Phan Thị Huỳnh Như B1908989-Lý thuyết dịch N03

Today, we have learnt chapter 3 "The semantic structure of language".

There are 3 parts:
1. There is a valid distinction between the deep and the surface
structure (semantic and grammatical structure). The four semantic
classes listed above occur in all languages: things, events, attributes and
relations.
2. The four propositions can be encoded in any language with the
surface structure.
3. The lexicon of the surface structure of a language is classified by
distribution in the grammar. There is a great deal of skewing between
the grammar and semantics.
Exercises
Chapter 1
A
1. The students like to study semantics.
The students like studying semantics.
 Change of form.
2. I bought a pair of horseshoes.
I bought a pair of leather shoes.
 Change of meaning.
3. He saw the bird.
He heard the cat.
 Change of meaning.
4. Phillip went walking.
Phillip took a walk.
 Change of form.
5. Go to bed.
I want to you to go to bed.
 Change of form.
6. I came; I saw; I conquered.
I came, saw, and conquered.
 Change of form.
7. Two weeks later he came.
After two weeks he came.
 Change of form.
8. There is a table in the book.
There is a book on the table.
 Change of meaning.
9. The young man had a Greek grammar book stolen.
A Greek grammar book was stolen from the young man.
 Change of form.
10. He was awakened by a thunderclap.
A thunderclap awakened him.
 Change of form.
B
1. The water jug
-The jug with water
-The jug that which is used to keep water
-The jug that contains water
2. John bought a car
- A car, which John bought
3. A hot day
- It is hot
- A day is hot
4. Mother’s long blue dress
- A dress of my mother is long and blue
- My mother has a long blue dress
- A long blue dress is of my mother
5. Peter’s house
- A house which Peter lives in
- A house of Peter
- A house is of Peter
C
1. the doctor’s office  the doctor works in the office
2. the doctor’s patient  the doctor treats the patient
3. the doctor’s book  the doctor owns the book
4. the doctor’s brother  the doctor has a brother
5. the doctor’s hand 
6. the doctor’s house  the house that belongs to the doctor
D
1. It rained all night.
Rain fell all night.
 The same in meaning
2. There is a book on the table.
There is a table in the book.
 Different in meaning
3. John was very surprised when he heard the news.
The news very much amazed John when he heard it.
 The same in meaning
4. It was a hot day.
The day was hot.
 The same in meaning
5. Peter’s house.
The house that belongs to Peter.
 The same in meaning
6. He reminded silent.
He did not say anything.
 The same in meaning
7. I bought cloth to make Mary a new dress.
I bought a new dress for Mary.
 Different in meaning
8. I bought vegetables in the market.
I bought tomatoes and onions in the market.
 Different in meaning
9. My parents are well.
My mother and father are well.
 The same in meaning
10. John is ill; he has a bad case of malaria.
John is very ill indeed.
 Different in meaning
11. There are four rooms in the house.
The house has four rooms and a kitchen at the back.
 Different in meaning
12. In my opinion, the government is doing well and making many
improvements in the country. But there are many people who do
not agree that this is do.
Opinions are divided concerning the government. Some say they
are doing well and making many improvements in the country.
Others do not agree.
 Different in meaning
Chapter 2
A
1. (a) The storekeeper said that we will refund your money.
(b) The storekeeper promised to refund our money.
2. (a) A certain boy told me this letter story at a party.
(b) He is one boy. He told the one little story. This is a game he
said.
3. (a) An International Alphabet would inevitably bring about a
spelling reform as well. How many children have shed hot tears
about spelling!
(b) An International Alphabet would inevitably bring about a
spelling reform, too. And how many hot children’s tears have not
been shed on spelling.
4. (a) He then reported his misfortune to the police, who are
searching diligently for the thief.
(b) He then mishap reported to the police, who are the thief
intensively searching.

B
1. We offer attractive trips to fields and forests by car and on house.
2. To move cabin, push button of wishing floor. If the cabin should
enter more persons, each one should press number of wishing floor.
 Driving is then going alphabetically by natural order. Button retaining
pressed position shows received command
3. The archaeologist indicates that the Egypt Princesses in those days
had used natural cosmetic to polish their beauty.

