Pertemuan XIV
Entomologi Forensik
Yudi Yahya
yudiyahya@polanka.ac.id
DIII Teknologi Laboratorium Medik
Politeknik Unggulan Kalimantan
Jumat, 11 Juni 2021
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
• FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY (FE) is the application and
study of insects and other arthropod biology to criminal
matters.
• FE also involves the application of arthropods, including
insects, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, and
crustaceans to criminal or legal cases.
• FE primarily associated with death investigations.
• FE is also applied to:
• the detect drugs and poisons;
• determine location of an incident;
• find the presence and time of the infliction of wounds.
INSECTS OF FORENSIC IMPORTANCE
HISTORY
• The concept of forensic entomology dates back to at
least the 13th century.
• However, only in the last 30 years has forensic
entomology been systematically explores as a feasible
source for evidence in criminal investigations.
• A number of forensic entomologist, such as Sung Tzu,
Fransesco Redi, Bergeret d’Arbois, Jean Pierre
Megnin,and Hermann Reinhard, through their
extensive studies have helped to lay foundations for
today’s modern forensic entomology.
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
• Actually there are three subfields of forensic
entomology:
1. Urban forensic entomology;
2. Stored-product forensic entomology, and
3. Medico-legal forensic entomology.
• The medico-legal forensic entomology, being
discussed here, covers evidence gathered through
arthropod studies at the scenes of murder, suicide,
rape, physical abuse and contraband trafficking.
MEDICO-LEGAL FORENSIC
ENTOMOLOGY (M-LFE)
• M-LFE deals with which insect eggs appear, their location on
the body and what order they appear.
• Such informations are quite useful in determining a post
mortem interval (PMI) and location of a death in question.
• Since many insects shows a degree of endemism or have a
well defined phenology, their presence in association with
other evidence can demonstrate potential links to times and
locations where other events may have occurred.
• Other area covered by MLFE is the relatively new field of
entomotoxicology. This field deals with the utilization of
entomological specimens found at scene in order to test for
different drugs that may have possibly played a role in the
death of the victim.
The Use Flies (order Diptera) in
Forensic Entomology
• Flies (Insecta: Diptera) are very importance in forensic investigation determing
time of death because the insects are often first on the scene.
• The most significant and types of the flies include:
1. Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
2. Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
3. House flies (Diptera: Muscidae)
4. Chees flies (Diptera: Piophyllidae)
5. Coffin flies (Diptera: Phoridae)
6. Lesser corpse flies (Diptera: Spaheroceridae)
7. Lesser house flies (Diptera: Fannidae)
8. Black scavenger flies (Diptera: Sepsidae)
9. Black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
10. Sun flies (Diptera: Heleomyzidae)
The use of blow flies (lalat daging) (Diptera:
Calliphoridae) in forensic investigation
• The blow flies pose very important role in criminal
investigation.
• The presence of eggs and larvae of the flies on a
dead victim could be as clue for determining an
estimate for postmortem interval (PMI) – the time
between death and the discovery of the body.
• Blow flies are attracted to dead bodies and often
arrive within minutes of the death of an animal or a
human. They have a complete cycle
(holometabolous) life cycle that consist of egg,
larvae (instar I, II and III), pupa and adult stages.
1st Adult flies lay eggs on the carcass
especially a wound areas or around
the opening in the body such as the
nose, eyes, ears. anus, etc.
2st Eggs hatch into larva or maggots)
in 12-24 hours.
3st Larvae continues to grow and
molt (shed their exosceletons) as they
pass through the various instar stages.
1st Instar – 5 mm long after 1.8
days
2st Instar -- 10 mm long after 2.5
days
3st Instar -- 14-16 mm long after
4-5 days
4st – The larvae (17 mm) develop into
pupa after burrowing in surrounding
soil.
5st – Adult flies emerge from pupa
cases after 6-8 days.
The finding of flies related to the stage of body decomposition
• Early stage of decomposition -- commonly found are
blow flies, green bottle flies (Calliphoridae) and flesh
flies (Sarcophagidae). Other insects that visit the corpse
at this stage are beetles like carrion beetles (Silphidae)
the adult and larvae of which feed on fly larvae.
• Late stage of decomposition – house flies (Muscidae)
and Cheese skipper (Piophyllidae) come later after
Calliphoridae flies. The other insects that visit the
corpse at this stage are other beetles like Rove beetles
(Staphylinidae) and clown beetles (Histeridae); both
beetles visit the body either at the early to late stages
of decomposition.
Collecting Insects (Flies) for forensic Investigations from corpse
• Equipments: hand net, forceps and towel,
thermometer, vials, jars, plastic bags.
• Supporting data needed: previous weather for area, on
side weather data (5-7 days), photos (video of crime
scene), record time of data collection.
Procedures:
1. Prepare a hand net for collecting flies over corpse.
2. Take temperature of air and of maggot mass.
3. Kill and preserve some of the adult flies in fluid as with
maggots.
4. Maggots concentrate in head or open wounds first –
also at corpse/ ground interface.
5.Maggots – preserve most maggots (about two dozens)
in 70% ethyl-alcohol, put them in a vial and attach the
label per specimen: location (date/hr of collection); case
No: sample no. , Name of collector.
6. Pupa – about two dozens are collected from corpse,
put in a vial and attach on it a label.
