Transport Research Laboratory

Creating the future of transport

PUBLISHED PROJECT REPORT PPR666

Specification for Low Temperature Asphalt Mixtures

J C Nicholls (TRL), H Bailey (TRL), N Ghazireh (Lafarge

Tarmac) and D H Day (Nynas)

Prepared for: Lafarge Tarmac

Project Ref: 11112397

Quality approved:

Cliff Nicholls Michael McHale

(Project Manager) (Technical Referee)

 Low temperature asphalt

Disclaimer
This report has been produced by the Transport Research Laboratory under a contract
with Lafarge Tarmac. Any views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of
Lafarge Tarmac and Business Innovation and Skills.

The information contained herein is the property of TRL Limited and does not necessarily
reflect the views or policies of the customer for whom this report was prepared. Whilst
every effort has been made to ensure that the matter presented in this report is relevant,
accurate and up-to-date, TRL Limited cannot accept any liability for any error or
omission, or reliance on part or all of the content in another context.

Contents amendment record

This report has been amended and issued as follows:

Technical
Version Date Description Editor
Referee
 Low temperature asphalt

Contents
Executive summary iii

Abstract 1

1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Background 1
1.3 Categories of low temperature asphalt 2
1.4 Carbon savings 4

2 Specifications 5
2.1 Current situation 5
2.2 Proposed specifications 6

3 Conclusions 9

Acknowledgements 11

References 11

Appendix A Standard specification for warm mix asphalt 13

A.1 Scope 13
A.2 Normative references 13
A.3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 13
A.4 Requirements for constituent materials 14
A.5 Requirements for the warm mix asphalt mixture 16
A.6 Identification 18
A.7 Transport, laying and compaction 18
A.8 Compliance 18

Appendix B Standard specification for half-warm mix asphalt 19

B.1 Scope 19
B.2 Normative references 19
B.3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 19
B.4 Requirements for constituent materials 20
B.5 Requirements for the half-warm mix asphalt mixture 22
B.6 Identification 25
B.7 Transport, laying and compaction 25
B.8 Compliance 25

Appendix C Specification for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt 27

C.1 Scope 27
C.2 Normative references 27
C.3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 28
C.4 Requirements for constituent materials 30
C.5 Requirements for the cold mix asphalt mixture 30
C.6 Identification 36
C.7 Transport, laying and compaction 36
C.8 Compliance 37

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Appendix D Aggregate grading of reclaimed asphalt 43

D.1 Approach 43
D.2 Fractions 43
D.3 Analysis 43
D.4 Results 43
D.5 Validity 44

Appendix E Example standard specification for half-warm asphalt concrete 45

E.1 General 45
E.2 Constituent materials 45
E.3 Mixture specifications 46
E.4 Transport, laying and compaction 48
E.5 Compliance 48

Appendix F Example of standard specification for half-warm hot rolled asphalt 49

F.1 General 49
F.2 Constituent materials 49
F.3 Mixture specifications 49
F.4 Transport, laying and compaction 50
F.5 Compliance 50

Appendix G Example of standard specification for half-warm stone mastic asphalt 51

G.1 General 51
G.2 Constituent materials 51
G.3 Mixture specifications 51
G.4 Transport, laying and compaction 52
G.5 Compliance 52

Appendix H Example specification for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt 53

H.1 General 53
H.2 Constituent materials 53
H.3 Mixture specification 53
H.4 Transport, laying and compaction 55
H.5 Compliance 55

Appendix J Specification requirements for low temperature asphalt mixtures 57

J.1 96X Warm Mix Asphalt Materials 57
J.2 96Y Half-Warm Mix Asphalt Materials 58
J.3 96Z Emulsion-Based Cold Mix Asphalt Materials 59

Appendix K Notes for Guidance on specification requirements for low temperature

asphalt mixtures 63
K.1 NG96X Warm Mix Asphalt Materials 63
K.2 NG96Y Half-Warm Mix Asphalt Materials 64
K.3 NG96Z Emulsion-Based Cold Mix Asphalt Materials 66

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Executive summary
The UK government, through the Carbon Trust, have strategically targeted and evaluated
industrial products or processes for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. The energy
used in manufacturing hot mix asphalt in the aggregates sector has been identified as a
major contributor. In an attempt to increase the use of lower carbon asphalt, funding
has been made available to accelerate the introduction of technologies that will
encourage their wider use. As part of this initiative, funding was provided for a project to
look at low temperature asphalt processes, and this was undertaken by Tarmac, Nynas,
Atkins and Mineral Industry Research Organisation.

The second stage of this project has been funded from Business, Innovation and Skills
Regional Growth Funds with TRL replacing Atkins in the consortium. One of the Work
Packages for the project, WP5, was the Development of Specifications for low
temperature and cold mix asphalts, which was allocated to TRL to undertake. This report
is the output for that work package.

Low temperature asphalts, usually classified as warm mix asphalt, half-warm mix asphalt
and cold mix asphalt, are increasingly being used. However, most of the current
specifications are written around hot mix asphalt. There is no reason why specifications
for hot mix asphalt cannot be modified to become applicable to the various categories of
low temperature asphalt. Very little modification is required for warm mix asphalt, with
increasing modification being required as the mix temperature departs from that for hot
mix asphalt.

Examples of documents for use with low temperature asphalt mixtures have been drafted
and are given in a series of appendices. These drafts cover the various levels of standard
currently available for hot mix asphalt, being modelled on the current European
standards, supporting national guidance documents or the Specification for Highway
Works clauses.

It is intended that the availability of these documents will allow warm mix asphalt, half-
warm asphalt and cold-mix asphalt to be procured and that feedback from their use will
help to develop the European and national documents that will replace them in due
course.

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Abstract
Low temperature asphalts, classified as warm mix asphalt, half-warm mix asphalt and
cold mix asphalt, are increasingly being used, but most of the current specifications are
written around hot mix asphalt. The types of specification that are used for hot mix
asphalt are discussed and a series of documents drafted to cover low temperature
asphalt mixtures are attached as appendices. The appendices are modelled on the
current European standards, supporting national guidance documents and the
Specification for Highway Works clauses. It is intended that the availability of these
documents will encourage greater use of low temperature asphalts until the standard
specifications have been updated to explicitly incorporate these environmentally friendly
materials.

1 Introduction

1.1 General
The UK government, through the Carbon Trust, have strategically targeted and evaluated
industrial products or processes for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. The energy
used in manufacturing hot mix asphalt in the aggregates sector has been identified as a
major contributor. In an attempt to increase the use of lower carbon asphalt, funding
has been made available to accelerate the introduction of technologies that will
encourage their wider use. One such technology was low temperature asphalt, for which
they funded a project to look at the process undertaken by Tarmac, Nynas, Atkins and
Mineral Industry Research Organisation.

The second stage of this project has been funded from Business Innovation and Skills
Regional Growth Funds with TRL replacing Atkins in the consortium. One of the Work
Packages for the project, WP5, was the Development of Specifications for low
temperature and cold mix asphalts, which was allocated to TRL to undertake. This report
is the output for that work package.

1.2 Background
The issue of sustainable development and the identification of the need to conserve
resources for use by future generations has been an international focus for decades.
Damage or disruption to ecosystems is generally caused as a result of the destruction or
finite use of natural resources and climate change. The Kyoto protocol, which was
formalised in 1997 as part of The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, formed an agreement between member states to bring greenhouse gas
emissions down to the levels of 1990. The agreement came into force in February 2005
and several countries have now developed a “Climate Change Act”, setting targets for the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions which are categorised as CO 2 or units of CO2 equ

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(equivalent). The UK climate change act of 2008 set a reduction target of 80 %

(compared to a baseline value from 1990) by 2050 whilst the Scottish climate change act
of 2009 goes a step further and has includes an interim target reduction of 42 % by
2020. However, during the last 10 years there seem to have been more abnormal
weather patterns and freak events causing major disruption to sustainable living which
has produced a greater emphasis on climate change and the Kyoto protocol has gained
greater focus.
The main targets for reducing the carbon footprint within highway authority organisations
have focussed on reducing energy consumption, reducing the use of paper and vehicular
emissions. Therefore, the initial focus within the highways sector has tended to be
targeted towards issues such as, for example, reducing electricity consumption of street
lighting. The use of “sustainable procurement” whereby authorities are encouraged to
purchase goods and services from low carbon sources is only now gaining momentum.
The sustainability argument on asphalt paving systems generally reflects the whole life
value. The development of long-life (perpetual) pavements (defined as “An asphalt
pavement designed and built to last longer than 50 years without requiring major
structural rehabilitation or reconstruction, and needing only periodic surface renewal in
response to distresses confined to the top of the pavement”) with reduced maintenance
strategies has in recent times been viewed as the way forward in developing “sustainable
asphalt paving”. Reducing the energy of asphalt manufacture will have a detrimental
effect on the whole life argument if the products become vastly inferior and require
maintenance intervention or replacement more frequently in their life. The use of warm
and half-warm mix asphalts is generally still in its infancy and there is no real evidence
that asphalt manufactured by these technologies is inferior in situ to traditional hot mix
asphalts thus far. However, the use of cold mix asphalts, particularly emulsion-based
cold mix asphalts, has been around internationally for decades but has struggled to gain
market penetration in the UK due to differences in its physical properties compared to
hot mix asphalt. The use of these materials in various applications is much more
common in a number of countries across Europe and in the USA.

A major obstacle to gaining market penetration when developing new products and
processes is the equivalence argument. Products are generally approved based on
design criteria and equivalence to the hot mix asphalt laboratory design protocol; normal
design procedures and specifications. However, these criteria may need to be changed
to reflect the changes in the manufacturing process. This situation was the case in the
UK when developing standards for cold mix using foam bitumen. In the UK, some
evidence exists to support the use of emulsion based cold mix materials that have failed
to meet the specifications set, based on hot mix equivalence. In some instances, these
mixtures have still performed equally as well, and sometimes better than, conventional
hot mix asphalt in situ. The use of emulsion based cold mix to meet the specifications
set to comply with the Highway Authorities and Utilities Committee (HAUC) standard for
permanent cold lay surfacing materials (PCSMs) resulted in materials failing to meet the
specification and, therefore, failed to gain national approval. Some of these failed
materials are still functioning satisfactorily in situ after 15 years in service.

1.3 Categories of low temperature asphalt

Low temperature asphalt mixtures are those that are intentionally manufactured and laid
at temperatures less than the standard temperatures traditionally used for asphalt. They

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are generally categorised into three types depending on the extent of the temperature
reduction (EAPA, 2010) which, with the traditional mixtures, give the following:
a) Hot mix asphalt – produced and mixed at temperatures roughly between
120 °C and 190 °C, the production temperatures
depending on the bitumen used.

b) Warm mix asphalt – produced and mixed at temperatures roughly between

100 °C and 140 °C.
c) Half-warm mix asphalt – produced with heated aggregate at a mixing temperature
(of the mixture) between approximately 70 °C and
roughly 100 °C (also known as semi-warm mix asphalt).
d) Cold mix asphalt – produced with unheated aggregate and bitumen emulsion
or foamed bitumen.
These categories are normally characterised schematically as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 - Schematic of classification for hot, warm, half-warm and cold mix
asphalt mixtures

The technologies behind these systems can vary quite markedly whilst there are also
similarities. There is no direct correspondence between the classifications and the
technologies, but the most common types of technology for the different classifications are:
 Incorporation of chemical additives
o to modify the bitumen viscosity (such as waxes) Warm
o to modify the frictional resistance of the mixture to compaction Warm

 Foamed bitumen
o by the addition of moisture releasing additives (such as zeolites) within
the mixture Warm
o by foam generation equipment Warm or Half-warm
o by the addition of moist aggregates Half-warm
o other Half-warm or Cold

 Bitumen emulsion Cold

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The chemical additives can either be pre-blended with the bitumen or added at the time
of mixing.

1.4 Carbon savings

The sustainability of low temperature asphalt mixtures can also be assessed by the
carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 equ) used to produce the asphalt. This estimate is
probably better than just the fuel used as shown in Figure 1.1 for the different types.
However, the reduced temperature is not the only parameter that will affect the CO2 equ
but also the supply of raw materials for, the production of, and the transport of any
additives used in the mixture. As such, the different technologies will produce different
savings and cannot be shown in a similar schematic.
Furthermore, the carbon savings cannot, at this time, be used in requirements when
specifying asphalt and will not be covered in this report.

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2 Specifications

2.1 Current situation

There are several layers of specifications for materials used in pavement construction as
described figuratively in Figure 2.1.

European National National Job

standard Guidance Specification Specification

which, for (hot mix) asphalt, equates to:

Material: BS EN 13108 PD 6691

SHW or
Job specific
equivalent
Application: BS 594987

Figure 2.1 – Levels of specification

For asphalt materials, the European standard is the relevant part of BS EN 13108 (CEN,
2006), the national guidance document is PD 6691 (BSI, 2010a) and the national
specification is usually the 900 series in the Specification for Highway Works (HA et al.,
2008) for roads and the standards for airfields (Defence Estates, 2009, 2010). For the
transport, laying and compaction of asphalt, there is no European standard and the
European standard and national guidance levels are combined into BS 594987 (BSI,
2010b); the national specification level documents cover both the materials and their
transport, laying and compaction.

The BS EN 13108 series were originally drafted primarily for hot mix asphalt mixtures,
although this limitation is not explicitly acknowledged in the title or text. However, the
title of the associated test methods, the BS EN 12697 series (CEN, various), does
acknowledge the limitation in its title of “Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix
asphalt” although most of the test methods (as opposed to the specimen preparation
procedures) are equally applicable to low temperature asphalt mixtures.
The BS EN 13108 series is currently under 5-year review with changes planned, including
extending into warm mix asphalt, although how much will be done in this revision is still
uncertain. It is assumed that it will be extended to explicitly cover warm mix asphalt
(rather than the current situation whereby it is not excluded) whilst cold mix asphalt will
require new parts, for which a part on cold emulsion-based mixtures has already been
started. The position of half-warm mixtures is less clear. Meanwhile, the specimen
preparation procedures in the BS EN 12697 series are being reviewed to make them
applicable to low temperature asphalts, although again some new tests may be required
for cold mix asphalt and the title of the series will need to be changed.
At the national specification level, reference is made to low temperature asphalt, but
most clauses were drafted explicitly for hot mix asphalt and, with the increasing use of
low temperature asphalt (about 20 % of asphalt production in the USA was warm or half-
warm mix asphalt in 2011, Figure 2.2), a more comprehensive set of requirements are
needed if the use of these materials is to be encouraged.

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Figure 2.2 - Development in the production of warm and half-warm mix asphalt
in USA

2.2 Proposed specifications

2.2.1 Overview
Whilst there are plans to update various documents to incorporate the various categories
of low temperature asphalt, there is a need for documents that can be used in the
interim. Therefore, a series of documents have been drafted to cover the European
standard, national guidance and national specification levels for warm mix, half-warm
mix and emulsion-based cold mix asphalt. Only a slight modification has been made to
warm mix because the existing hot mix documents can effectively be used. These
documents have been prepared by TRL in collaboration with Lafarge Tarmac and Nynas
UK AB for the Carbon Trust and the Region Growth Fund.