4. Since 1976, the women have joined the army and have been
permitted to join the armed forces to acquire an equal military rank .
The law also has extended maternity leave and also has granted the
mother an additional two-year leave to take care of her child under for
one year of age.
5. A motorcycle rider was robbed in Lampung early yesterday
morning.
6. When you feel cold or had in your bones because of the climate,
please rub Param Kocok Super Kecil and shake it well solution before
using.
7. Guatemala City is always surprising. It has a delicious climate
because of its altitude, 1500 meters, but it not so high as to affect
people from low-lying areas.
8. Villagers work hard to produce corn and beans for their families.
Those are their main products. Besides, they grow coffee, greens, and
fruit.
C

1. Sir, the problems of before don’t forget.

(Sir, please don’t forget the problem we discussed before.)
 He add the word “please” to make the sentence sound polite.
 He move "don't forget" in front of the object “problem” to correct
the imperative sentence structure in English.
 He add “we discussed before” to make meaning of “problems
before” clearly.
2. If there is any means, send me a letter to Riwoto.
(If there is any way to do so, send a letter to me at Riwoto.)
 Change the word “means” to “ways”
 Change form “send something to me”
 Change the preposition “to” to “at”
3. I will think you time to time day and day.
(I will be thinking about you often everyday)
 Change “will think” to “will be thinking”
 Change the word “time to time day and day” to “often everyday”
4. I am very grateful to inform you with this letter.
(I am very happy to able to send/write you this letter.)
 Use the word “happy” to replace the word “graceful” for the right
meaning.
 Use the word “to write you this letter” for the correct word choice
5. I am a man who has been to Juba for 15 years.
(I have now lived in Juba for 15 years.)
 Change the way of saying the sentence from complex sentence to
simple sentence "I am the man who has been to Juba for 15 years"
to "I have lived in Juba for 15 years".

Chapter 3
A
1. The sheep was killed for meal.
2. They were told that Susan died.
3. Suddenly a great earthquake happened.
4. She sings too loud.
5. It is necessary to eat.
6. The man killed him with a knife.
7. It is unimportant to be long.
8. They pray first every day.
B
a. he
b. it
c. (1) he drove it home
(2) driving it home
(3) he brought it home

d. (1) yesterday John went to town

(2) he went to town
(3) John bought a car in town yesterday

e. (1) showed it to Mary, who was very happy

(2) he showed Mary the car, which made her very happy
(3) Mary was very happy when he bought it home and showed it to
her
C
1. Hôm qua John đến thị trấn và mua một chiếc xe. Anh ấy đã lái nó
về nhà và khoe với Mary. Mary rất vui vì điều đó.

2. John đã mua một chiếc xe vào ngày hôm qua khi anh ấy đến thị
trấn. Sau đó, anh ấy lái chiếc xe về nhà và khoe với Mary khiến cô ấy
rất vui.
D
Yesterday, it was beautiful, so Jane left her house at 10 o'clock. Next
Jane drove the car to the post office. When she stopped the car, she
got out. She took a hold of the doorknob which was on the door, but
the door was locked. Although Jane frustrated, she was not angry and
wondered: Is Mr. Smith sick?
E

Vào một ngày đẹp trời, Jane rời khỏi nhà lúc 10 giờ và lái xe đến bưu
điện. Cô bước xuống xe và có chút bực bội vì bưu điện đã khóa cửa.
Nhưng Jane không giận dữ, trái lại cô có chút lo lắng cho Mr.Smith:
Liệu ngài ấy có đang bệnh?
Chapter 4
A
1. Forgiveness was difficult for some people.
Forgiveness was difficult to do for some people.
2. The people of Nigeria are hard workers.
The people of Nigeria are hard Nigeria workers.
3. It is a country where there are vineyards to give wine and grain for
making bread.
There are vineyards to give wine and grain for making bread in the
country
4. Testing has been going on at depths of more than 18,000 feet.
Testing has been going on at depths of more than 18,000 feet
depths
5. Women generally get up well before dawn and long before their
husbands to relight the fire and begin making breakfast.
Women generally get up well before dawn and long before their
husbands to relight the fire and the women begin making breakfast
B
1. The wise men came to see the King.
2. Brothers chopped it with an axe for me; I only had to use a long
knife.
3. Then my mother told me to make myself a little head covering that
she would show me how to make it.
4. No time to meat in person. Let’s handle it with a telephone call.
5. I didn’t teach after all because Mr. Jones arrived to teach the class.
C
When groom’s family have finished proposal ceremony, they return
home. Then bride’s family decide on the date for the marriage. And
groom’s family prepare for the marriage ceremony.
- Kết thúc lễ dạm ngõ, nhà trai trở về nhà. Sau đó nhà gái chọn ngày
lành để tổ chức hôn lễ, còn nhà trai sẽ chuẩn bị cho lễ cưới.