7. Keep larvae and pupa separate.
8. Keep hairy larvae and smooth maggots separate.
9. Place all in a cooler or fridge, do not freeze.
The maggot is individually identified for species based on
its morphology, specially on the pattern of its posterior
spiracle.
• Cabang ilmu dari Sains Forensik. Pendekatannya
multidisiplin (taksonomi serangga, fisiologi,
genetika, dinamika populasi, ekologi, statistik
molekular, bioinformatik).
• Serangga digunakan untuk mengambil kesimpulan
pada kasus investigasi yang melibatkan manusia,
hewan, atau hewan liar.
Prinsip: Suksesi Serangga
• Bangkai / mayat akan mengalami tahap-tahap
dekomposisi / pembusukan.
• Setiap tahap dekomposisi / pembusukan akan
menarik kelompok serangga yang berbeda untuk
datang.
• Suksesi serangga pada bangkai tergantung dari
berbagai faktor, termasuk area geografi,
pendedahan, musim, dan habitat.
Indikator WaktuKematian
▪ 72jam pertama setelah kematian, ahli patologi mampu secara
akurat mendeterminasi waktu kematian seseorang.
▪ Ahli entomologi forensik dapat mengukur waktu kematian
berdasarkan tahapan siklus hidup dari spesies serangga yang
ditemukan pada mayat, atau dari suksesi serangga yang ada
pada mayat.Ada kasus pembuktian dalam periode jam, minggu,
atau tahun.
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Selain untuk menetapkan interval
waktu kematian, sering juga digunakan
dalam:
• Kasus kontaminasi produk makanan
• Kasus penggunaan obat-obatan danracun
• Kasus terkait lokasikejadian
• Kasus kematian dengankekerasan
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Tahapan DekomposisiMayat/Bangkai
▪ Autolysis, Putrefaction dan SkeletalBone Decomposition
(diagenesis).
▪ Autolysis, proses penghancuran secara alami, sel
tubuh dicerna oleh enzim (lipase, protease, dan
karbohidrase). Proses ini terjadi paling cepat pada
organ otak dan hati. Hasil cerna inimerupakan sumber
nutrient bagi bakteri.
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Tahapan DekomposisiTubuh
▪ Putrefaction, penghancuran jaringan oleh bakteri.
Hasilnya, gas seperti hidrogen sulfida, sulfur dioksida,
karbon dioksida, metana, amonia, dan hidrogen terlepas.
Bersamaan dengan ini, juga terjadi fermentasi. Tubuh
mengalami pembusukan dengancepat.
▪ Saat jaringan yang lunak hilang, materi rangka, akan
dihancurkan lebih lanjut oleh kondisi lingkungan sampai
menjadi komponen dari tanah. Kecepatan dekomposisi ini
tergantung faktor lingkungan.
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Tahap 1: Freshstage
• Dimulai saat kematian sampai tanda awal
terjadinya bloating.
• Organisma yang pertama datang adalah
blowflies (Calliphoridae - Diptera).
• DiInggris biasanya Calliphora vicina atau C.
vomitoria Linnaeus, atau bila di musim semi
adalah Protophormia (= Phormia)terraenovae
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Blow Flies
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Tahap 2: BloatedStage
• Penghancuran tubuh terus terjadi
karena adanya aktivitas bakteri →
putrefaction.
• Metabolisme nutrient oleh bakteri
anaerob → Gas → Bloated
(pembengkakan).
• Diawali pada bagian abdomen →
seluruh tubuh, seperti balon udara.
• Tahap ini semakin banyak diptera,
selain blowfly, ada Sarcophagidae,
Muscidae)\, karena baugas yang
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Flesh Flies
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Muscidae
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Larva Diptera
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Kumbang -
Coleoptera
• Rove beetles
(Staphylinidae) tertarik
pada bangkai dengan
bloated stage karena
pada bangkai dapat
dijumpai makanan ‘siap
makan’ berupa telurdan
larva Diptera.
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Tahap 3: Active decaystage
• Kulitdari bangkai pecah dan mulai
mengelupas dari tubuh, serta secara
bertahap mengalamipembusukan.
• Pada tahap akhir dari pembusukan,
terjadi proses fermentasi →
terbentuk asam butirat dan asam
kaseat → fermentasi amoniak yang
akan menarikspesies serangga yang
lain, seperti kumbang Nicrophorus
humator, Hister cadaverinus, dan
Saprinus rotundatus.
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Tahap 4: Post-decaystage
• Pada tahap terakhir, yang
tersisa adalah kulit,tulang
dan sisa dari tubuh yang
mulai mengering.
• Indikator yang nyata adalah
kehadiran coleoptera yang
meningkat danpengurangan
dominansi diptera pada
bangkai.
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Tahap 5: Skeletonization
• Pada tahap ini, yang tertinggal hanya rambut dan
tulang. Tidak ada serangga yang berasosiasi di
tahap ini, meskipun mungkin kumbang dari
Nitidulidae dapat dijumpai.
• Biasanya hanya tahap juvenil yang memakan
bagian dari bangkai ini, meskipun mungkin ada
juga spesies lain, dimana juvenil dan dewasa
mengkonsumsi bangkai. (necrophages).
• Serangga lain dapat berada pada bangkai
karena memangsa serangga
necrophagous yang ada.
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