2.2.2 Warm mix standard

For warm mix asphalt, the only requirement that will not be complied with is the
minimum temperature of the mixture, as given in clause 5.2.10 of BS EN 13108-1 (CEN,
2006) for asphalt concrete. The European standard temperature ranges are given for
each paving grade of bitumen, but there is a statement that “The minimum temperature
of the asphalt mix(ture) at delivery shall be declared by the manufacturer” which makes
the lower bound informative rather than normative. These minimum temperatures are
due to be removed in the next edition expected to be published in 2015. Until then, the
current standards could be used for softer grades (when the minimum is below 140 ºC)
or with the exception being clearly identified. Nevertheless, Appendix A is provided as a
draft specification for warm mix asphalt should one be felt necessary.

2.2.3 Half-warm mix standard

The exception is greater for half-warm mix asphalts, so Appendix B is provided as a draft
specification that provides one approach of specifying half-warm mix asphalt. This
approach specifies half-warm mix asphalt in terms of component materials and
proportions with additional requirements based on performance-related tests. The main
text follows the technical approach used in the various parts of BS EN 13108 (CEN, 2006)

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and is based on the draft revisions following 5-year review of the harmonised European
standards for hot mix asphalt. The specification includes reference to BS 594987 (BSI,
2010b) for transporting, laying and compaction together with compliance requirements
to verify compliance.

2.2.4 Emulsion-based cold mix standard

Appendix C is a draft specification that provides one approach of specifying emulsion-

based cold mix asphalt. This approach specifies emulsion-based cold mix asphalt in
terms of component materials and proportions with additional requirements based on
performance-related tests. The main text is based on the early drafts for a harmonised
European standard that has the same technical approach as used in the various existing
parts of BS EN 13108 (CEN, 2006) whilst the specification includes reference to
BS 594987 (BSI, 2010b) for transporting, laying and compaction with compliance
requirements to verify compliance.

2.2.5 Foamed-bitumen cold mix standard

Foamed-bitumen cold mix asphalt has not been covered because that family of materials
is already well-established with a specification in TRL Report TRL611 (Merrill et al., 2004)
that is supported by clause 947 and 948 of the Specification for Highway Works (HA et
al, 2008).

2.2.6 Supporting appendices

The Appendix A and Appendix B specifications are supported by Appendix D defining how
to treat the grading of reclaimed asphalt and, for Appendix B, there are three informative
appendices equivalent to the example specifications given as figures in the Annexes of
PD 6691 (BSI, 2010a) that are generally used in the UK. These draft national guidance
documents are Appendix E for asphalt concrete, Appendix F for hot rolled asphalt and
Appendix G for stone mastic asphalt.
As with Appendix B, the Appendix C specification is supported by Appendix D on how to
treat the grading of reclaimed asphalt and an informative appendix, Appendix H,
equivalent to the example specifications given as figures in the Annexes of PD 6691 (BSI,
2010a) that are general used in the UK.

2.2.7 Specification clause

Appendix J gives a series of specification requirements based on the 900 series in the
Specification for Highway Works (HA et al., 2008). There are separate sections for warm
mix asphalt, half-warm asphalt and emulsion-based cold-mix asphalt. Appendix K gives
the associated notes for guidance, again in three sections. As such, there is a certain
amount of repetition in the sections of both Appendix J and Appendix K.

2.2.8 Cross-references
In these appendices, cross references are used to the hot mix asphalt documents where
that information is equally appropriate in order to avoid potential conflicts. However, the
references have been kept to the document rather than a specific clause or table (whose
number may change in a future version) so that the document date does not have to be
included in the reference. A referenced document without a date implies the current
version of that standard whilst a dated reference implies that specific version and needs

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to be updated when the reference has been revised or superseded. The lack of dated
references is particularly important because the various parts of BS EN 13108 (CEN,
2006) together with PD 6691 (BSI, 2010a) and BS 594987 (BSI, 2010b) are all expected
to be updated in the next few years. The one exception is that the specific Annexes in
PD 6691 have been referenced without giving the date. This approach is technically
incorrect but was considered pragmatic in order to avoid leaving it unclear which material
annex was applicable without giving dated references that would have needed updating
whenever PD 6691 is revised.

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3 Conclusions
Low temperature asphalts (warm mix asphalt, half-warm mix asphalt and cold mix
asphalt) are increasingly being used, but most of the current specifications are written
around hot mix asphalt. However, there is no reason why these specifications for hot
mix asphalt cannot be modified to become applicable to the various categories of low
temperature asphalt. Very little modification is required for warm mix asphalt, with
increasing modification being required as the mix temperature departs from that for hot
mix asphalt.
Examples of documents for use with low temperature asphalt mixtures have been drafted
and are given in a series of appendices. These drafts cover the various levels of standard
currently available for hot mix asphalt, being modelled on the current European
standards, supporting national guidance documents or the Specification for Highway
Works clauses.

It is intended that the availability of these documents will allow warm mix asphalt, half-
warm asphalt and emulsion-based cold-mix asphalt to be procured and that feedback
from their use will help to develop the European and national documents that will replace
them in due course.

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Acknowledgements
The work described in this report was carried out in the Infrastructure Division of the
Transport Research Laboratory and funded by Lafarge Tarmac as part of a contract with
Business Innovation and Skills. The authors are grateful to Michael McHale for carrying
out the technical review and auditing of this report.
The authors wish to thank the Carbon Trust and the Department for Business, Innovation
and Skills for providing the funding for this project.

The authors are grateful for the guidance, assistance and contribution of the Project
Advisory Group (PAG) formed from industry specifically for this project at inception stage
whose members include:
 Andy Bailey Department for Transport
 Donna James Highways Agency
 Dougie Millar Transport Scotland
 Peter Barclay Leicestershire County Council for Midlands Highway Alliance
 Nick Twaite Worcestershire County Council for West Midlands Highway Alliance
 Andrew Warrington Nottinghamshire County Council
 Iain Waddell Tayside Contracts
 Malcolm Simms Mineral Products Association
 John Barritt Waste and Resources Action Programme
 Al-Karim Govindji Carbon Trust
 Nizar Ghazireh Lafarge Tarmac
 Dennis Day Nynas
 Steve Harris Nynas
 Steve Biczysko Formerly Atkins
 Mike Gibb Formerly Atkins
 Alan Gibbon Mineral Industry Research Organisation
 Cliff Nicholls Transport Research Laboratory

Particular thanks are due to Steve Biczysko for his work as part of the project team for
the earlier stage of this project and to Rod Hook from Leicestershire County Council for
his invaluable support. David Hardy from Lafarge Tarmac is acknowledged for his
contribution to this document and Brian Kent from Lafarge Tarmac for his overall support
and encouragement to this project.

References
British Standards Organisation (2010a). Guidance on the use of BS EN 13108
Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications. PD 6691:2010. London: BSI.

British Standards Organisation (2010b). Asphalt for roads and other paved areas –
Specification for transport, laying, compaction and type testing protocols.
BS 594987:2010. London: BSI.

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Comité Européen de Normalisation (2006). Bituminous mixtures – Material

specifications. BS EN 13108-1:2006 to BS EN 13108-7:2006. London: British Standards
Organisation.

Comité Européen de Normalisation (various). Bituminous mixtures – Test methods

for hot mix asphalt. BS EN 12697-1 to BS EN 12697-47. London: British Standards
Organisation.

Defence Estates (20009, 2010). Asphalt for airfields. SPEC 12, SPEC 13, SPEC 40
and SPEC 49. Sutton Coldfield: Defence Infrastructure Organisation. [On line
www.gov.uk/government/publications/specifications, last accessed April 2013].

European Asphalt Pavement Association (2010). The use of warm mix asphalt.
EAPA position paper. Brussels: EAPA. [On line http://eapa.org/usr_img/position_paper/
the_use_of_warm_mix_asphalt_january_2010.pdf, last accessed May 2013].

Highways Agency, Transport Scotland, Welsh Assembly Government and The

Department for Regional Development Northern Ireland (2008). Road pavements
– Bituminous bound materials. Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works,
Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works, Series 900. London: The Stationery Office,
London. [On line www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/mchw/vol1/pdfs/ series_0900.pdf, last
accessed April 2013].

Merrill, D, M E Nunn and I Carswell (2004). A guide to the use and specification of
cold recycled materials for the maintenance of road pavements. TRL Report TRL611.
Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.

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Appendix A Standard specification for warm mix asphalt

A.1 Scope
This Specification sets out requirements for mixtures of warm mix asphalt for use on
roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. It includes requirements for the selection of
the constituent materials. Warm mix asphalt can be used for surface courses, binder
courses, regulating courses and bases.

A.2 Normative references

This Specification incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text
and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments
to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Specification only when
incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition
of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

BS 594987, Asphalt for roads and other paved areas. Specification for transport, laying,
compaction and type testing protocols

BS EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 13:
Temperature measurement

BS EN 13108-1, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 1: Asphalt concrete

BS EN 13108-2, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 2: Very thin layer

asphalt concrete

BS EN 13108-4, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 4: Hot rolled asphalt

BS EN 13108-5, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 5: Stone mastic

asphalt

BS EN 13108-7, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 7: Porous asphalt

BS EN 13108-20, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 20: Type testing of
asphalt mixes

BS EN 13108-21, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 21: Factory

production control

A.3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations

A.3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Appendix, the terms and definitions given in BS EN 13108-1
together with the following apply.
A.3.1.1
asphalt
homogenous mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, filler aggregate and bituminous
binder which is used in the construction of flexible pavement layers
NOTE: The asphalt may include one or more additives to enhance the laying characteristics,
performance or appearance of the mixture. Natural asphalt is defined in BS EN 13108-4.

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A.3.1.2
warm mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at temperatures at least 20 °C below
conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures but still above 100 °C
A.3.1.3
half-warm mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at temperatures in the range 70 °C to
100 °C
NOTE: Also known as semi-warm mix asphalt
A.3.1.4
cold mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at ambient temperature
A.3.1.5
emulsion-based cold mix asphalt
cold mix asphalt in which the binder is a bituminous emulsion with a viscosity such that
the mix is workable at ambient temperature
A.3.1.6
foamed asphalt
asphalt in which, during mixing, the binder is caused to foam by the presence of steam,
reducing the surface tension and easing coating of the aggregate particles
A.3.1.7
moisture content in the mix
water content expressed in per cent of the dry aggregate mass

A.3.2 Symbols and abbreviations

WMA General designation for a warm mix asphalt.

XX D WMA Designation of mixture type followed by an indication of D, the upper sieve
size of the aggregate in the mixture, in millimetres (mm), and the general
designation for warm mix asphalt.
EXAMPLE: AC 14 WMA is a warm mix asphalt concrete with an upper sieve size of the
aggregate of 14 mm.

A.4 Requirements for constituent materials

A.4.1 General

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

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A.4.2 Binder

A.4.2.1 General

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.4.2.2 Selection of binder

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.
NOTE: The ageing of binder during the mixing and placement of hot mix asphalt, particularly
when using batch mixers, in terms of the binder penetration is generally a reduction of
the order of 33 %, or one binder grade, which does not occur to the same extent for
warm mix asphalt. Consideration should be given to reducing the required binder
penetration where equivalence is intended with hot mix asphalt.

A.4.2.3 Surface courses with reclaimed asphalt

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.4.2.4 Regulating courses, binder courses and bases with reclaimed asphalt

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot
rolled asphalt; or BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt.
NOTE: Not applicable for warm mix very thin layer asphalt concrete or warm mix porous asphalt.

A.4.3 Aggregates

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.4.4 Reclaimed asphalt

A.4.4.1 As with hot mix asphalt, reclaimed asphalt containing tar shall not be used.
A.4.4.2 As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for
warm mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled
asphalt; BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm
mix porous asphalt.
A.4.4.3 If reclaimed asphalt is controlled using analysis of particles without removing
the binder, the aggregate grading in the reclaimed asphalt for calculation of the
aggregate grading in the mixture shall be determined in accordance with Appendix D.

A.4.5 Additives
As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;

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BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.5 Requirements for the warm mix asphalt mixture

A.5.1 General
A.5.1.1 The target composition of the mixture in terms of its constituent materials,
the proportions (in per cent) passing the specified sieves, the target binder content and
where relevant the binder from natural asphalt and the proportion(s) of additive(s) shall
be declared and documented. The target grading curve shall be declared for the sieve
1.4 D and the sieves as called up in A.5.2.
A.5.1.2 At the target composition, the mixture shall conform to the specified
requirements in accordance with this specification.
A.5.1.3 The test results shall be made available.

A.5.2 Composition and grading

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.
NOTE: Coated chippings to BS EN 13108-4 are not included because they are not suitable for
rolling into hot rolled asphalt at warm mix asphalt temperatures.

A.5.3 Binder content

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.5.4 Additives

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.5.5 Properties

A.5.5.1 Specimens

A.5.5.1.1 For application of this Specification, specimens shall be manufactured in

accordance with clause 6.2 of BS EN 13108-20:2014 except for the temperature at which
they are mixed and compacted.

A.5.5.1.2 The temperature at which samples shall be mixed and compacted shall be
at the standard temperature for each operation less the difference between the
temperature at which the warm asphalt will be prepared on site and the temperature at
which hot asphalt will be prepared on site.

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A.5.5.1.3 When testing a sample of warm asphalt for refusal density, the sample
shall be heated to the same temperature as an equivalent hot mix asphalt before
compaction.

A.5.5.1.4 The relevant technology that allows the asphalt to be mixed and laid at a
reduced temperature shall be employed in the manufacture of samples used to
demonstrate the properties of the asphalt mixture. If the technology cannot be
replicated in the laboratory, plant-produced samples shall be used for type testing and
factory production control.

A.5.5.2 Standard properties

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.
NOTE: The ageing of binder during the mixing and placement of hot mix asphalt, particular when
using batch mixers, in terms of the binder penetration is generally a reduction of the
order of 33 %, or one binder grade, which does not occur to the same extent. Where
equivalence is intended with hot mix asphalt and the binder grade selected has been
adjusted, the selected categories of the standard mechanical properties may need to be
adjusted when laboratory prepared mixtures are used to assess the performance.

A.5.6 Temperature of the mixture

A.5.6.1 The maximum temperature requirements apply at any place in the plant and
shall be declared.
A.5.6.2 The minimum temperature of the mixture at delivery shall be declared.
A.5.6.3 Depending on local conditions and for specific application the minimum
temperature, measured according to EN 12697-13, may be specified.
A.5.6.4 When using paving grade binder, the maximum temperature of a warm mix
asphalt, measured according to BS EN 12697-13, shall target ≤140 ºC (grades 20/30 to
70/100), ≤130 ºC (grades 100/150 and 160/220) or ≤120 ºC (grades 250/330 and
330/430).

A.5.6.5 When using modified bitumen or hard grade bitumen, additives or premix
bitumen, different temperatures may be applicable. These shall then be documented and
declared.

A.5.7 Dangerous substances

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

A.5.8 Conflicting specifications

As in BS EN 13108-1 for warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for warm mix very
thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for warm mix
porous asphalt.

