum of all vectors and torques acting on the segment must be zero TOTAL MUSCLE FORCE VECTOR A reminder of how to use Trig.. Anatomic pulleys Example of a test using levers in an exercise test Seven-stage abdominal strength test Equipment: Level surface, loose weights of 2.5 kg and 5 kg. Directions: This test is designed to determine the absolute strength of the abdominal muscle groups (Ellis et al., 1998). The test protocol has seven stages. To continue with the next stage, the subject first has to successfully perform the previous stage. During all tests, the subject lies supine on a level surface, with legs together and knees bent at an angle of approximately 45°. This is the stationary/starting position. The subject also fails if the feet lift off the ground.
The position of the arms and hands will vary the resistance and thus the difficulty of the stage. The players were not allowed to use momentum by throwing the arms or jerking the trunk when curling up.
The seven stages were as follows:
Stage 1: Subject completed stage one if he was able to sit up with extended elbows, touch the outside of the knees with both wrists and return to the stationary position. Stage 2: Subject completed stage two if he was able to sit up with extended elbows, touch the outside of the knees with both elbows and return to the stationary position. Stage 3: Subject completed stage three if he was able to sit up with the palms of his hands on the temporal area of his skull, touch the outside of the knees with both elbows and return to the stationary position. Stage 4: Subject completed stage four if he was able to sit up with his arms crossed over his chest, touch his knees and return to the stationary position. Stage 5: Subject completed stage five if he was able to sit up with his hands behind his neck, his chest open, touch his knees with his chest and return to the stationary position. Stage 6: Subject completed stage six if he was able to sit up with a 2.5 kg weight placed behind his head and, keeping the weight there, touch his knees with his chest and return to the stationary position.
Stage 7: Subject completed stage seven if he was able to sit up with a 5
kg weight placed behind his head and, keeping the weight there, touch his knees with his chest and return to the stationary position. Moment Arm and CoM
