UPSC Civil Services Main 1988 - Mathematics

Calculus
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics
Panjab University
Chandigarh

January 14, 2010

Question 1(a) If f (x) = tan x prove that

   
(n) n (n2) n (n4) n
f (0) f (0) + f (0) . . . = sin
2 4 2

Solution. Clearly sin x = f (x) cos x. Using Leibnitzs formula for the derivative of the
product of two functions, we get
n  
dn sin x X n (nr)
= f (x) cos(r) (x)
dxn r=0
r

dr r dr r dr
Now cos x = cos(x + 2
) and sin x = sin(x + 2
). Therefore, cos x = 0 when
dxr r
dxr n
dxr
d n d
x = 0, n odd, and r
cos x = (1) 2 when x = 0, n even. Also, sin x = sin n
2
when
dx dxn
x = 0.
Thus    
n (n) n (n2) n (n4)
sin = f (0) f (0) + f (0) . . .
2 2 4
.

Question 1(b) Find the minimum value of x2 + y 2 + z 2 when x + y + z = k.

Solution. Let F (x) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + (x + y + z k), where is Lagranges undetermined

multiplier. For stationary values,
F F F
= 2x + = 0, = 2y + = 0, = 2z + = 0
x y z

1
Thus = 2x = 2y = 2z x = y = z. From x + y + z = k we have x = y = z = k3 .
Now
2F 2F 2F 2F 2F 2F
d2 F = (dx)2
+ (dy)2
+ (dz)2
+ dx dy + dy dz + dz dx
x2 y 2 z 2 x y y z z x
= 2(dx)2 + 2(dy)2 + 2(dz)2
Now dx + dy + dz = 0 from x + y + z = k, so substituting dz = dx dy, we get
d2 F = 2(dx)2 + 2(dy)2 + 2(dx + dy)2 = 4(dx)2 + 4(dy)2 + 4dx dy
 
dy 2 3 2
= 4 dx + + (dy) > 0
2 4
k k2 2 2 k2
Thus x2 +y 2 +z 2 is minimum when x = y = z = 3
and the minimum value of 9
+ k9 + k9 = 3
.

Question 1(c) Find the asymptotes of the cubic

x3 xy 2 2xy + 2x y = 0
and show that they cut the curve again in points which lie on the line 3x y = 0.
Solution. Since the coefficient of the highest degree term of y in the equation, i.e.y 2 is x,
it follows that x = 0 is an asymptote parallel to the y axis.
There is no asymptote parallel to the x-axis, as the coefficient of x3 , the highest degree
term of x peresent in the equation, is a constant.
If y = mx + c is an asymptote, then m is given by 3 (m) = 1 m2 = 0 m = 1. c
2 (m)
is given by 0 provided it is not indeterminate, where r are homogeneous terms of
3 (m)
degree r present in the equation. Thus c = 2m2m
= 1. Thus the asymptotes of the type
y = mx + c are y = x 1, y + x = 1.
The joint equation of asymptotes is given by x(y x + 1)(y + x + 1) = 0 or x(y 2 x2 +
2y + 1) = xy 2 x3 + 2yx + x = 0, or P3 = x3 xy 2 2yx x = 0.
Thus the point of intersection of the curve and the asymptotes lie on the line 3x y = 0
as the equation of the given curve is P3 + 3x y = 0.
Note: The asymptotes parallel to the y-axis can also be found as follows:
Let x = my + d be an asymptote. Dividing the equation by y 3 and letting y , we
get m3 m = 0, as xy m when y . Thus m = 0, 1.
If m = 0, then x = d, so d3 dy 2 2dy + 2d y = 0. Dividing by y 2 and letting y
we get d = 0, so x = 0 is an asymptote.
Similarly we can find d = 1 when m = 1. This will determine all three asymptotes.

Question 2(a) Find the center of gravity of one loop of the lemniscate of Bernoulli r2 =
a2 cos 2.
Solution.

2
 Because of symmetry, y = 0. The area of
the lemniscate is
Z Z  4
1 4 2 4 sin 2 a2
r d = a2 cos 2 d = a2 =
2 4 0 2 0 2

Now = 4
Z
2 4
3
= 4
x = r cos d
3a2 4
Z
4a 4 3
= (1 2 sin2 ) 2 cos d
3 0
cos t dt
Let 2 sin = sin t cos d =
2
Z Z
4a 2
2 3 4a 2
4 4a 3 1 2a
= (1 sin t) 2 cos t dt = cos t dt = =
3 2 0 3 2 0 3 2422 8

the centroid is 82a , 0 .