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A.6 Identification
The delivery ticket shall contain at least the following information relating to
identification:
 the manufacturer and mixing plant;
 designation of the mixture:

AC/BBTM/HRA/SMA/PA D surf/base/bin Binder WMA

where: AC is Asphalt Concrete;

BBTM is asphalt concrete for very thin layers;
HRA is Hot Rolled Asphalt;
SMA is Stone Mastic Asphalt;
PA is Porous Asphalt;
D is the upper sieve size;
surf is the surface course;
base is the base course;
bin is the binder course;
binder is the designation of binder used;
WMA is warm mix asphalt.
NOTE: Example: SMA 14 base 40/60 WMA (in which 40/60 is the binder used and not the
equivalent properties for hot mix asphalt).

A.7 Transport, laying and compaction

A.7.1 This clause gives general requirements for the transport, placing and compaction
of bituminous mixtures, which are complementary and additional to the requirements of
BS 594987. These requirements and the requirements of BS 594987 shall apply to all
warm mix asphalt mixtures, unless otherwise specified in A.7.2 of this Appendix.
NOTE: BS 594987 states that it “does not cover the supply, laying and compaction of low-
temperature warm mix and other reduced temperature asphalts”. Nevertheless, its main
requirements, other than those on the temperature of the mixture, are generally
applicable to warm mix asphalt.
A.7.2 Minimum delivery and rolling temperatures for warm mix asphalt mixtures shall
be declared by the supplier with evidence to support their suitability.

A.8 Compliance
A.8.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties
(A.4 and A.5) shall be by type testing and factory production control. The factory
production control shall be in accordance with the principles and frequencies of
BS EN 13108-21. A certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be
made available for inspection.
A.8.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties claimed
are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.
A.8.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting the
asphalt (A.7) shall be monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test reports
demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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Appendix B Standard specification for half-warm mix

asphalt

B.1 Scope
This Specification sets out requirements for mixtures of half-warm mix asphalt for use on
roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. It includes requirements for the selection of
the constituent materials. Half-warm mix asphalt can be used for surface courses, binder
courses, regulating courses and bases.

B.2 Normative references

This Specification incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text
and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments
to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Specification only when
incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition
of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

BS 594987, Asphalt for roads and other paved areas. Specification for transport, laying,
compaction and type testing protocols
BS EN 1097-5, Test for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates –
Determination of particle density and water absorption

BS EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 13:
Temperature measurement

BS EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 14:
Water content

BS EN 13108-1, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 1: Asphalt concrete

BS EN 13108-2, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 2: Very thin layer

asphalt concrete
BS EN 13108-4, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 4: Hot rolled asphalt

BS EN 13108-5, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 5: Stone mastic

asphalt
BS EN 13108-7, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 7: Porous asphalt

BS EN 13108-20, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 20: Type testing of

asphalt mixes
BS EN 13108-21, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 21: Factory
production control

B.3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations

B.3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Appendix, the terms and definitions given in BS EN 13108-1
together with the following apply.

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B.3.1.1
asphalt
homogenous mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, filler aggregate and bituminous
binder which is used in the construction of flexible pavement layers
NOTE: The asphalt may include one or more additives to enhance the laying characteristics,
performance or appearance of the mixture. Natural asphalt is defined in BS EN 13108-4.
B.3.1.2
warm mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at temperatures at least 20 °C below
conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures but still above 100 °C
B.3.1.3
half-warm mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at temperatures in the range 70 °C to
100 °C
NOTE: Also known as semi-warm mix asphalt
B.3.1.4
cold mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at ambient temperature
B.3.1.5
emulsion-based cold mix asphalt
cold mix asphalt in which the binder is a bituminous emulsion with a viscosity such that
the mix is workable at ambient temperature
B.3.1.6
foamed asphalt
asphalt in which, during mixing, the binder is caused to foam by the presence of steam,
reducing the surface tension and easing coating of the aggregate particles
B.3.1.7
moisture content in the mix
water content expressed in per cent of the dry aggregate mass

B.3.2 Symbols and abbreviations

HWMA General designation for a half-warm mix asphalt.
XX D HWMA Designation of mixture type followed by an indication of D, the upper sieve
size of the aggregate in the mixture, in millimetres (mm), and the general
designation for half-warm mix asphalt.
EXAMPLE: BBTM 10 HWMA is a half-warm mix very thin asphalt concrete with an upper sieve
size of the aggregate of 10 mm.

B.4 Requirements for constituent materials

B.4.1 General
As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm
mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;

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BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.4.2 Binder

B.4.2.1 General

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.4.2.2 Selection of binder

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.
NOTE: The ageing of binder during the mixing and placement of hot mix asphalt, particularly
when using batch mixers, in terms of the binder penetration is generally a reduction of
the order of 33 %, or one binder grade, which does not occur to the same extent for half-
warm mix asphalt. Consideration should be given to reducing the required binder
penetration where equivalence is intended with hot mix asphalt.

B.4.2.3 Surface courses with reclaimed asphalt

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.4.2.4 Regulating courses, binder courses and bases with reclaimed asphalt

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm

mix hot rolled asphalt; or BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt.
NOTE: Not applicable for half-warm mix very thin layer asphalt concrete or half-warm mix
porous asphalt.

B.4.3 Aggregates

B.4.3.1 General
As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm
mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.4.3.2 Water content of aggregates

The water content of the aggregate prior to mixing shall be determined in accordance
with BS EN 1097-5. The minimum and maximum water contents of the aggregate or a
specified aggregate fraction shall comply with the selected category from Table B.1.

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Table B.1 — Minimum and maximum water content of aggregate,

WAmin and WAmax

Minimum Maximum
Water content (%)
category category

3.0 WAmin 3.0 WAmax 3.0

4.0 WAmin 4.0 WAmax 4.0
5.0 WAmin 5.0 WAmax 5.0
6.0 WAmin 6.0 WAmax 6.0
8.0 – WAmax 8.0
10.0 – WAmax 10.0
No requirement WAmin NR WAmax NR

NOTE: The range between the upper and lower limits selected should be at least 1 %.

B.4.4 Reclaimed asphalt

B.4.4.1 As with hot mix asphalt, reclaimed asphalt containing tar shall not be used.
B.4.4.2 As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for
half-warm mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot
rolled asphalt; BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7
for half-warm mix porous asphalt.
B.4.4.3 If reclaimed asphalt is controlled using analysis of particles without removing
the binder, the aggregate grading in the reclaimed asphalt for calculation of the
aggregate grading in the mixture shall be determined in accordance with Appendix D.

B.4.5 Additives

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.5 Requirements for the half-warm mix asphalt mixture

B.5.1 General
B.5.1.1 The target composition of the mixture in terms of its constituent materials,
the proportions (in per cent) passing the specified sieves, the target binder content and
where relevant the binder from natural asphalt and the proportion(s) of additive(s) shall
be declared and documented. The target grading curve shall be declared for the sieve
1.4 D and the sieves as called up in B.5.2.
B.5.1.2 At the target composition, the mixture shall conform to the specified
requirements in accordance with this specification.
B.5.1.3 The test results shall be made available.

B.5.2 Composition and grading

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm
mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;

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BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.
NOTE: Coated chippings to BS EN 13108-4 are not included because they are not suitable for
rolling into hot rolled asphalt at half-warm mix asphalt temperatures.

B.5.3 Binder content

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.5.4 Additives

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.5.5 Properties

B.5.5.1 Specimens

B.5.5.1.1 For application of this Specification, specimens shall be manufactured in

accordance with clause 6.2 of BS EN 13108-20:2014 except for the temperature at which
they are mixed and compacted and the time between the two operations.

B.5.5.1.2 The temperature at which samples shall be mixed and compacted shall be
at the standard temperature for each operation less the difference between the
temperature at which the half-warm asphalt will be prepared on site and the temperature
at which hot asphalt will be prepared on site.

B.5.5.1.3 The time between the completion of mixing and the start of compaction of
samples shall be (120 ± 10) min, during which time the specimens shall be stored in
their moulds at 95 °C.
NOTE 1: Reheating of specimens should be avoided.
NOTE: Half-warm mixtures will slowly eliminate water after manufacture during the delivery and
application process. Therefore, it is important not to compact laboratory prepared
mixtures immediately because the excess water present may have a negative impact on
some comparative tests. This phenomenon has been studied and conditioning at 95 °C
for 2 h prior to compaction at 95 °C has produced samples with superior water sensitivity
performance to ones compacted immediately.

B.5.5.1.4 When testing a sample of half-warm asphalt for refusal density, the sample
shall be heated to the same temperature as an equivalent hot mix asphalt before
compaction.

B.5.5.1.5 The relevant technology that allows the asphalt to be mixed and laid at a
reduced temperature shall be employed in the manufacture of samples used to
demonstrate the properties of the asphalt mixture. If the technology cannot be
replicated in the laboratory, plant-produced samples shall be used for type testing and
factory production control.

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B.5.5.2 Standard properties

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.
NOTE: The ageing of binder during the mixing and placement of hot mix asphalt, particular when
using batch mixers, in terms of the binder penetration is generally a reduction of the
order of 33 %, or one binder grade, which does not occur to the same extent. Where
equivalence is intended with hot mix asphalt and the binder grade selected has been
adjusted, the selected categories of the standard mechanical properties may need to be
adjusted when laboratory prepared mixtures are used to assess the performance.

B.5.5.3 Water content of asphalt

The water content of freshly mixed half-warm mix asphalt shall be determined in
accordance with BS EN 12697-14. The maximum water content shall comply with the
selected category from Table B.2.
Table B.2 — Maximum water content of asphalt, WCmax

Maximum water content

Category
(%)

1.0 WCmax 1.0

2.0 WCmax 2.0
3.0 WCmax 3.0
4.0 WCmax 4.0
5.0 WCmax 5.0
6.0 WCmax 6.0
No requirement WCmax NR

B.5.6 Temperature of the mixture

B.5.6.1 The maximum temperature requirements apply at any place in the plant and
shall be declared.
B.5.6.2 The minimum temperature of the mixture at delivery shall be declared.
B.5.6.3 Depending on local conditions and for specific application the minimum
temperature, measured according to EN 12697-13, may be specified.
B.5.6.4 When using paving grade binder, the maximum temperature of a half-warm
mix asphalt, measured according to BS EN 12697-13, shall target ≤100 ºC but shall not
exceed 110 ºC.

B.5.6.5 When using modified bitumen or hard grade bitumen, additives or premix
bitumen, different temperatures may be applicable. These shall then be documented and
declared.

B.5.7 Dangerous substances

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

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B.5.8 Conflicting specifications

As in BS EN 13108-1 for half-warm mix asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-2 for half-warm

mix very thin layer asphalt concrete; BS EN 13108-4 for half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt;
BS EN 13108-5 for half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt; or BS EN 13108-7 for half-warm
mix porous asphalt.

B.6 Identification
The delivery ticket shall contain at least the following information relating to
identification:
 the manufacturer and mixing plant;
 designation of the mixture:

AC/BBTM/HRA/SMA/PA D surf/base/bin Binder HWMA

where: AC is Asphalt Concrete;

BBTM is asphalt concrete for very thin layers;
HRA is Hot Rolled Asphalt;
SMA is Stone Mastic Asphalt;
PA is Porous Asphalt;
D is the upper sieve size;
surf is the surface course;
base is the base course;
bin is the binder course;
binder is the designation of binder used;
HWMA is half-warm mix asphalt.
NOTE: Example: SMA 14 base 40/60 HWMA (in which 40/60 is the binder used and not the
equivalent properties for hot mix asphalt).

B.7 Transport, laying and compaction

B.7.1 This clause gives general requirements for the transport, placing and compaction
of bituminous mixtures, which are complementary and additional to the requirements of
BS 594987. These requirements and the requirements of BS 594987 shall apply to all
half-warm mix asphalt mixtures, unless otherwise specified in B.7.2 of this Appendix.
NOTE: BS 594987 states that it “does not cover the supply, laying and compaction of low-
temperature warm mix and other reduced temperature asphalts”. Nevertheless, its main
requirements, other than those on the temperature of the mixture, are generally
applicable to half-warm mix asphalt.

B.7.2 Minimum delivery and rolling temperatures for half-warm mix asphalt mixtures
shall be declared by the supplier with evidence to support their suitability.

B.8 Compliance
B.8.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties
(B.4 and B.5) shall be by type testing and factory production control. The factory
production control shall be in accordance with the principles and frequencies of
BS EN 13108-21. A certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be
made available for inspection.
B.8.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties claimed
are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.

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B.8.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting the
asphalt (B.7) shall be monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test reports
demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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Appendix C Specification for emulsion-based cold mix

asphalt

C.1 Scope
This Specification sets out requirements for mixtures of emulsion-based cold mix asphalt
for use on roads, airfields and other trafficked areas, such as gravel emulsion, dense and
open graded mixtures. It includes requirements for the selection of the constituent
materials. Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt can be used for surface courses, binder
courses, regulating courses and bases. This Specification does not cover in-situ recycling
or bagged cold ready-use mixtures.

C.2 Normative references

This Specification incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text
and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments
to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Specification only when
incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition
of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
ASTM D6998, Standard practice for evaluating aggregate coating using emulsified
asphalts

BS 594987, Asphalt for roads and other paved areas. Specification for transport, laying,
compaction and type testing protocols

BS EN 1097-5, Test for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates –

Determination of particle density and water absorption
BS EN 12591, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Specifications for paving grade
bitumens

BS EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 1:
Soluble binder content

BS EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 2:
Determination of particle size distribution
BS EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 6:
Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens

BS EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 8:
Determination of voids characteristics of bituminous specimen

BS EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 10:
Compactibility

BS EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 12:
Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens

BS EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 22:
Wheel tracking

BS EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 25:
Cyclic compression

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BS EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 26:
Stiffness

BS EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 27:
Sampling
BS EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 30:
Specimen preparation by impact compactor

BS EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 31:
Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor

BS EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 33:
Specimen prepared by roller compactor
BS EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures – Test methods for hot mix asphalt – Part 34:
Marshall test

BS EN 13043, Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads,
airfields and other trafficked areas

BS EN 13108-1, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 1: Asphalt concrete

BS EN 13108-4, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 4: Hot rolled asphalt

BS EN 13108-5, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 5: Stone mastic
asphalt

BS EN 13108-21, Bituminous mixtures – Material specifications – Part 21: Factory

production control

BS EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements –

Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests
BS EN 13808, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Framework for specifying cationic
bituminous emulsions

BS EN 13924, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Specifications for hard paving grade
bitumens

BS EN 14023, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Framework specification for polymer

modified bitumens

BS EN 15322, Framework for specifying cut-back and fluxed bituminous binders

C.3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations

C.3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Appendix, the terms and definitions given in BS EN 13108-1
together with the following apply.
C.3.1.1
asphalt
homogenous mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, filler aggregate and bituminous
binder which is used in the construction of flexible pavement layers
NOTE: The asphalt may include one or more additives to enhance the laying characteristics,
performance or appearance of the mixture. Natural asphalt is defined in BS EN 13108-4.

