1) The document contains the solutions to 4 problems related to ordinary differential equations.
2) The first problem solves a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler differential equation and finds the general solution.
3) The second problem solves an initial value problem using the method of undetermined coefficients, finding the particular and general solutions.
4) The third problem uses the method of variation of parameters to solve a non-homogeneous differential equation.
5) The fourth problem determines the equation of motion for an oscillating mass on a spring and finds the velocity when it passes through equilibrium.
1) The document contains the solutions to 4 problems related to ordinary differential equations.
2) The first problem solves a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler differential equation and finds the general solution.
3) The second problem solves an initial value problem using the method of undetermined coefficients, finding the particular and general solutions.
4) The third problem uses the method of variation of parameters to solve a non-homogeneous differential equation.
5) The fourth problem determines the equation of motion for an oscillating mass on a spring and finds the velocity when it passes through equilibrium.
1) The document contains the solutions to 4 problems related to ordinary differential equations.
2) The first problem solves a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler differential equation and finds the general solution.
3) The second problem solves an initial value problem using the method of undetermined coefficients, finding the particular and general solutions.
4) The third problem uses the method of variation of parameters to solve a non-homogeneous differential equation.
5) The fourth problem determines the equation of motion for an oscillating mass on a spring and finds the velocity when it passes through equilibrium.
1) The document contains the solutions to 4 problems related to ordinary differential equations.
2) The first problem solves a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler differential equation and finds the general solution.
3) The second problem solves an initial value problem using the method of undetermined coefficients, finding the particular and general solutions.
4) The third problem uses the method of variation of parameters to solve a non-homogeneous differential equation.
5) The fourth problem determines the equation of motion for an oscillating mass on a spring and finds the velocity when it passes through equilibrium.
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Concordia University March 23, 2010
Applied Ordinary Differential Equations
ENGR 213 - Section F Prof. Alina Stancu
Exam II (B)
(1) (6 points) Solve the homogeneous ODE
x2 y 00 + 3xy 0 + 5y = 0.
Solution: The characteristic equation of this homogeneous Cauchy-Euler ODE is
m(m − 1) + 3m + 5 = 0 or m2 + 2m + 5 = 0. It has complex roots r = −1 ± 2i. Hence the general solution of the ODE on x > 0 is y(x) = c1 x−1 cos(2 ln x) + c2 x−1 sin(2 ln x), c1,2 = constants.
(2) (14 points) Solve the initial value problem
y 00 − 6y 0 + 9y = x, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1.
Solution: Consider first the associated homogeneous ODE: y 00 − 6y 0 + 9y = 0 with
the characteristic equation r2 − 6r + 9 = 0 with r = 3 as double root. Hence yc (x) = c1 e3x + c2 xe3x , c1,2 = constants.
We now look for a particular solution yp to the non-homogenous ODE. We’ll use here the method of undetermined coefficients by setting yp (x) = Ax + B. As yp (x) = A and yp00 (x) = 0, we deduce that −6A + 9Ax + 9B = x ⇒ A = 1/9, −6A + 9B = 0 thus x 2 B = 2A/3 = 2/27 and yp (x) = + . 9 27 Thus x 2 ygeneral (x) = c1 e3x + c2 xe3x + + , c1,2 = constants. 9 27 We’ll now use the initial conditions to find c1,2 . As y(0) = 0, we have c1 + 2/27 = 0 ⇒ c1 = −2/27. Evaluating y 0 (x) = c1 (3e3x ) + c2 (e3x + 3xe3x ) + 1/9, thus y 0 (0) = 3c1 + c2 + 1/9 = 1, implying c2 = 10/9. Therefore the solution of the IVP is 2 10 3x x 2 y(x) = − e3x + xe + + . 27 9 9 27
1 2
(3) (10 points) Use the variation of parameters to solve the differential equation
y 00 + y = sin2 x.
Solution: The complementary part of the solution follows from r2 +1 = 0 ⇒ r = ±i
and is yc (x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x. Considering y1 (x) = cos x, y2 (x) = sin x, the Wronskian is W (x) =µ1 6= 0 for all ¶real 0 sin x x’s. To find the complementary solution we calculate W1 (x) = det 2 = sin x cos x µ ¶ cos x 0 − sin3 x and W2 (x) = det = sin2 x cos x. − sin x sin2 x The method of variation of parameters gives yp (x) = y1 (x)u1 (x) + y2 (x)u2 (x), where u01 (x) = W1 (x)/W (x) and u02 (x) = W2 (x)/W (x). Integrating (by taking u = sin x du = cos x dx) and taking the constant of integration to be zero, we have Z Z u3 sin3 x u2 (x) = (sin x cos x) dx = u2 du = 2 = . 3 3 On the other hand, Z Z Z 3 2 u3 cos3 x u1 (x) = − sin x dx = − sin x (1 − cos x) dx = (1 − u2 ) du = u − = cos x − , 3 3 where above we used the fundamental identity of trigonometry (sin2 x + cos2 x = 1) and the substitution u = cos x, du = − sin x dx. Consequently, µ ¶ cos3 x sin3 x yp (x) = cos x · cos x − + sin x · 3 3 and cos4 x sin4 x y(x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x − + cos2 x + , c1,2 = arbitrary constants. 3 3
(4) (10 points) A mass weighing 64 pounds stretches a spring 0.32 foot. Determine the equation of motion if the mass is initially released from a point 6 inches above the equilibrium position with a downward velocity of 5 ft/s. What is the instantaneous velocity at the first time when the mass passes through the equilibrium position?
Solution: The equation of motion is mx00 + kx = 0, where m = 64/32 slug and
k = 64/0.32 = 200 ft/lb. Thus x00 + 100x = 0 ⇒ x(t) = c1 cos 10t + c2 sin 10t, c1,2 = constants. To determine the constants, use the initial conditions. As x(0) = −1/2 ft, c1 = −1/2. Additionally, x0 (t) = −10c1 sin 10t + 10c2 cos 10t, thus x0 (0) = 5 ft/sec and 10c2 = 5. 3
Consequently, x(t) = − 12 cos 10t + 21 sin 10t and x0 (t) = 5 sin 10t + 5 cos 10t. To find the time when the mass passes through the equilibrium position, set x(t) = 0. Note that this implies tan(10t) = 1 whose first positive solution is for 10t = π/4. So √ √ 2 2 √ x0 (π/40) = 5 +5 = 5 2 ft/sec 2 2 is the answer needed.