Thus
ZZ
3
Question 2(b) Evaluate x 2 y 2 (1 x2 y 2 ) dx dy over the positive quadrant of the circle
x2 + y 2 = 1.
dX dY
Solution. Substitute x2 = X, y 2 = Y dx dy = 1 1 and the region of integration is
4X 2 Y 2
transformed to X 0, Y 0, X + Y 1. The required integral becomes
ZZ ZZ
3 dX dY 1 1 1
I= X Y (1 X Y )
4
1 1 = X 4 Y 2 (1 X Y ) dX dY
X0,Y 0 4X 2 Y 2 4 X0,Y 0
X+Y 1 X+Y 1

Put X + Y = u, Y = uv X = u(1 v).

 
(X, Y ) 1 v u
= =u
(u, v) v u
Y
Also, X 0, Y 0, X + Y 1 0 u 1, 0 v 1( v = X+Y
).

1 1 1 1
Z Z
1 1 1
I = u 4 (1 v) 4 u 2 v 2 (1 u)u du dv
4 0 0
1 1 7
Z Z 1
1 1
= u 4 (1 u) du v 2 (1 v) 4 dv
4 0 0
1 11 3 5 1 ( 114
)(2) ( 32 )( 54 ) 1 ( 32 )( 54 )
= B( 4 , 2)B( 2 , 4 ) = =
4 4 ( 19 4
) ( 114
) 4 ( 19 4
)

The above integral actually becomes Dirichlets integral.

3
Question 2(c) Show that the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the curve (ax)y 2 =
2 a3
a2 x about its asymptote is .
2
Solution. The asymptote is x = a, because a x is the coefficient of the highest degree
term in y present in the equation of the curve. Thus
Z
V = (a x)2 dy

Z  Z
ay 2 2 6 dy
= 2 a 2 2
dy = 2a
0 a +y 0 (a + y 2 )2
2

Put y = a tan , dy = a sec2 d

Z Z
6
2 a sec2 d 3
2
2 31 2 a3
V = 2a 4 2 2
= 2a cos d = 2a =
0 a (1 + tan ) 0 22 2

Paper II

Question 3(a) Evaluate

x2 y 2  32
ZZ 
1 2 dx dy
a2 b
x2 y 2
over the area of the ellipse + 2 = 1.
a2 b
Solution.
ZZ Let x = aX, y = bY , so dx dy = ab dX dY . The given integral becomes
3
ab (1 X Y 2 ) 2 dX dY over the circle X 2 + Y 2 1. Changing to polar coordinates,
2

X = r cos , Y = r sin , we get

Z
2
Z 1
3
I = 4ab (1 r2 ) 2 r dr d
0 0
Z 1
3
= 2ab (1 r2 ) 2 r dr
0
Put r2 = t, 2r dr = dt
Z 1
3 2 5 1
i 2ab
= ab (1 t) dt = ab (1 t)
2 2 =
0 5 0 5

4
Question 4(a) Show that a local extreme value of f given by
f (x) = xk1 + . . . + xkn , x = (x1 , . . . , xn )
subject to the condition x1 + . . . + xn = a is ak n1k .
Solution. Let F (x) = xk1 +. . .+xkn (x1 +. . .+xn a) where is Lagranges undetermined
multiplier. For extreme values, for all i
F
= kxk1
i = 0 xk1
i =
xi k
a
Thus xk1
1 = . . . = xk1
n = , or x1 = . . . = xn . Using x1 + . . . + xn = a we get xi = , so
n
k n
X a
k nak
the extreme value is = k = ak n1k .
i=0
n n
Note: To decide the nature of the extreme value, we consider
d2 F = k(k 1)x1k2 [(dx1 )2 + . . . + (dxn )2 ]
using x1 = . . . = xn . Thus d2 F > 0 if k < 0 or k > 1 (assuming a > 0), so we have a
minimum. If 0 < k < 1, d2 F < 0, and we have a maximum. This is not required for this
question.
Question 4(b) The function f : R2 R is given by
( 2
x y
x2 +y 2
, (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) =
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)
Prove that at (0, 0) f is continuous and possesses all directional derivatives, but is not dif-
ferentiable.
Solution. Let  > 0 and = , then
 x2 y   r2 cos2 r sin  p
|f (x, y) f (0, 0)| =  2 = r = x2 + y 2
   
x + y2 r2
  

Thus for any (x, y) belonging to the open disc with center (0, 0) and radius =  i.e. for
x2 + y 2 < 2 , we get |f (x, y) f (0, 0)| < , so f (x, y) is continuous at (0, 0).
Let v = (cos , sin ), then by definition the directional derivative at (a, b) in the direction
of v is given by
f (a + t cos , b + t sin ) f (a, b)
lim
t0 t
when this limit exists, and it is denoted by fv (a, b).
Here (a, b) = (0, 0), so
f (t cos , t sin ) t2 cos2 t sin
fv (0, 0) = lim = lim = cos2 sin
t0 t t0 t3
Thus all directional derivatives exist.
However for f to be differentiable, all directional derivatives should be equal this is
clearly not the case here, as the directional derivative for = 0 is 0, but for = 4 it is 21 2 .