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C.3.1.2
warm mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at temperatures at least 20 °C below
conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures but still above 100 °C
C.3.1.3
half-warm mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at temperatures in the range 70 °C to
100 °C
NOTE: Also known as semi-warm mix asphalt.
C.3.1.4
cold mix asphalt
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are continuously graded or gap-graded to form
an interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at ambient temperature
C.3.1.5
emulsion-based cold mix asphalt
cold mix asphalt in which the binder is a bituminous emulsion with a viscosity such that
the mix is workable at ambient temperature
C.3.1.6
foamed asphalt
asphalt in which, during mixing, the binder is caused to foam by the presence of steam,
reducing the surface tension and easing coating of the aggregate particles
C.3.1.7
emulsion content
proportion of bituminous emulsion by mass versus dry aggregate mass in per cent
C.3.1.8
residual anhydrous binder
binder in which water is evaporated
C.3.1.9
residual anhydrous binder content in the mix
residual anhydrous binder content expressed in per cent of the dry aggregate mass
C.3.1.10
moisture content in the mix
water content expressed in per cent of the dry aggregate mass

C.3.2 Symbols and abbreviations

CME General designation for an emulsion-based cold mix asphalt.

XX D CME Designation of asphalt mixture type followed by an indication of D, the
upper sieve size of the aggregate in the mixture, in millimetres (mm), and
the general designation for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt.
EXAMPLE: SMA 6 CME is an emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt having an upper
sieve size of the aggregate of 6 mm.

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C.4 Requirements for constituent materials

C.4.1 General

As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or BS EN 13108-5

for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

C.4.2 Binder

C.4.2.1 General

C.4.2.1.1 The emulsion shall conform to BS EN 13808. The binder shall be emulsion
from paving grade bitumen, modified bitumen, fluxed bitumen or hard grade bitumen
conforming to BS EN 12591, BS EN 14023, BS EN 15322 or BS EN 13924, respectively.

C.4.2.1.2 Natural asphalt may be added and shall conform to BS EN 13108-4.

C.4.2.2 Category of bituminous emulsion

The cationic bituminous emulsion category (B, P, F and breaking value) shall be selected
from BS EN 13808. Depending on the conditions of use, the grade of the bitumen, the
type and grade of modified bitumen and the amount and category of natural asphalt may
be specified.

C.4.3 Aggregates

As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or BS EN 13108-5

for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

C.4.4 Reclaimed asphalt

C.4.4.1 As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or
BS EN 13108-5 for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.
C.4.4.2 The use of reclaimed asphalt containing tar is permitted unless otherwise
specified.
NOTE: All reclaimed asphalt containing coal tar has to be treated in accordance with the latest
Regulatory Position Statement as published by the Environment Agency and also in line
with the advice given in the latest ADEPT document.
C.4.4.3 If reclaimed asphalt is controlled using analysis of particles without removing
the binder, the aggregate grading in the reclaimed asphalt for calculation of the
aggregate grading in the mixture shall be determined in accordance with Appendix D.

C.4.5 Additives

As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or BS EN 13108-5

for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

C.5 Requirements for the cold mix asphalt mixture

C.5.1 General
C.5.1.1 The target composition of the mixture in terms of its constituent materials,
the proportions (in per cent) passing the specified sieves, the target binder content and
where relevant the binder from natural asphalt and the proportion(s) of additive(s) shall

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be declared and documented. The target grading curve shall be declared for the sieve
1.4 D and the sieves as called up in C.5.2.
C.5.1.2 At the target composition the mixture shall conform to the specified
requirements in accordance with this specification.
C.5.1.3 The test results shall be made available.

C.5.2 Composition and grading

As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or BS EN 13108-5

for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

C.5.3 Residual anhydrous content

C.5.3.1 The minimum residual anhydrous binder content shall be specified, either by
requirement from Table C.1 or by requirement from the coating test in C.5.5.
C.5.3.2 The minimum residual anhydrous binder content of the target composition
shall comply with the selected category from Table C.1. The binder content requirements
shall be corrected by multiplying by the factor:
2,650

a
where:
ρa is the apparent particle density, in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m 3), determined
on the weighted mean of the total mineral fraction according to BS EN 1097-5.
NOTE: The binder content includes binder in reclaimed asphalt and natural asphalt when used.

Table C.1 — Minimum residual anhydrous binder content, Bmin

Minimum residual Minimum residual

anhydrous binder content Category anhydrous binder content Category
(% to change) (% to change)

3.0 Bmin 3.0 5.8 Bmin 5.8

3.5 Bmin 3.5 6.2 Bmin 6.2

4.0 Bmin 4.0 6.6 Bmin 6.6

4.5 Bmin 4.5 7.0 Bmin 7.0

5.0 Bmin 5.0 7.4 Bmin 7.4

5.4 Bmin 5.4 No requirement Bmin NR

C.5.4 Air voids content

Specimens at the target composition shall be compacted in accordance with
BS EN 12697-31 for 100 gyrations. The bulk density and maximum density shall be
determined in accordance with BS EN 12697-6 (Procedure C, sealed specimen using wax)
and BS EN 12697-6 (Procedure A, volumetric in water), respectively. The air voids content
of the specimens, measured in accordance with BS EN 12697-8, shall lie between
maximum and minimum values selected from the categories in Table C.2 and C.3.

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Table C.2 — Maximum air voids Table C.3 — Minimum air voids
content, Vmax content, Vmin

Maximum air Minimum air voids

Category Category
voids content (%) content (%)

8.0 Vmax 8.0 4.0 Vmin 4.0

10.0 Vmax 10.0 4.5 Vmin 4.5

5.0 Vmin 5.0
12.0 Vmax 12.0
5.5 Vmin 5.5
14.0 Vmax 14.0
6.0 Vmin 6.0
16.0 Vmax 16.0
No requirement Vmin NR
18.0 Vmax 18.0

20.0 Vmax 20.0

No requirement Vma NR

C.5.5 Coating and homogeneity

The coating of specimens at the target composition compacted in accordance with

BS EN 12697-31 for 100 gyrations and tested in accordance with ASTM D6998-11 shall
comply with the selected category from Table C.4.

C.5.6 Water sensitivity

Four 150 mm diameter x 75 mm to 100 mm high, cylinder test specimens at the target
composition shall be compacted to refusal by vibratory compaction in a cylindrical metal
mould, using the compaction mould assembly and vibratory hammer described in
BS EN 12697-32. The specimens shall be cured for a period of 72 h at a nominal
temperature of 60 ºC and then conditioned in air for a minimum period of 12 h at 20 ºC.
The specimens shall be tested in accordance with BS EN 12697-26 to determine the
IT-CY stiffness (dry), then immersed in water at 20 ºC for a minimum period of 24 h and
the IT-CY stiffness tests (wet) repeated on each specimen. The water sensitivity shall be
the wet IT-CY stiffness as a proportion of the dry IT-CY stiffness and shall comply with
the selected category for the indirect tensile strength ratio or compressive strength ratio
from Table C.5.
Table C.4 — Minimum coating, Cmin
Table C.5 — Minimum water
sensitivity, IT-CYwet/dry
Minimum coating
Category
(%) Minimum ratio
Category
75 Cmin75 (%)

70 Cmin 70 80 IT-CY wet/dry 80

No requirement C 70 IT-CY wet/dry 70

min NR
60 IT-CY wet/dry 60
50 IT-CY wet/dry 50
No requirement IT-CY wet/dry NR

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C.5.7 Resistance to permanent deformation (Rut depth and rut rate in wheel-
tracking)

The resistance to permanent deformation of specimens at the target composition

compacted in accordance with BS EN 12697-33 to the air voids content determined for
0 ± 1.0 % and tested (28 ± 1) days later (when stored at ambient temperature) or
(7 days ± 4 h) later (when stored at (40 ± 5) °C) in accordance with BS EN 12697-22
shall comply with the selected category from Tables C.6 or C.7.
Table C.6 — Resistance to Table C.7 — Resistance to
permanent deformation, small size permanent deformation, small size
device, Procedure B, conditioning in device, Procedure B, conditioning in
air, maximum wheel tracking slope, air, maximum proportional rut
WTSAIR depth, PRD

Maximum wheel tracking Maximum

slope Category proportional rut Category
(mm per 103 load cycles) depth (%)

0.03 WTSAIR 0.03 1.0 PRD AIR 1.0

0.05 WTSAIR 0.05 1.5 PRD AIR 1.5

0.07 WTSAIR 0.07 2.0 PRD AIR 2.0

0.10 WTSAIR 0.10 3.0 PRD AIR 3.0

0.15 WTSAIR 0.15 5.0 PRD AIR 5.0

0.20 WTSAIR 0.20 7.0 PRD AIR 7.0

0.30 WTSAIR 0.30 9.0 PRD AIR 9.0

0.40 WTSAIR 0.40 No requirement PRD AIR NR

0.50 WTSAIR 0.50

0.60 WTSAIR 0.60

0.80 WTSAIR 0.80

1.00 WTSAIR 1.00

No requirement WTSAIR NR

C.5.8 Reaction to fire

Cold mix asphalt is class Cfl reaction to fire according to BS EN 13501-1 without testing.

C.5.9 Resistance to fuel for application on airfields

The resistance to fuel of specimens at the target composition measure in accordance

with BS EN 12697-43 shall comply with the selected category from good, moderate, poor
or no requirement.
NOTE: The classifications will have to be defined here after the current revision of
BS EN 12697-43, which will remove the definition of the categories good, moderate and
poor in that document, is published.

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C.5.10 Marshall values for application on airfields

The Marshall stability, the Marshall flow and the Marshall quotient, of specimens at the
target composition compacted in accordance with BS EN 12697-30 and tested
(28 ± 1) days later (when stored at ambient temperature) or (7 days ± 4 h) later (when
stored at (40 ± 5) °C) in accordance with BS EN 12697-34 shall comply with the
selected categories in Tables C.8, C.9 and C.10, respectively. When both a minimum
and maximum value for Marshall flow are selected, the range shall be at least 2.
Table C.8 — Minimum and minimum Marshall stability, Smin and Smax

Minimum Maximum
Marshall stability (kN)
category category

15.0 – Smax 15.0

12.5 Smin 12.5 Smax 12.5

10.0 Smin 10.0 Smax 10.0

7.5 Smin 7.5 Smax 7.5

5.0 Smin 5.0 –

2.5 Smin 2.5 –

No requirement Smin NR Smax NR

Table C.9 — Marshall flow, F Table C.10 — Minimum Marshall

quotient, Qmin
Marshall flow Minimum Maximum
(mm) category category Minimum Marshall quotient
Category
Fmin 1 (kN/mm)
1 –
4.0 Qmin 4.0
1.5 Fmin 1.5 –
3.5 Qmin 3.5
2 Fmin 2 Fmax 2
3.0 Qmin 3.0
3 Fmin 3 Fmax 3
2.5 Qmin 2.5
4 Fmin 4 Fmax 4
2.0 Qmin 2.0
5 – Fmax 5
1.5 Qmin 1.5
8 – Fmax 8
1.0 Qmin 1.0
No requirement Fmin NR Fmax NR
No requirement Qmin NR

C.5.11 Compactibility

The minimum air voids content of samples at the target composition, determined in
accordance with BS EN 12697-10, after compaction by 10 gyrations shall comply with
the selected category from Table C.11.

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Table C.11 — Maximum void content at 10 gyrations, V10Gmin

Maximum void content at

Category
10 gyrations (%)

25.0 V10Gmin 25

20.0 V10Gmin 20

18.0 V10Gmin 18

14.0 V10Gmin 14

11.0 V10Gmin 11

9.0 V10Gmin 9

No requirement V10Gmin NR

C.5.12 Stiffness
The stiffness of specimens at the target composition cored in accordance with
BS EN 12697-27 from a slab compacted in accordance with BS EN 12697-33 to the air
voids content determined for C.5.4 ± 1.0 % and tested (28 ± 1) days (when stored at
ambient temperature) or (7 days ± 4 h) (when stored at (40 ± 5) °C) after compaction
in accordance with BS EN 12697-26 shall comply with the selected category from
Table C.12.
Table C.12 — Minimum stiffness, Smin

Minimum stiffness Minimum stiffness

Category Category
(MPa) (MPa)

9 000 Smin 9 000 1 800 Smin 1 800

7 000 Smin 7 000 1 500 Smin 1 500

5 500 Smin 5 500 1 200 Smin 1 200

4 500 Smin 4 500 1 000 Smin 1 000

3 600 Smin 3 600 800 Smin 800

2 800 Smin 2 800 600 Smin 600

2 200 Smin 2 200 No requirement Smin NR

C.5.13 Resistance to permanent deformation in tri-axial compression test

The creep rate of specimens at the target composition cored in accordance with
BS EN 12697-27 from a slab compacted in accordance with BS EN 12697-33 to the air
voids content determined for C.5.4 ± 1.0 % and tested (28 ± 1) days (when stored at
ambient temperature) or (7 days ± 4 h) (when stored at (40 ± 5) °C) after compaction
in accordance with BS EN 12697-25 shall comply with the selected category from
Table C.13.

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Table C.13 — Maximum creep rate, fcmax

Creep rate fc Creep rate fc

Category Category
(m/m/N) (m/m/N)

0.2 fcmax 0.2 2 fcmax 2

0.4 fcmax 0.4 4 fcmax 4
0.6 fcmax 0.6 6 fcmax 6
0.8 fcmax 0.8 8 fcmax 8
1.0 fcmax 1.0 10 fcmax 10
1.2 fcmax 1.2 12 fcmax 12
1.4 fcmax 1.4 14 fcmax 14
1.6 fcmax 1.6 16 fcmax 16

No requirement fcmax NR

C.5.14 Dangerous substances

As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or BS EN 13108-5

for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

C.5.15 Conflicting specifications

As in BS EN 13108-1 for emulsion-based cold mix asphalt concrete; or BS EN 13108-5

for emulsion-based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

C.6 Identification
The delivery ticket shall contain at least the following information relating to
identification:
 the manufacturer and mixing plant;
 designation of the mixture:

AC/SMA D surf/base/bin Binder CME

where: AC is Asphalt Concrete;

SMA is Stone Mastic Asphalt;
D is the upper sieve size;
Surf is the surface course;
base is the base course;
bin is the binder course;
binder is the designation of binder used;
CME is emulsion-based Cold Mix Asphalt.
NOTE: Example: AC 14 surf C60 B5 CME.

C.7 Transport, laying and compaction

C.7.1 This clause gives general requirements for the transport, placing and
compaction of bituminous mixtures, which are complementary and additional to the
requirements of BS 594987. These requirements and the requirements of BS 594987
shall apply to all emulsion-based cold mix asphalt mixtures, unless otherwise specified in
C.7.2 to C.7.4 of this Appendix.

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NOTE: BS 594987 states that it “does not cover the supply, laying and compaction of low-
temperature warm mix and other reduced temperature asphalts”. Nevertheless, its main
requirements, other than those on the temperature of the mixture, are generally
applicable to emulsion-based cold mix asphalt.

C.7.2 The substrate onto which emulsion-based cold mix asphalt is to be laid shall
have a stiffness determined by in situ testing using a dynamic plate from the selected
category in Table C.14.
Table C.14 – Minimum stiffness of substrate, Sf min

Minimum stiffness (MPa) Category

500 Sf min 500

400 Sf min 400

300 Sf min 300

250 Sf min 250

200 Sf min 200

150 Sf min 150

100 Sf min 100

50 Sf min 50

No requirement Sf min NR

NOTE: Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt mixtures are hybrid granular materials and, therefore,
need a slightly different approach to traditional hot mix asphalt.
C.7.3 Where the existing substrate fails to comply with C.7.2, the substrate shall be
stabilised or replaced so that the stabilised or replaced substrate does comply.
C.7.4 No minimum delivery or rolling temperatures for cold mix asphalt mixture shall
be enforced.
C.7.5 Compaction of emulsion-based cold mix asphalt shall include not less than four
passes with a pneumatic tyre roller (PTR). For layers other than the surface course, this
requirement can be omitted with prior approval by the Overseeing Organisation.