D
Người ta nói rằng những người ở thượng nguồn đến từ Malaya đã xây
dựng nhà của họ ở ngã ba nơi các con sông đổ ra biển. Họ hạnh phúc
vì họ được tự do và họ không cho phép bất kỳ ai kiểm soát cuộc sống
của họ bởi vì họ rất to lớn, rất mạnh mẽ và rất dũng cảm. Họ là những
chiến binh bất khuất vì mỗi khi đi săn đầu người, họ đều mang theo
một cái bình để đựng đầu như một chiến lợi phẩm. Trên đường đi họ
hát vang. Mỗi khi họ đến cổng làng và hét lên để ăn mừng chiến
thắng, tiếng la hét của phụ nữ vang lên đáp lại tiếng la hét của đàn
ông. Và không thể nghe thấy gì ngoài tiếng trống um-um-um-ed và cứ
vang lên không ngừng.
Nhưng những người Kalinga sống gần đã khiến họ bị những người da
trắng bắt. Điều này kiềm hãm bản năng săn đầu người của họ. Sau đó,
người da trắng đến xả súng và làm những người ở vùng thượng nguồn
kinh hãi.

Chapter 5

A. Name and discuss the four T’s of a translation project

a. The Text: The translator should examine his reasons for choosing
the text and the potential for its use by the receptor language
audience.
b. The Target: The form of the translation will be affected by
questions of dialect, educational level, age level, bilingualism and
people's attitudes towards their languages.
c. The Team: The team may include:
+ Translators
+ Consultant
+ Testers:
+ Reviewers
• Technical people (typing, proofreading)
• Publisher
• Distributor
d. The Tools:
• Any dictionaries
• Lexicons
• Grammars
• Cutural descriptions
B. Explain what is meant by exegesis.
Exegesis analyses the text to understand the meaning.
C. What are the goals of the translator as he prepares the initial draft?
In preparing this draft, the translator is transferring from the source
language into the receptor language. As he does so, he must always
keep his target audience in mind. This draft needs to be decided upon
and may need to be checked with other speakers of the receptor
language
D. What is the purpose of the evaluation?
The purpose of the evaluation is threefold: accuracy, clearness, and
naturalness.
E. What kinds of evaluation checks can be made?
1. Does the translation communicate the same meaning as the source
language?
2. Does the audience for whom the translation is intended understand
it clearly?
3. Is the form of the translation easy to read and natural receptor
language grammar and style?
F. How is the revision draft different from the initial draft?
- Initial draft:
. The translator begins drafting piece by piece, section by section.
. The transfer results in the initial draft.
. In preparing this draft, the translator is transferring from the source
language into the receptor language.
. He must always keep his target audience in mind.
. Every text has a set of words which are crucial to the content and
correct communication of the theme.
. Some translators prefer to do a quick rough translation so that the
material flows naturally.
. Others prefer to prepare a proposition-like semantic draft, being sure
that all the information is accounted for, and then reword it for
naturalness; that is, reword it in the idiomatic form of the receptor
language.
- Revision draft:
. A revised draft made on the basis of the feedback received.
. Have suggested many rewordings, may have expressed
misunderstanding.
. The translation team now words through this material, honestly
accepting the evaluation, and rewording the material accordingly.
. How much re-drafting will be needed will vary depending on the
results of the evaluation.
G. What is the consultant concerned about when he checks a
translation?
The consultant will want to know how the exegesis and initial draft
was done and what tools were used. The goal of the consultant is to
evaluate the quality of the translation as to meaning, naturalness, and
its potential acceptance by the receptor language audience. They are
also interested in training and helping the translator improve and learn
to make even more adequate translations.

H. How will the final draft be different from the revision draft done
earlier?
The final draft:
. The translator incorporates into the translated text the suggestions
made by the consultant, checks them again with mother-tongue
speakers to be sure they are warranted, and makes any other minor
changes which have come to his attention.
. It will need to be tested. A final editing for spelling and punctuation
will need to be made