26 Jan 2017
Principles of electrical machine design and
materials for electric machines
Dr. Irfan Ullah
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Management and technology
Electrical Machine Design EE424
Contents
1. National and international standards
2. Design of machines
3. Design factors
4. Limitations in design
5. Machine types
6. Materials for electric machines
7. Types of magnetic materials
8. Insulating materials
National and international standards
Pakistan standards and quality control authority (PSQCA)
• PSQCA came into operation in 2000
• Member of ISO, IEC, OIML, and WTO
• Advice the GOVT on standard policies
• Facilitating domestic and international trade
International standards
• National institute of standards and technology (NIST)
• Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS)
• British Standard (BS)
• International Electro-technical Commission (IEC)
• Chinese national standards (CNS)
• Standardization administration of china (SAC)
Design of machines
• Major considerations for good design: cost and durability
• Difficult to design a machine witch meets all performance indices
• Electrical designer must be familiar with the following
• National and international standards
• Specifications (that deals with machine ratings, performance requirements etc., of the
consumer)
• Cost of material and labor
• Manufacturing constraints etc.
Design factors
• Magnetic circuit
• Electric circuit
• Thermal circuit
• Mechanical parts
Successful design
• Economic compromise for iron, copper,
insulation and coolant
Limitations in design
• Saturation
• Temperature rise
• Cooling and ventilation techniques
• Insulation
• Efficiency
• Should be high to reduce cost
• Mechanical parts
• Power factor
• Consumer’s specifications
• Standard specifications
Machine types
• Small size machines
• Medium size machines
• Large size machines
• Larger size machines
Materials for electric machines
• Electrical conducting materials
• High conductivity materials
• Winding, apparatus, devices, and transmission and distribution of energy
• Highest conductivity
• Least temperature
• Mechanical strength
• High weldability
• Resistance to corrosion
• High resistivity materials
• Resistances and heating materials
Conducting materials
Properties Aluminum and copper wire
0.00393
1
Magnetic materials
• Permeability is a measure of how easily
magnetic lines of force can pass through a
material.
• Ferromagnetic materials
• Relative permeability >> 1
• Paramagnetic materials
• Relative permeability > 1
Permeabilities for: ferromagnets (µf),
• Diamagnetic materials paramagnets(µp), free space(µ0) and
• Relative permeability < 1 diamagnets (µd)
Hysteresis
• At point "a" almost all of the magnetic
domains are aligned. The material has
reached the point of magnetic saturation.
• When H is reduced to zero, the curve will
move from point "a" to point "b." At this
point, it can be seen that some magnetic flux
remains in the material even though the
magnetizing force is zero.
• As the magnetizing force is reversed, the
curve moves to point "c", where the flux has
been reduced to zero.
• As the magnetizing force is increased in the
negative direction, the material will again
become magnetically saturated but in the
opposite direction (point "d"). Reducing H to
zero brings the curve to point "e.“
• Increasing H back in the positive direction
will return B to zero. Hysteresis loops
Types of magnetic materials
• the greater the amount of current Magnetization
applied (H+), the stronger the
magnetic field in the component
(B+) Applied magnetic field
• Soft magnetic materials
• Cast iron, cast steel, rolled steel, etc.
• Hard magnetic materials
• Carbon steel, tungsten steel, cobalt steel Hyteresis loop
Insulating materials
• High dielectric strength
• High resistivity
• Low dielectric hysterics
• Good thermal conductivity
• High degree of thermal stability
Insulating materials for motors, generators, and aircraft machines
• Class A, E, and B materials
Insulating materials for transformers
• Class A materials
• Class B to reduce weight
Discussion
Thanks
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