C.8 Compliance

C.8.1 General
C.8.1.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties
(C.4 and 0) shall be by type testing to C.8.2 and factory production control to C.8.3. A
certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be made available for
inspection.
C.8.1.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties
claimed are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.
C.8.1.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting
the asphalt (C.7) shall be monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test
reports demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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C.8.2 Type testing

C.8.2.1 For each mix formulation, type testing shall be carried out to provide proof
that the formulation meets the relevant requirements. A complete set of tests or other
procedures shall be undertaken to determine the performance of samples of bituminous
mixtures representative of the product type against all the required properties.
C.8.2.2 Where raw materials are used whose characteristics have already been
determined by the material supplier on the basis of conformity with other technical
specifications, these characteristics need not be reassessed provided that the raw
material’s performance remain the same.
C.8.2.3 All testing shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the appropriate test
method on samples taken strictly in accordance with the appropriate sampling method to
be representative of the normal constituents and mixed materials.
C.8.2.4 Type testing shall be carried out before the mixture is used and then at a
frequency of at least once every five years.

C.8.3 Factory production control

C.8.3.1 The manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain a Factory
Production Control (FPC) system to ensure that the products placed on site comply with
the declared performance of the required properties. The FPC system shall consist of
procedures, regular inspections and tests and/or assessments and the use of the results
to control raw and other incoming materials or components, equipment, the production
process and the product.
C.8.3.2 The manufacturer shall establish and maintain his policy and procedures for
Factory Production Control in a quality plan. The quality plan shall particularly include a
means for identifying and detailing the specific processes, which directly affect product
quality and conformity. The quality plan shall particularly include:
 manufacturer’s organisational structure relating to conformity and quality;
 document control;
 control procedures for constituent materials and purchaser supplied product;
 process control;
 requirements for the handling and storage of the product;
 plant calibration and maintenance;
 requirements for inspection and testing of processes and products;
 procedures for handling non-conformity
 frequencies of inspection and testing.
C.8.3.3 The quality plan shall identify those items of measuring equipment which
require calibration. The frequency of such calibration shall comply with the requirements
of Table C.15.

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Table C.15 — Minimum plant calibration requirements

Item of plant Inspection/test Purpose Minimum frequency

Visual inspection as To ascertain that

described in weighing equipment is Daily
procedures functioning correctly
Weighing equipment
Testing of weighing To ensure accuracy a) On installation *,
accuracy — within quality plan b) Every year, and
(recalibration) requirements c) In case of doubt
To ascertain that
First batch of the day
Organoleptic inspection dispenser is functioning
containing admixture
correctly
Admixture dispensers
Test for accuracy as To ensure accuracy a) On installation *,
described in within quality plan b) Every year, and
procedures. requirements c) In case of doubt
Comparison of the a) On installation *,
To ensure accuracy
actual amount with the
Flow meters within quality plan b) Every year, and
metered amount by
requirements c) In case of doubt
reconciliation
Comparison of actual
mass of constituents in
To ascertain the a) On installation *,
the batch with the
Batching system batching accuracy in
intended mass using b) Every year, and
(on batch plants) accordance with the
the method c) In case of doubt
quality plan
prescribed in the
quality plan
Comparison of actual
mass in a measured a) On installation *,
To ascertain the
Proportioning system period of time with the
accuracy in accordance b) Every year, and
(on continuous plants) intended mass using
with the quality plan c) In case of doubt
the method prescribed
in the quality plan
To ascertain the
Visual as described in
equipment is Daily
procedures
functioning correctly
Temperature,
monitoring equipment Test of accuracy as To ensure correct a) On installation *,
described in temperatures are b) Every year, and
procedures. recorded c) In case of doubt

NOTE: “In case of doubt” refers to the reasonable judgement of an experienced plant operator
* Or after comprehensive repair
C.8.3.4 Incoming constituent materials shall be inspected and tested using
procedures detailed in the quality plan and to a schedule complying with Table C.16 for
aggregates, Table C.17 for filler, Table C.18 for binders, Table C.19 for additives and
Table C.20 for reclaimed asphalt.
NOTE: These tables may include the results of tests and inspections by the supplier as part of
his Factory Production Control.

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Table C.16 — Minimum inspection and test frequencies for aggregates

Inspection/Test Purpose Frequency

Source approval before initial

Tests for intrinsic properties of
To check suitability for intended use use in accordance with
aggregate (strength etc.)
BS EN 13043
To check consignment is as ordered
Inspection of delivery ticket * Each delivery
and from correct source
For comparison with normal
Organoleptic check of stockpile * appearance with respect to source, Daily
grading, shape and impurities
a) First delivery from new
source,
To assess compliance with standard
By sieve analysis b) In case of doubt following
or other agreed grading
organoleptic check, and
c) 1 per 2 000 t / product / size
a) First delivery from new
Shape, crushed particle index, To assess compliance with standard source,
etc. or other agreed specification b) In case of doubt, and
c) As indicated in quality plan
Moisture content Process control As indicated in the quality plan

* These requirements will not apply in the case of direct supplies from an aggregate production
unit to an asphalt plant on the same site.

Table C.17 — Minimum inspection and test frequencies for filler

Inspection/test Purpose Frequency

Tests for intrinsic properties of

To check suitability for Supplier approval before initial use in
filler (bulk density, stiffening
intended use accordance with BS EN 13043
properties etc.)
To check consignment is as
Inspection of delivery ticket ordered and from the correct Each delivery
source
To check compliance with a) First delivery from new source, and
Sieve analysis standard or other agreed
grading b) As indicated in the quality plan

Table C.18 — Minimum inspection and test frequencies for binders

Inspection/test Purpose Frequency

To confirm characteristics of Source approval before initial

Intrinsic properties of binder product and compliance with use in accordance with the
appropriate specification relevant binder standards
To check consignment is as
Inspection of delivery ticket ordered and from the correct Each delivery
source

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Table C.19 — Minimum inspection and test frequencies for additives

Inspection/test Purpose Frequency

To confirm characteristics of a) Source approval prior to

Appropriate tests to determine intrinsic initial use and
product or check compliance
properties
with specification b) As stated in the quality plan
To check that consignment is
Inspection of delivery ticket as ordered and from the Each delivery
correct source
Each delivery, if practicable;
For comparison with normal
Organoleptic check of consignment otherwise in accordance with
appearance
quality plan

Table C.20 — Minimum inspection and test frequencies for reclaimed asphalt

Inspection/test Purpose Frequency

For comparison with normal

appearance with respect to
Organoleptic check of feedstock Daily
source, grading, shape and
impurities
Moisture content Process control As indicated by the quality plan

C.8.3.5 The finished bituminous mixture shall be inspected and tested using
procedures detailed in the quality plan and to a schedule complying with the
requirements of this clause, Table C.21 and Table C.22. Appropriate statistical records
shall be maintained in order to monitor and verify process capability and product
characteristics.
Table C.21 — Minimum inspection/test frequencies for delivered product

Inspection/test Purpose Frequency

For comparison with normal

appearance with respect to
Organoleptic check on mixed asphalt Every load
grading, evenness of mixing
and adequacy of coating
To ensure material conforms to
Grading and binder content Weekly
specification
Other characteristics included in
To assess conformity As detailed in quality plan
technical specifications
Cleanliness of delivery vehicles by
To avoid contamination Every load prior to loading
visual assessment

C.8.3.6 The construction tolerances of individual measurements from the target

grading and binder contents shall be as given Table C.22.

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Table C.22 — Construction tolerances from the target in absolute proportion

individual samples

Tolerance about target composition (%)

Sieve size / binder content
Small aggregates Large aggregates

D –8 +5 –9 +5
Characteristic coarse sieve ±7 ±9
2 mm ±6 ±7
Characteristic fine sieve ±4 ±5
0,063 mm ±2 ±3
Soluble binder content ± 0.5 ± 0.6

NOTE 1: Small aggregate mixtures have D < 16 mm; large aggregate mixtures have D ≥ 16 mm.
NOTE 2: A tolerance of –2 % shall apply to the requirement of 100 % passing 1.4 D.

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Appendix D Aggregate grading of reclaimed asphalt

(Normative)

D.1 Approach
D.1.1 The grading of the reclaimed asphalt can be used as the grading of the
aggregate in the reclaimed asphalt if:
 the reclaimed asphalt is sufficiently aged so that the conglomerated particles on it will
not be broken down during the mixing process; and/or
 the reclaimed asphalt is to be added at a small enough proportion that the difference
in the grading of the reclaimed asphalt and that of the aggregate particles in the
reclaimed asphalt will not significantly affect the overall grading of the new mixture.
NOTE 1: The first option is when the reclaimed asphalt is regarded as “black rock”.
NOTE 2: The second option is generally when the reclaimed asphalt at proportions up to about
10 %.
D.1.2 If D.1.1 is not applicable, carry out a comparison in accordance with D.2 to D.5.

D.2 Fractions
A sample shall be taken of each fraction that the reclaimed asphalt will be separated into
for production in accordance with BS EN 12697-27.
NOTE: The use of more fractions, whilst requiring more analysis, will allow the required
aggregate and binder contents to be met more easily, particularly at high proportions of
reclaimed asphalt.

D.3 Analysis
D.3.1 Take a sample of the reclaimed asphalt particles from each stockpile containing
a fraction in accordance with BS EN 12697-27.
D.3.2 If required, determine the grading of each sample in accordance with
BS EN 12697-2.
D.3.3 Analyse the sample in accordance with BS EN 12697-1 for binder content and
the grading of the aggregate particles in the fraction in accordance with BS EN 12697-2.

D.4 Results
D.4.1 If required, the grading analysis from D.3.2 can be plotted against the analysis
from D.3.3 to determine the extent of the difference.
D.4.2 The contribution to the binder content of the new mixture from the reclaimed
asphalt shall be determined as:
∑( )

where: bRA is the binder content of the new mixture from the reclaimed asphalt
bf, i is the binder contents of fraction i determined in D.3.3
pf, i is the proportion of fraction i of the reclaimed asphalt added to the new
mixture.

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D.4.3 The contribution to the aggregate in the new mixture passing each sieve size
from the reclaimed asphalt shall be determined as:

∑( )

where: aRA, j is the proportion of aggregate in the new mixture that passes sieve size j
and comes from the reclaimed asphalt
bf, i is the proportion of aggregate passing sieve size j from fraction i
determined in D.3.3
pf, i is the proportion of fraction i of the reclaimed asphalt added to the new
mixture.

D.5 Validity
D.5.1 The grading of the reclaimed asphalt particles in the fraction shall be determined
not less than once per 500 tonnes of production of that fraction or whenever the
source(s) of reclaimed asphalt change.
NOTE: Where the reclaimed asphalt is sourced from multiple sources, a change would be
considered to have occurred if the proportion from any one of the sources changes by
more than 20 %.

D.5.2 The conversion of the grading of the reclaimed asphalt particles into the grading
of the aggregate particles and associated binder content shall only be valid providing the
grading of the reclaimed asphalt particles in the fraction does not differ from that
determined in D.4.3 by more than 5 % for each sieve size other than 0.06 mm and by
more than 1 % for the 0.06 mm sieve.

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Appendix E Example standard specification for half-

warm asphalt concrete
(informative)

E.1 General
Half-warm mix asphalt concrete mixtures shall conform to the specification for half-warm
mix asphalt in Appendix B.

E.2 Constituent materials

E.2.1 Binder

The binder shall be paving grade bitumen conforming to BS EN 12591 or polymer-

modified bitumen conforming to BS EN 14023.

E.2.2 Bitumen

E.2.2.1 Paving grades

E.2.2.1.1 The preferred paving grades for half-warm mix asphalt concrete are
30/45, 40/60, 70/100, 100/150, 160/220 and 250/330.
NOTE: 70/100 and 100/150 pen paving grade bitumen may be produced by blending in the
mixer at the asphalt plant.

E.2.2.1.2 Paving grades can be blended. The grades used for blending shall be not
harder than 30/45 pen or softer than 160/220 pen, and shall conform to BS EN 12591.
The producer shall be able to demonstrate that the plant is capable of adequately
blending the bitumens. Measures for ensuring consistency of proportioning of the blend
shall be included in plant quality management systems. These shall include evidence of
type tests carried out on a laboratory blend of the bitumens to demonstrate conformity
to BS EN 12591. The quality assurance/management systems shall also include the
steps to be taken to demonstrate the continuing adequacy of the process following
significant changes being made to those parts of the plant involved in the process of
bitumen blending. No grades of bitumen harder than 70/100 pen shall be blended in the
mixer.
NOTE 1: Other grades may be in-plant blended provided that the resulting bitumen can be
sampled and tested before it is added to the aggregate to ensure it conforms to
BS EN 12591.
NOTE 2: The grades of binders recommended here are suitable for machine-laid materials. For
hand-laid mixtures and for deferred set and depot stock mixtures, petroleum bitumen
conforming to BS EN 12591:2000, Table 1, Grade 160/220 or 250/330 pen, to which a
flux oil conforming to the requirements shown in E.2.3 has been added, should be used.

E.2.2.2 Polymer modified bitumen

NOTE: Because polymer-modified bitumens in the UK are proprietary materials, selection of an
appropriate polymer modified bitumen should be agreed between supplier and user.

E.2.3 Fluxing of hand-laid materials

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

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E.2.4 Aggregates

E.2.4.1 General

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.2.4.2 Water content of aggregates

If the system has been pre-selected, the minimum and/or maximum water contents of
the aggregate or a specified aggregate fraction can be limited, otherwise the aggregate
shall be classed as WAmin NR and WAmax NR.

E.2.5 Additives

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3 Mixture specifications

E.3.1 Binder content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.2 Designed base mixtures

E.3.2.1 Aggregate grading and binder content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that the binder shall conform to BS EN 12591 grade
100/150, 70/100, 35/50 or 20/30.

E.3.2.2 Air voids content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.2.3 Resistance to permanent deformation

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.3 Designed binder course mixtures

E.3.3.1 Aggregate grading and binder content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that the binder shall conform to BS EN 12591 grade
100/150, 70/100, 35/50 or 20/30.

E.3.3.2 Air voids content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.3.3 Resistance to permanent deformation

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.4 EME2 mixtures

E.3.4.1 Aggregate grading and binder content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

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E.3.4.2 Air voids content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.4.3 Water sensitivity

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.4.4 Deformation resistance

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.4.5 Stiffness modulus

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.4.6 Fatigue properties

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

E.3.5 Recipe dense base and binder course

E.3.5.1 Aggregate grading and binder content

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that the binder shall conform to BS EN 12591 grade
100/150, 70/100, 35/50 or 20/30.

E.3.6 Other base and binder course

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that the binder shall conform to BS EN 12591 grade
160/220, 100/150 or 70/100.

E.3.7 Recipe surface courses

E.3.7.1 Paving graded surface course

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that the binder shall conform to BS EN 12591 grade
160/220 or 100/150.

