Machines 1

lecture 3 part2

Dr. Ibrahim Lameen

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical & Electronics Department
Email: ibrahim.lameen.daho@gmail.com
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EXAMPLE 1.5

For the magnetic circuit of figure below, find (a) the inductance L, (b) the magnetic
stored energy W for Bc = 1.0 T, and (c) the induced voltage e for a 60-Hz time-varying
core flux of the form Bc = 1.0 sinωt where ω = (2π)(60) = 377.

Ac = Ag = 9 cm2 =(9*10-4)m2, g = 0.050cm=(5*10-4)m, lc = 30 cm=0.3m, and N = 500 tums

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Solution
a. From Eqs. 1.16 and 1.29,

Note that the core reluctance is much smaller than that of the gap (Rc << Rg).
Thus to a good approximation the inductance is dominated by the gap reluctance, i.e.,

b. For Bc=1T

From Eqs. 1.6 and 1.15,

Thus from Eq. 1.47, 3

c. From Eq. 1.27,

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 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
MATERIALS

 In the context of electromechanical energy conversion devices, the importance of

magnetic materials is double.

 Through their use it is possible to obtain large magnetic flux densities with
relatively low levels of magnetizing force.

 Since magnetic forces and energy density increase with increasing flux density,
this effect plays a large role in the performance of energy-conversion devices.

 In addition, magnetic materials can be used to constrain and direct magnetic fields
in well-defined paths.

 Thus a knowledgeable designer can use magnetic materials to achieve specific

desirable device characteristics.

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Ferromagnetic materials.
 typically composed of iron and alloys of iron with cobalt, tungsten, nickel,
aluminum, and other metals, are by far the most common magnetic materials.

 Ferromagnetic materials are found to be composed of a large number of domains,

i.e., regions in which the magnetic moments of all the atoms are parallel, giving
rise to a net magnetic moment for that domain.

 When an external magnetizing force is applied to this material, the domain

magnetic moments tend to align with the applied magnetic field.

 As a result, the domain magnetic moments add to the applied field, producing a
much larger value of flux density than would exist due to the magnetizing force
alone.

 Thus the effective permeability μ, equal to the ratio of the total magnetic flux
density to the applied magnetic-field intensity, is large compared with the 6
permeability of free space μo.
 If the applied magnetizing force is reduced, the domain magnetic moments relax to the
direction of easy magnetism nearest to that of the applied field.

 As a result, when the applied field is reduced to zero, the magnetic dipole moments
will retain a net magnetization component along the applied field direction.

 It is this effect which is responsible for the phenomenon known as magnetic hysteresis.

 Due to this hystersis effect, the relationship between B and H for a ferromagnetic
material is both nonlinear and multivalued.

 They are commonly presented in graphical form as a set of empirically determined

curves based on test samples of the material using methods prescribed by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

 The most common curve used to describe a magnetic material is the B-H curve or
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hysteresis loop.
 The first and second
quadrants (corresponding to
B ≥ 0) of a set of hysteresis
loops are shown in Fig. 1.9
for M-5 steel.

 Each curve is obtained

while cyclically varying the
applied magnetizing force
between equal positive and
negative values of fixed
magnitude.
 After several cycles the B-H
curves form closed loops as
Figure 1.9 B-H loops for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in thick. Only the top
shown. halves of the loops are shown here. (Armco Inc.)

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 The arrows show the paths
followed by B with
increasing and decreasing
H.
 Notice that with increasing
magnitude of H the curves
begin to flatten out as the
material tends toward
saturation.

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 For many engineering
applications, it is sufficient to
describe the material by a single-
valued curve.
 This curve obtained by plotting
the locus of the maximum values
of B and H at the tips of the
hysteresis loops; this is known as
a dc or normal magnetization
curve.
 A dc magnetization curve for M-
5 grain-oriented electrical steel is
shown in Fig. 1.10.
Figure 1.10 Dc magnetization curve for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in
thick. ( Armco Inc. )

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 EXAMPLE 1.7

Assume that the core material in figure below is M-5 electrical steel, which has the dc
magnetization curve of Fig. 1.10. Find the current i required to produce Bc = 1 T.

Ac = Ag = 9cm2, g = 0.050cm, lc = 30cm, and N = 500tums.

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Ac = Ag = 9cm2, g = 0.050cm, lc = 30cm, and N = 500tums.

Solution

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Home Work

Repeat Example 1.7 but find the current i for Bc= 1.6 T. By what factor does the
current have to be increased to result in this factor of 1.6 increase in flux density?

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If you have any questions please send them to the
following Email
ibrahim.lameen.daho@gmail.com

thanks

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