E.3.7.2 Close graded surface course

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that the binder shall conform to BS EN 12591 grade
160/220, 100/150, 70/100 (preferred grade) or 50/70.

E.3.7.3 Dense, medium graded and fine graded surface course

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except that advice on the selection of binder grade is given
in Table E.1.

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Table E.1 – Guidance on selection of binder grades

Paving grade AC 6 dense surf AC 6 med surf AC 4 fine surf

50/70 ✓ — —

70/100 ✓ * — —

100/150 ✓ ✓ * ✓ *

160/220 ✓ ✓ ✓

* Preferred grade.

E.3.8 Water content of asphalt

The water content of freshly mixed half-warm mix asphalt shall be determined in
accordance with BS EN 12697-14. The maximum water content shall comply with
category WCmax 2.0.

E.3.9 Temperature of the mixture

The maximum temperature of a half-warm mix asphalt concrete, measured according to
BS EN 12697-13, shall target ≤100 ºC but shall not exceed 110 ºC.
NOTE: BS 594987 does not give guidance on suitable minimum temperatures at delivery and for
compaction of half-warm mixtures; the supplier of the mixture should provide details.

E.4 Transport, laying and compaction

E.4.1 This clause gives general requirements for the transport, placing and
compaction of bituminous mixtures, which are complementary and additional to the
requirements of BS 594987. These requirements and the requirements of BS 594987
shall apply to all half-warm mix asphalt mixtures, unless otherwise specified in E.4.2 of
this Appendix.
NOTE: BS 594987 states that it “does not cover the supply, laying and compaction of low-
temperature warm mix and other reduced temperature asphalts”. Nevertheless, its main
requirements, other than those on the temperature of the mixture, are generally
applicable to half-warm mix asphalt.
E.4.2 Minimum delivery and rolling temperatures for half-warm mix asphalt mixtures
shall be declared by the supplier with evidence to support their suitability.

E.5 Compliance
E.5.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties (E.1
to E.3) shall be by type testing and factory production control. The factory production
control shall be in accordance with the principles and frequencies of BS EN 13108-21. A
certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be made available for
inspection.
E.5.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties claimed
are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.
E.5.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting the
asphalt (E.4) shall be monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test reports
demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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Appendix F Example of standard specification for half-

warm hot rolled asphalt
(Informative)

F.1 General
Half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt mixtures shall conform to the specification for half-
warm mix asphalt in Appendix B.

F.2 Constituent materials

F.2.1 Binder

As in Appendix C of PD 6691.

F.2.2 Paving grades

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 except for the notes 1 and 3.

NOTE 1: The preferred paving grade for HRA is 35/50. The following grades are also suitable:
30/45, 40/60, and 70/100.
NOTE 3: 35/50, 70/100 and 100/150 pen paving grade bitumen may be produced by blending in
the mixer at the asphalt plant.

F.2.3 Aggregates

F.2.3.1 General

As in Appendix C of PD 6691.

F.2.3.2 Water content of aggregates

If the system has been pre-selected, the minimum and/or maximum water contents of
the aggregate or a specified aggregate fraction can be limited, otherwise the aggregate
shall be classed as WAmin NR and WAmax NR.

F.2.4 Additives

As in Appendix C of PD 6691.

F.2.5 Coated chippings for application to the surface course

Chippings shall not be used in half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt surface courses.

F.3 Mixture specifications

F.3.1 Target binder content

As in Appendix C of PD 6691.

F.3.2 Base and binder course mixtures

As in Appendix C of PD 6691.

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F.3.3 Surface course mixtures

As in Appendix C of PD 6691.

F.3.4 Water content of asphalt

The water content of freshly mixed half-warm mix asphalt shall be determined in
accordance with BS EN 12697-14. The maximum water content shall comply with
category WCmax 2.0.

F.3.5 Temperature of the mixture

The maximum temperature of a half-warm mix hot rolled asphalt, measured according to
BS EN 12697-13, shall target ≤100 ºC but shall not exceed 110 ºC.
NOTE: BS 594987 does not give guidance on suitable minimum temperatures at delivery and for
compaction of half-warm mixtures; the supplier of the mixture should provide details.

F.4 Transport, laying and compaction

F.4.1 This clause gives general requirements for the transport, placing and
compaction of bituminous mixtures, which are complementary and additional to the
requirements of BS 594987. These requirements and the requirements of BS 594987
shall apply to all half-warm mix asphalt mixtures, unless otherwise specified in F.4.2 of
this Appendix.
NOTE: BS 594987 states that it “does not cover the supply, laying and compaction of low-
temperature warm mix and other reduced temperature asphalts”. Nevertheless, its main
requirements, other than those on the temperature of the mixture, are generally
applicable to half-warm mix asphalt.

F.4.2 Minimum delivery and rolling temperatures for half-warm mix asphalt mixtures
shall be declared by the supplier with evidence to support their suitability.

F.5 Compliance
F.5.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties (F.1
to F.3) shall be by type testing and factory production control. The factory production
control shall be in accordance with the principles and frequencies of BS EN 13108-21. A
certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be made available for
inspection.
F.5.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties claimed
are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.
F.5.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting the
asphalt (F.4) shall be monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test reports
demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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Appendix G Example of standard specification for half-

warm stone mastic asphalt
(Informative)

G.1 General
Half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt mixtures shall conform to the specification for half-
warm mix asphalt in Appendix B.

G.2 Constituent materials

G.2.1 Binder

G.2.1.1 General

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.2.1.2 Paving grades

As in Appendix D of PD 6691 except that the preferred paving grade for SMA is 35/50;
the following grades are also suitable: 40/60 and 70/100; and 35/50 paving grade may
also be produced by blending in the mixer at the asphalt plant.

G.2.2 Aggregates

G.2.2.1 General
As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.2.2.2 Water content of aggregates

If the system has been pre-selected, the minimum and/or maximum water contents of
the aggregate or a specified aggregate fraction can be limited, otherwise the aggregate
shall be classed as WAmin NR and WAmax NR.

G.2.3 Additives

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.3 Mixture specifications

G.3.1 Composition
As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.3.2 Grading and binder content

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.3.3 Target binder content

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

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G.3.4 Air voids content

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.3.5 Binder drainage

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.3.6 Water sensitivity

For half-warm mix SMA mixtures with foamed bitumen, the water sensitivity category
shall be ITSR80. For other half-warm mix SMA mixtures, the water sensitivity category
shall be ITSRNR.

G.3.7 Resistance to permanent deformation

As in Appendix D of PD 6691.

G.3.8 Water content of asphalt

The water content of freshly mixed half-warm mix asphalt shall be determined in
accordance with BS EN 12697-14. The maximum water content shall comply with
category WCmax 2.0.

G.3.9 Temperature of the mixture

The maximum temperature of a half-warm mix stone mastic asphalt, measured

according to BS EN 12697-13, shall target ≤100 ºC but shall not exceed 110 ºC.
NOTE: BS 594987 does not give guidance on suitable minimum temperatures at delivery and for
compaction of half-warm mixtures; the supplier of the mixture should provide details.

G.4 Transport, laying and compaction

The transport, placing and compaction of half-warm mix asphalt mixtures shall be in
compliance with BS 594987.

G.5 Compliance
G.5.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties (G.1
to G.3) shall be by type testing and factory production control. The factory production
control shall be in accordance with the principles and frequencies of BS EN 13108-21. A
certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be made available for
inspection.
G.5.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties claimed
are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.
G.5.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting the
asphalt (G.4) shall be monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test reports
demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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Appendix H Example specification for emulsion-based

cold mix asphalt
(Informative)

H.1 General
Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt mixtures shall conform to the specification for
emulsion-based cold mix asphalt in Appendix C.

H.2 Constituent materials

H.2.1 Binder

The cationic emulsion category shall comply with BS EN 13808 and the breaking value
may be Class 0 (no performance declared, NPD).

H.2.2 Coarse aggregates

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

H.2.3 Fine aggregate

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

H.2.4 Added filler

As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

H.2.5 Reclaimed asphalt

Where reclaimed asphalt is to be used in asphalt concrete mixtures the following

requirements shall apply.
a) All reclaimed asphalt shall be classified in accordance with BS EN 13108-8.
b) The reclaimed asphalt shall conform to foreign matter category F5.

H.2.6 Additives
As in Appendix B of PD 6691.

H.3 Mixture specification

H.3.1 Composition

As in Appendix B of PD 6691 for emulsion based cold mix asphalt concrete or as in

Appendix D of PD 6691 for emulsion based cold mix stone mastic asphalt.

H.3.2 Properties
H.3.2.1 The mixture at the target composition shall have the selected categories of the
physical properties as given in Tables H.1 and H.2 for roads and Tables H.1 and H.3 for
airfields. For mechanical properties, these shall be as measured (28 ± 1) days (when stored
at ambient temperature) or (7 days ± 4 h) (when stored at (40 ± 5) °C) after compaction.

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Table H.1 – Minimum property requirements for cold mix asphalt mixtures

Property Base Binder course Surface course

Residual anhydrous content Bmin 4.0 Bmin 4.5 Bmin 5.0

Low stress sites Vmax 18.0 Vmax 16.0 Vmax 14.0

Maximum air voids
Medium stress sites Vmax 16.0 Vmax 14.0 Vmax 12.0
content
High stress sites Vmax 14.0 Vmax 14.0 Vmax 12.0

Minimum air voids content Vmin 6.0 Vmin 5.0 Vmin 4.0

Coating C C C
min NR min NR min NR

Low stress sites IT-CY wet/dry 50 IT-CY wet/dry 50 IT-CY wet/dry 60

Water sensitivity Medium stress sites IT-CY wet/dry 60 IT-CY wet/dry 60 IT-CY wet/dry 70
High stress sites IT-CY wet/dry 70 IT-CY wet/dry 70 IT-CY wet/dry 80

Compactibility V10Gmin NR V10Gmin NR V10Gmin NR

Resistance to permanent deformation in

fcmax NR fcmax NR fcmax NR
tri-axial compression test

Table H.2 – Minimum property requirements for cold mix asphalt mixtures
to be used on roads

Property Base Binder course Surface course

WTSAIR NR WTSAIR 0.40 WTSAIR 0.30

Low stress sites
PRDAIR NR PRDAIR 7.0 PRDAIR 5.0

Resistance to WTSAIR NR WTSAIR 0.30 WTSAIR 0.20

permanent Medium stress sites
deformation PRDAIR NR PRDAIR 5.0 PRDAIR 3.0

WTSAIR NR WTSAIR 0.20 WTSAIR 0.15

High stress sites
PRDAIR NR PRDAIR 3.0 PRDAIR 2.0

Resistance to fuel No requirement No requirement No requirement

Resistance to de-icing fuels β NR β NR β NR

Minimum Marshall stability Smin NR Smin NR Smin NR

Maximum Marshall stability Smax NR Smax NR Smax NR

Minimum Marshall flow Fmin NR Fmin NR Fmin NR

Maximum Marshall flow Fmax NR Fmax NR Fmax NR

Marshall quotient Qmin NR Qmin NR Qmin NR

Low stress sites Smin 800 Smin NR Smin NR

Stiffness Medium stress sites Smin 1 000 Smin 1 000 Smin NR

High stress sites Smin 2 000 Smin 1 400 Smin NR

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Table H.3 – Minimum property requirements for cold mix asphalt mixtures
to be used on airfields

Property Base Binder course Surface course

WTSAIR NR WTSAIR NR WTSAIR NR

Resistance to permanent deformation
PRDAIR NR PRDAIR NR PRDAIR NR

Resistance to fuel No requirement No requirement Moderate

Resistance to de-icing fuels β NR β NR β 70

Low stress sites Smin NR Smin 5.0 Smin 7.5

Minimum Marshall Smin 5.0 Smin 7.5 Smin 10.0
Medium stress sites
stability
High stress sites Smin 7.5 Smin 10.0 Smin 12.5

Maximum Marshall stability Smax NR Smax NR Smax NR

Minimum Marshall flow Fmin NR Fmin NR Fmin NR

Maximum Marshall flow Fmax NR Fmax NR Fmax NR

Marshall quotient Qmin NR Qmin NR Qmin NR

Low stress sites Smin 1 800 Smin NR Smin NR

Stiffness Medium stress sites Smin 2 200 Smin 1 500 Smin NR

High stress sites Smin 2 800 Smin 1 800 Smin NR

H.4 Transport, laying and compaction

H.4.1 Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt shall be transported, placed and compacted to
the requirements of BS 594987 unless otherwise specified in H.4.2 to H.4.4 of this
appendix.
H.4.2 The substrate onto which emulsion-based cold mix asphalt is to be laid shall
have a stiffness determined by in situ testing using a dynamic plate of Sf min 100.

H.4.3 Where the existing substrate fails to comply with H.4.2, the substrate shall be
stabilised or replaced so that the stabilised or replaced substrate does comply.
H.4.4 Compaction of emulsion-based cold mix asphalt shall include not less than four
passes with a pneumatic tyre roller (PTR). For layers other than the surface course, this
requirement can be omitted with prior approval by the Overseeing Organisation.

H.5 Compliance
H.5.1 Compliance with the requirements for mixture composition and properties (H.1
to H.3) shall be by type testing to C.8.2 of Appendix C and factory production control to
C.8.3 of Appendix C. A certificate defining compliance supported by test reports shall be
made available for inspection.
H.5.2 Audit checking to confirm that the mixture composition and properties claimed
are those of the mixture delivered to site may be undertaken.
H.5.3 Compliance with the requirements for transporting, laying and compacting the
asphalt (H.4) shall monitored against the requirements of BS 594987 and test reports
demonstrating compliance shall be made available for inspection.

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Appendix J Specification requirements for low

temperature asphalt mixtures
ROAD PAVEMENTS – BITUMINOUS BOUND MATERIALS

J.1 96X Warm Mix Asphalt Materials  SHW 943 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt
surface course and binder course
(performance-related design mixtures)
J.1.1 General
3. The requirements of SHW 901 for
1. The warm mix asphalt mixtures shall bituminous pavement materials, SHW 902 for
conform to the specification for warm mix reclaimed bituminous materials, SHW 903 for
asphalt in Appendix A of this Report; the placing and compaction of bituminous
relevant example specification in PD 6691; mixtures, SHW 907 for regulating course and
and requirements specified in Appendix 7/1. SHW 920 for bond coats, tack coats and other
bituminous sprays shall apply to warm mix
2. The requirements in the Specification asphalt mixtures.
for Highway Works (SHW) for specific hot mix
asphalt mixtures shall also apply to warm mix
asphalt of the same material type. In J.1.2 Variations
particular: 4. The temperature at which samples for
 SHW 904 for warm mix hot rolled assessing the properties of the mixture are
asphalt base mixed and compacted shall be at the
standard temperature for each operation less
 SHW 905 for warm mix hot rolled the difference between the temperature at
asphalt binder course (recipe mixtures) which the warm asphalt will be prepared on
 SHW 906 for warm mix dense base and site and the temperature at which hot asphalt
binder course asphalt concrete with will be prepared on site.
paving grade bitumen (recipe mixtures) 5. The relevant technology that allows the
 SHW 909 for warm mix 6 mm dense asphalt to be mixed and laid at a reduced
asphalt concrete surface course temperature shall be employed in the
manufacture of laboratory samples used to
 SHW 910 for warm mix hot rolled demonstrate the properties of the asphalt
asphalt surface course (recipe mixtures) mixture. If the technology cannot be
 SHW 911 for warm mix hot rolled asphalt replicated in the laboratory, plant-produced
surface course (design mixtures) samples shall be used for type testing and
factory production control.
 SHW 912 for warm mix close graded
asphalt concrete surface course 6. However, when testing samples of
warm mix asphalt for refusal density, the
 SHW 914 for warm mix fine graded
asphalt concrete surface course sample shall be heated to the same
temperature as an equivalent hot mix asphalt
 SHW 916 for warm mix open graded
before compaction.
asphalt concrete surface course
 SHW 929 for warm mix dense base and
J.1.3 Additives
binder course asphalt concrete (design
mixtures) 7. Evidence shall be provided on the
suitability of any additive incorporated into
 SHW 937 for warm mix stone mastic
the mixture to the Overseeing Organisation
asphalt (SMA) binder course and
before work commences. This evidence may
regulating course
be based on research combined with evidence
 SHW 938 for warm mix porous asphalt from practice.
surface course
 SHW 942 for warm mix thin surface
course systems

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J.1.4 Coated chippings (xxvi) AC 10 open surf 100/150 HWMA.

(xxvii) AC 10 open surf 70/100 HWMA.
8. Coated chippings shall not be applied to
(xxviii) AC 10 open surf 50/70 HWMA.
HRA surf WMA mixtures.
(xxix) AC 14 open surf 100/150 HWMA.
(xxx) AC 14 open surf 70/100 HWMA.
J.1.5 Health and Safety (xxxi) AC 14 open surf 70/100 HWMA.
9. Health and Safety information and safe (xxxii) AC 32 HDM base 35/50 des HWMA.
handling guidance shall be provided, including (xxxiii) AC 32 dense base 35/50 des HWMA.
any COSHH data sheets for any component (xxxiv) AC 32 HMB base 20/30 des HWMA.
materials.
(xxxv) AC 20 HDM bin 35/50 des HWMA.
(xxxvi) AC 32 HDM bin 35/50 des HWMA.
J.2 96Y Half-Warm Mix Asphalt (xxxvii) AC 20 dense bin 35/50 des HWMA.
Materials (xxxviii) AC 32 dense bin 35/50 des HWMA.
(xxxix) AC 20 HMB bin 20/30 des HWMA.
(xl) AC 32 HMB bin 20/30 des HWMA.
J.2.1 General
(xli) SMA 6 bin 35/50 HWMA.
1. Half-warm mix asphalt mixtures shall (xlii) SMA 6 bin 50/70 HWMA.
conform to the specification for half-warm (xliii) SMA 6 bin 70/100 HWMA.
mix asphalt in Appendix B of this Report; the (xliv) SMA 6 bin PMB HWMA.
relevant example specification in Appendix E,
Appendix F or Appendix G of this Report; and (xlv) SMA 10 bin 35/50 HWMA.
requirements specified in Appendix 7/1. (xlvi) SMA 10 bin 50/70 HWMA.
(xlvii) SMA 10 bin 70/100 HWMA.
2. If not a thin surfacing system, the (xlviii) SMA 10 bin PMB HWMA.
mixture designation shall be one of the
following: (xlix) SMA 14 bin 35/50 HWMA.
(l) SMA 14 bin 50/70 HWMA.
(i) HRA 60/32 base 35/50 HWMA. (li) SMA 14 bin 70/100 HWMA.
(ii) HRA 60/20 base 35/50 HWMA. (lii) SMA 14 bin PMB HWMA.
(iii) HRA 60/32 bin 35/50 HWMA. (liii) SMA 20 bin 35/50 HWMA.
(iv) HRA 60/20 bin 33/50 HWMA. (liv) SMA 20 bin 50/70 HWMA.
(v) AC 32 dense base 35/50 rec HWMA. (lv) SMA 20 bin 70/100 HWMA.
(vi) AC 32 dense base 70/100 rec HWMA. (lvi) SMA 20 bin PMB HWMA.
(vii) AC 32 dense base 100/150 rec HWMA. (lvii) PA 20 surf HWMA.
(viii) AC 32 dense bin 35/50 rec HWMA. (lviii) PA 14 surf HWMA.
(ix) AC 32 dense bin 70/100 rec HWMA. (lix) PA 10 surf HWMA.
(x) AC 6 dense surf 70/100 HWMA. 3. Unless otherwise specified in
(xi) AC 6 dense surf 50/70 HWMA. Appendix 7/1, the grade of bitumen for HRA
(xii) HRA 0/2 F surf 35/50 HWMA. surf xx/yy des HWMA mixtures shall be
(xiii) HRA 15/10 F surf 35/50 HWMA. 35/50.
(xiv) HRA 0/2 F surf xx/yy des HWMA. 4. When the mixture designation is not
(xv) HRA 55/10 F surf xx/yy des HWMA. specified in Appendix 7/1, the mixture
(xvi) HRA 55/14 F surf xx/yy des HWMA. selected by the Contractor shall be notified to
(xvii) HRA 0/2 C surf xx/yy des HWMA. the Overseeing Organisation prior to its use in
(xviii) HRA 55/10 C surf xx/yy des HWMA. the Works.
(xix) HRA 55/14 C surf xx/yy des HWMA.
(xx) AC 10 close surf 70/100 HWMA. J.2.2 Coarse aggregate
(xxi) AC 10 close surf 50/70 HWMA. 5. To ensure adequate resistance to
(xxii) AC 14 close surf 70/100 HWMA. polishing and abrasion, the coarse aggregate
(xxiii) AC 14 close surf 50/70 HWMA. of surface course mixtures shall have a
(xxiv) AC 4 fine surf 100/150 HWMA. minimum declared PSV and a maximum AAV,
(xxv) AC 4 fine surf 160/220 HWMA. as specified in Appendix 7/1.

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J.2.3 Additives J.3 96Z Emulsion-Based Cold Mix

6. Evidence shall be provided on the Asphalt Materials
suitability of any additive incorporated into
the mixture to the Overseeing Organisation J.3.1 General
before work commences. This evidence may
be based on research combined with evidence 1. Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt
from practice. mixtures shall conform to the specification for
emulsion-based cold mix asphalt in Appendix C
of this Report; the relevant example
J.2.4 Health and Safety specification in Appendix H of this Report;
7. Health and Safety information and safe and requirements specified in Appendix 7/1.
handling guidance shall be provided, including 2. The mixture designation shall be one of
any COSHH data sheets for any component the following:
materials.
(i) AC 6 dense surf CME.
(ii) AC 10 close surf CME.
J.2.5 Coated chippings (iii) AC 14 close surf CME.
8. Coated chippings shall not be applied to (iv) AC 4 fine surf CME.
HRA surf HWMA mixtures. (v) AC 10 open surf CME.
(vi) AC 14 open surf CME.

J.2.6 Dense base and binder course (vii) AC 20 HDM bin CME.
asphalt course (design mixtures) (viii) AC 32 HDM bin CME.
(ix) AC 20 dense bin CME.
9. Half-warm mix asphalt dense base and (x) AC 32 dense bin CME.
binder course asphalt course (design (xi) AC 20 HMB bin CME.
mixtures) mixtures shall comply with SHW (xii) AC 32 HMB bin CME.
Clause 929 for volumetric properties,
deformation resistance, stiffness and (xiii) AC 32 HDM base CME.
compaction control for the permanent works. (xiv) AC 32 dense base CME.
(xv) AC 32 HMB base CME.

J.2.7 Stone mastic asphalt binder (xvi) SMA 6 bin CME.

course and regulating course (xvii) SMA 10 bin CME.
(xviii) SMA 14 bin CME.
10. Half-warm mix asphalt stone mastic (xix) SMA 20 bin CME.
asphalt binder course and regulating course
mixtures shall comply with SHW Clause 937 3. The mixtures shall be design and not
for binder modification, deformation recipe mixtures.
resistance and compaction control for the 4. When the mixture designation is not
permanent works. specified in Appendix 7/1, the mixture
selected by the Contractor shall be notified to
J.2.8 Thin surface course systems the Overseeing Organisation prior to its use in
the Works.
11. Half-warm mix asphalt thin surface
course systems shall comply with SHW
Clause 942. J.3.2 Coarse aggregate
5. To ensure adequate resistance to
J.2.9 Percentage refusal density polishing and abrasion, the coarse aggregate
of surface course mixtures shall have a
12. When testing samples of half-warm minimum declared PSV and a maximum AAV,
mix asphalt for refusal density, the sample as specified in Appendix 7/1.
shall be heated to the same temperature as
an equivalent hot mix asphalt before J.3.3 Additives
compaction.
6. Evidence shall be provided on the
suitability of any additive incorporated into
the mixture to the Overseeing Organisation
before work commences. This evidence may

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be based on research combined with evidence 10. The performance properties of the
from practice. conditioned specimens shall be declared. The
results shall be considered as indicative only,
J.3.4 Binder because the compliance criterion applies only
7. Binder shall be bitumen emulsion to specimens prepared during the execution
complying with BS EN 13808. of the works.

J.3.5 Binder modification J.3.8 Process Control

8. The Contractor shall provide data sheets 11. Production of the emulsion-based cold
giving details of the properties of the modified mix asphalt mixture shall be subject to
binders or additives (including natural or process control detailed in the quality plan
man-made fibres) proposed, including those
and meeting the following requirements:
specified in Appendix 7/1. The information
covered shall include rheological data for pre- (i) There shall be a description of the plant
blended polymer modified binders in and the production process, preferably
accordance with SHW Clause 956. including a flow diagram, detailing how
material is to be produced in accordance
J.3.6 Design proposal with this specification.
9. The Contractor shall submit a Design (ii) Calibration schedules for all parts of the
Proposal which shall state the aggregate plant involved in determining mixture
characteristics and sources, the binder to be consistency shall be provided. These shall
used and provide an example of the target
be accompanied by calibration records.
grading curve and binder content together
with details of the proposed filler and fibre if (iii) Measures to avoid problems caused by
used. In the works, the grading and binder extreme weather. In particular,
content shall not differ from the proposed production shall not proceed if the
target values by more than the tolerances feedstock is frozen or excessively wet.
detailed in the Design Proposal.

J.3.9 Inspection and Test

J.3.7 Mixture Design Validation
13. There shall be a schedule of inspection
10. When a mix design validation is and test frequencies to be made during
required it shall be carried out on aggregates production of emulsion-based cold mix
and binders representative of those to be asphalt. This schedule shall cover the
used on the works. The validation may be aggregate stockpiles, the binder, the
carried out on emulsion-based cold mix combined grading of the mixture and the
asphalt at the target composition mixed moisture content of the mixture.
either in the laboratory or on a pilot basis on
a full scale plant.
J.3.10 Laying
11. Representative samples of the mixture
shall be taken from which 150 mm diameter 12. A written procedure for the laying of the
cylindrical specimens shall be produced. emulsion-based cold mix asphalt shall be provided.
These specimens shall be between 70 mm
and 75 mm high. 13. The plant used for placing the material
shall be capable of laying the material without
12. The density of each specimen shall be
significant segregation, evenly and to the required
measured by dimensions to BS EN 12697-6
and, using the respective moisture content thickness across at least one lane width.
values, the dry density values shall be 14. A method for the making of
determined. The cylindrical specimens shall
longitudinal and transverse joints, appropriate
be conditioned and tested. The conditioning
and testing regime shall be agreed with the to the type of emulsion-based cold mix
Overseeing Organisation. asphalt being laid shall be provided.

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J.3.11 Compaction Table J.1: End Product Criteria

15. The compaction of each layer shall be Material Mean from test
Individual
carried out as described in the laying property or set of six
results
procedure. Open edges shall be protected characteristic specimens

from traffic. Particle size

Zone –
distribution
16. After trimming and final compaction of
Moisture
the layer, the material strength shall be ±2 % –
content
assessed using a lightweight deflectometer.
Minimum
The stiffness determined shall be not less than
relative in situ 93 % 95 %
50 MPa before the layer can be overlaid density
or trafficked.
±25 mm of ±15 mm of
Layer thickness
specified specified
J.3.12 Sealing grit

17. Sealing grit may be applied to the J.3.14 Percentage refusal density
surface when required to prevent pick-up
22. When testing samples of emulsion-
from trafficking in the early life.
based cold mix asphalt for refusal density, the
sample shall be heated to the same
J.3.13 End Product Testing
temperature as an equivalent hot mix asphalt
18. The end product testing of the before compaction provided there is no water
emulsion-based cold mix asphalt shall be present in the mixture.
assessed on the basis of representative NOTE: The presence of water can present a
specimens made up in accordance with the safety issues from the generation of
schedule in Appendix 7/1. steam when heated. In such instances,
the sample needs to be dried prior to
19. Representative samples shall be taken raising to the relevant temperature.
either at the mixing plant or from site.
150 mm diameter cylindrical test specimens J.3.15 Health and Safety
shall be manufactured in sets of six by
23. Health and Safety information and safe
compacting to refusal in accordance with
handling guidance shall be provided, including
BS EN 12697‑32. The test specimens shall
any COSHH data sheets for any component
have a nominal height of 75 mm and
materials.
diameter of 150 mm.

20. Prior to testing, specimens shall be J.3.16 Layer thickness

conditioned in a controlled environment. The
24. When required, the minimum and/or
purpose of this conditioning is to simulate the
maximum thickness of emulsion-based cold
likely curing over the first year in the road.
mix asphalt shall be as specified in
21. The minimum specification compliance Appendix 7/1.
criteria for the process control tests shall be
as described in Table J.1. J.3.17 Dense base and binder course
asphalt course
25. Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt
dense base and binder course asphalt course
mixtures shall comply with SHW Clause 929
for volumetric properties, deformation
resistance and compaction control for the
permanent works.

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J.3.18 Stone mastic asphalt binder

course and regulating course

26. Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt stone

mastic asphalt binder course and regulating
course mixtures shall comply with SHW
Clause 937 for binder modification, deforma-
tion resistance and compaction control for the
permanent works.

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Appendix K Notes for Guidance on specification

requirements for low temperature asphalt
mixtures
ROAD PAVEMENTS – BITUMINOUS BOUND MATERIALS

K.1 NG96X Warm Mix Asphalt 6. When testing a sample of warm mix
Materials asphalt for refusal density, the sample will
need to be heated to the same temperature
as an equivalent hot mix asphalt before
K.1.1 General compaction.
1. Warm mix asphalt is asphalt in which
the aggregate particles are continuously K.1.3 Grading of reclaimed asphalt
graded or gap-graded to form an interlocking
structure that is mixed and laid at 7. Reclaimed asphalt is an accepted
temperatures at least 20 °C below component material in asphalt mixtures that
conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures but is encouraged in warm mix asphalt.
still above 100 °C. However, the grading of the reclaimed
asphalt particles will not be the same as the
2. There are several technologies intended grading of the aggregate particles within the
to improve the workability of the mixture and, reclaimed asphalt. The reclaimed asphalt
hence, allow the asphalt temperatures to be particles will include finer particles adhering
reduced in order to produce a warm mix to larger particles and occasional
asphalt. These methods are generally based conglomerates of coarse particle stuck
on one of, or a combination of, the following: together. Therefore, if the grading of the
(i) Use of organic waxes reclaimed asphalt particles is to be used for
(ii) Use of chemical additives control of the final grading, the relationship
between the gradings for each reclaimed
(iii) Use of a bitumen foaming process
asphalt source will be needed. This
3. The properties of warm mix asphalt conversion in gradings becomes more critical
should be judged against the same criteria as in achieving the required aggregate grading
hot mix asphalt. The difference is the of the output mixture as the proportion of
reduced temperature at which the material is reclaimed asphalt is increased.
mixed, transported, laid and compacted.
K.1.4 Tar
K.1.2 Mixture temperatures
8. Tar was used as a binder in highway
4. In order to assess warm mix asphalt construction, but was subsequently identified
fairly against hot mix asphalt, the samples as a carcinogen and is no longer used.
used to determine the properties need to However, tar can be found in reclaimed
have been mixed and transported at the asphalt if the material being planed up is of
appropriate reduced temperature compared sufficient age. Because that tar can be a
to standard hot mix asphalt temperatures. health hazard if heated, reclaimed asphalt
containing tar should not be used for hot mix
5. There are a number of methods to
asphalt, warm mix asphalt or half-warm mix
reduce the temperature at which an asphalt
asphalt; it can, however, be incorporated into
mixture needs to be mixed, transported, laid
cold mix asphalt.
and compacted, not all of which can be
replicated easily in the laboratory. The same
technology needs to be used in preparing K.1.5 Energy consumption and carbon
specimens as will be used on site. If that dioxide production
technology cannot be replicated in the
9. When assessing the sustainability of
laboratory, samples will have to be
warm mix asphalt as an alternative
manufactured from plant-mixed material.
technology, the reduced temperature is not

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the only change in the input to produce and K.2.2 Mixture temperatures
lay the material. The energy consumption
5. In order to assess half-warm mix
and carbon dioxide equivalent production
asphalt fairly against hot mix asphalt, the
from:
samples used to determine the properties
 the supply of raw materials for,
need to have been mixed and transported at
 the production of, and
the appropriate reduced temperature
 the transport of
compared to standard hot mix asphalt
any additives used in the mixture needs to be temperatures.
included in any calculation.
6. There are a number of methods to
reduce the temperature at which an asphalt
K.2 NG96Y Half-Warm Mix Asphalt mixture needs to be mixed, transported, laid
Materials and compacted, not all of which can be
replicated easily in the laboratory. The same
technology needs to be used in preparing
K.2.1 General
specimens as will be used on site. If that
1. Half-warm (or semi-warm) asphalt is technology cannot be replicated in the
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are laboratory, samples will have to be
continuously graded or gap-graded to form an manufactured from plant-mixed material.
interlocking structure that is mixed and laid at
temperatures in the range 70 °C to 100 °C. 7. When testing a sample of half-warm
mix asphalt for refusal density, the sample
2. There are several technologies intended
will need to be heated to the same
to improve the workability of the mixture and,
hence, allow the asphalt temperatures to be temperature as an equivalent hot mix asphalt
reduced in order to produce a half-warm mix before compaction.
asphalt. These methods are generally based
on one of, or a combination of, the following: K.2.3 Composition
(i) Use of organic waxes
8. The asphalt types, gradings and binder
(ii) Use of chemical additives contents for half-warm mix asphalts should
(iii) Use of a bitumen foaming process essentially be the same as for hot mix
However, option (iii) is the most common for asphalts. The main difference will be the
additives and/or the mixing sequence in order
half-warm mixtures.
to be capable of being mixed and compacted
3. Some foam technology processes rely at the lower temperatures.
on the foaming of the bitumen from the use
9. The binder grades may need to have
of specialist foaming equipment whilst others
similar properties in the compacted mixture
use the principle of foaming on contact with
as that for hot mix asphalts in order for the
the mineral water. With the process of
asphalt to have similar properties, such as
adding hot bitumen to damp aggregate, a
deformation resistance and stiffness.
portion of the water in the aggregate should
However, the binder may need different
vaporise and foam the bitumen whilst another
binder properties in the mixing and laying
portion should escape as steam, leaving a
process. The binder grade can be stated in
final portion to remain as water in the
Appendix 7/1, but it could limit the half-warm
aggregate. The size of these portions will
asphalt mixtures that comply.
depend on the moisture content and the
mixing temperature, 10. The ageing of binder during the mixing
and placement of hot mix asphalt, particularly
4. The mixture type(s) required for each
when using batch mixers, in terms of the
layer should be stated in Appendix 7/1. The
binder penetration is generally a reduction of
mixture designation for the selected mixture
the order of 33 %, or one binder grade, which
type should be chosen to suit the thickness of
does not occur to the same extent with half-
the layer as indicated in the relevant table of
warm mixtures. Where equivalence is
BS 594987:2010 (Table 1A for AC, Table 1B
intended with hot mix asphalt, the binder
for HRA or Table 1C for SMA) as with hot mix
grade may need to be adjusted down in order
asphalt mixtures.
to get the same properties, such as
deformation resistance.

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K.2.4 Grading of reclaimed asphalt produced samples with superior water

sensitivity performance to ones compacted
10. Reclaimed asphalt is an accepted
immediately.
component material in asphalt mixtures that
is encouraged in half-warm mix asphalt.
However, the grading of the reclaimed K.2.7 Mixture temperatures
asphalt particles will not be the same as the
14. In order to assess half-warm mix
grading of the aggregate particles within the
asphalt fairly against hot mix asphalt, the
reclaimed asphalt. The reclaimed asphalt
samples used to determine the properties
particles will include finer particles adhering
need to have been mixed and transport at the
to larger particles and occasional
appropriate reduced temperature compared
conglomerates of coarse particle stuck
to standard hot mix asphalt temperatures.
together. Therefore, if the grading of the
reclaimed asphalt particles is to be used for 15. There are a number of methods to
control of the final grading, the relationship reduce the temperature at which an asphalt
between the gradings for each reclaimed mixture needs to be mixed, transported, laid
asphalt source will be needed. This and compacted, not all of which can be
conversion in gradings becomes more critical replicated easily in the laboratory. The same
in achieving the required aggregate grading technology needs to be used in preparing
of the output mixture as the proportion of specimens as will be used on site. If that
reclaimed asphalt is increased. technology cannot be replicate in the
laboratory, samples will have to be
manufactured from plant-mixed material.
K.2.5 Tar
16. The temperature ranges for mixing,
11. Tar was used as a binder in highway
laying and compacting a half-warm mixture
construction, but was subsequently identified
need to be known for implementing and
as a carcinogen and is no longer used.
controlling those processes efficiently. In
However, tar can be found in reclaimed
particular, the minimum compaction
asphalt if the material being planed up is of
temperature at which the required air voids
sufficient age. Because that tar can be a
content on site can be achieved needs to be
health hazard if heated, reclaimed asphalt
determined. The ranges should be identified
containing tar should not be used for hot mix
by those developing the mixture and then
asphalt, warm mix asphalt or half-warm mix
used to assess the required properties; if the
asphalt; it can, however, be incorporated into
properties are not appropriate at those
cold mix asphalt.
temperature ranges, in particular the binder
coating, then either the ranges or some other
K.2.6 Sample preparation aspect will need to be adjust until they do.
12. Due to the nature of the standard 17. The validated range should be given to
foaming equipment/process, it is difficult to everyone involved in the production, laying,
make small batches of consistent binder compaction and supervision of the material
content and sample size may need to be as for use in their part for the works.
much as 40 kg. Moisture levels need to be
controlled and a standard procedure may be
K.2.8 Water contents
required for controlling aggregate moisture
prior to laboratory mixing. Substantially 18. Some half-warm asphalt technologies
inconsistent mixing times will result in require the aggregates to contain some water
variability in resultant mix moisture content; in order for that water to be used to foam the
this in turn could affect compactibility. binder. Other technologies inject water
directly into the bitumen so that enters the
13. Half-warm mixtures will slowly eliminate
mixture as foamed bitumen. In either case,
water after manufacture during the delivery
the water entering the mixture needs to be
and application process. Therefore, it is
controlled to the appropriate contents
important not to compact laboratory prepared
required for the particular half-warm asphalt
mixtures immediately because the excess
technology being used. The required
water present may have a negative impact on
moisture content of aggregate and the
some comparative tests. This phenomenon
quantity of any additional water to be added
has been studied and conditioning at 95 °C
need to be declared in the declaration for the
for 2 h prior to compaction at 95 °C has
mixture.

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19. With water being added to the asphalt K.3.2 Binder

in different ways for many of the half-warm
15. The emulsion binder should comply with
technologies, there is a concern about
BS EN 13808. The binder shall be emulsion
whether that moisture can impair the longer-
from paving grade bitumen, modified
term performance of the material. Therefore,
bitumen, fluxed bitumen or hard grade
the water sensitivity of the mixture and its
bitumen conforming to the relevant European
components becomes more critical.
Standard.
16. The emulsions which are manufactured
K.2.9 Compaction
for mixing techniques need to cope with some
20. The compaction techniques required for or all of the following depending on end
hot mix asphalt may need to be reviewed for requirement:
use with half-warm mix asphalt. However,  The high surface area of the asphalt
the potential change from current practices aggregate structure.
associated with hot-mix asphalt will depend
 Be suitably stable to the shearing forces
on the technology used to achieve the lower
exerted by the mixing and pumping
temperature and will need to be identified for
processes adopted.
each system.
 Be able to coat the mineral materials
21. The relationship between the field used.
compaction and the final moisture content of
 Be able to give satisfactory adhesion of
the mixture needs to be established for each
binder to aggregate once broken
design. The compaction applied can then be
controlled so that the compacted water  Remain in the mixture and not
content of the mixture is not going to impair excessively drain.
the durability that can be achieved on site. The resultant mixtures will need to be well
coated, workable, easily compactable,
K.2.10 Energy consumption and carbon cohesive and capable of withstanding running
dioxide production traffic soon after laying.
22. When assessing the sustainability of
half-warm mix asphalt as an alternative K.3.3 Pre-treatment of aggregate
technology, the reduced temperature is not particles
the only change in the input to produce and
lay the material. The energy consumption 17. The double coating or pre-treatment of
and carbon dioxide equivalent production the aggregate particles can be used to
from: overcome the variability in the chemistry of
 the supply of raw materials for, the mineral surface and the emulsions as well
 the production of, and as the high volume liquid content in the final
 the transport of mixture. The processes include:
any additives used in the mixture needs to be  Pre-coating of sand either with bitumen
included in any calculation. or emulsion.
 Pre-treatment of sand with a chemical
agent.
K.3 NG96Z Emulsion-Based Cold Mix
Asphalt Materials  Pre-coating the coarse aggregate.
 Phase coating.
K.3.1 General 18. The use of reclaimed asphalt in mixtures
reduces or eliminates the need to pre-coat
14. Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt is the aggregate particles because binder
asphalt in which the aggregate particles are already exists on the reclaimed asphalt
continuously graded or gap-graded to form an planings.
interlocking structure and the binder is a
bituminous emulsion with a viscosity such
that the mix is workable at ambient K.3.4 Grading of reclaimed asphalt
temperature. 11. Reclaimed asphalt is an accepted
component material in asphalt mixtures that
is encouraged in emulsion-based cold mix

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asphalt. However, the grading of the K.3.7 Mixing plant

reclaimed asphalt particles will not be the
23. Cold mix asphalt made with emulsions
same as the grading of the aggregate
can be manufactured using an array of plant.
particles within the reclaimed asphalt. The
These include mobile, stationary, continuous
reclaimed asphalt particles will include finer
or batch units, which can be further broken
particles adhering to larger particles and
down into:
occasional conglomerates of coarse particle
stuck together. Therefore, if the grading of  Static hot mix asphalt plants which have
the reclaimed asphalt particles is to be used been modified for cold feeding the
for control of the final grading, the aggregates and adapted to feed
relationship between the gradings for each emulsion into the batch mixer.
reclaimed asphalt source will be needed. This  Static concrete plants.
conversion in gradings becomes more critical  Mobile concrete plants.
in achieving the required aggregate grading
 Mobile mix plants.
of the output mixture as the proportion of
reclaimed asphalt is increased.
K.3.8 Ageing during manufacture
K.3.5 Tar 24. Hot mix asphalt binder ages during
manufacture and continues to age until it has
19. Tar was used as a binder in highway
cooled. The rate of ageing in cold mix asphalt
construction, but was subsequently identified
is substantially reduced compared to hot mix
as a carcinogen and is no longer used.
asphalt because of the lower temperature.
However, tar can be found in reclaimed
This reduced ageing could explain the slower
asphalt if the material being planned up is of
rate of stiffness development within the
sufficient age. Because that tar can be a
pavement and also the resistance to cracking
health hazard if heated, reclaimed asphalt
and healing properties that have been
containing tar should not be used for hot mix
observed.
asphalt, warm mix asphalt or half-warm mix
asphalt; it can, however, be incorporated into
cold mix asphalt. K.3.9 Substrate
25. The substrate onto which emulsion-
K.3.6 Sample preparation based cold mix asphalt is to be laid needs to
have an acceptable stiffness in order to allow
20. The use of emulsions means that the
the longer-term gain of strength after
physical properties of samples will change as
construction. If the asphalt is disturbed
the water in the emulsion is removed from
excessively in its early life, it will not reach its
the mixture. Hence, the age of specimens
potential strength.
when samples are tested for mechanical
properties can be an important parameter.
K.3.10 Water content
21. The standard for emulsion-based cold
mix asphalt in Appendix C of this Report uses 26. The water content in an emulsion-based
28 days as the standard age when the cold mix asphalt mixture after compaction
samples are stored at ambient temperature needs to be limited in order to attain both the
but also gives an accelerated age of 7 days required gain in early-age physical properties
when the samples at stored at elevated and the maintenance of longer-term
temperature of 40 °C. durability. However, the current limit of
5.0 % by mass of the dry aggregate 24 h
22. Greater acceleration could be achieved
after compaction is an arbitrary value that
at higher temperatures, but if the
may need to be refined when further data is
temperature is excessive, it could age the
available.
binder. Any regime for greater acceleration
would need to be validated against the
standard conditions before it could be used K.3.11 Compaction
for certifying the properties of a mixture.
27. Compaction of emulsion-based cold mix
asphalt is preferable with a pneumatic tyre
roller (PTR). However, other types of rollers
can be used with the recommended types of

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compaction equipment being given in

cold mix asphalt as an alternative technology,
Table K.1. the reduced temperature is not the only
change in the input to produce and lay the
material. The energy consumption and
K.3.12 Energy consumption and carbon
carbon dioxide equivalent production from:
dioxide production
 the supply of raw materials for,
28. Emulsion-based cold mix asphalt is one  the production of, and
of the key processes for maximising savings  the transport of
in energy and greenhouse gas emissions. any additives used in the mixture needs to be
However, when assessing the sustainability of included in any calculation.
Table K.1: Recommended type of compaction

Pneumatic Vibrating
Location Tandem Mixed
Tyre Plate*
Surface course
 dense or semi-dense mixture +++ +++ ++ –
 open graded cold mixture – +++ + –
Binder course and base
 dense or semi-dense cold mixture +++ +++ ++ ++
 open graded cold mixture + +++ + ++

* for local repairs only

+++ Highly suited ++ Possible + Possible with caution – Not suited

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