Renewable Energy Engineering Program
REE 311 Electric Machines
Lecture 1
Electromechanical Energy Conversion Fundamentals
1. Course Outline
a) ILOs
b) Material
c) Grading System
2. Introduction to Machinery Principles
Agenda
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Terminology
• Electrical Machine
• Transformer
• Both are used everywhere in our life !!!!!!!
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Renewable energy applications
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The magnetic field
• Magnetic field is the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted from one form
to another in electrical machines (motors, generators, transformers).
• Four basic principles to describe the process:
1. Current carrying wire produces a magnetic field
2. A time changing magnetic field induces a voltage (transformer action)
3. Another current carrying wire in the presence of the primary field has a force induced on it
(motor action)
4. A moving wire in the presence of the primary field has a voltage induced in it. (generator
action)
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Production of a magnetic field
• The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current Inet [Ampere] is
Ampere’s law:
Magnetic material
Differential element of
Magnetic field intensity
length along the path of
[Ampere-turns/m]
integration [m]
• Example:
Ni
I net Ni Hlc Ni H
lc
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Production of a magnetic field
• Example: Magnetic permeability of material
[henrys / meter] (analogous to electric
Ni conductivity) Magnetic material
H B H
lc
Magnetic field intensity Magnetic flux density
[Ampere – turn /meter] [W/m2 = Tesla]
Free space permeability: o 4 10 7 H /m
For any other material: r o
Relative permeability
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Production of a magnetic field
• Example: Magnetic permeability of material
[henrys / meter] (analogous to electric
Ni conductivity)
H B H
lc
Magnetic field intensity Magnetic flux density
[Ampere – turn /meter] [W/m2 = Tesla]
Free space permeability: o 4 10 7 H /m
For any other material: r o
Relative permeability
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Production of a magnetic field
• Example: Magnetic permeability of material
[henrys / meter] (analogous to electric
Ni conductivity)
H B H
lc
Magnetic field intensity Magnetic flux density
[Ampere – turn /meter] [W/m2 = Tesla]
Ni
B B dA
lc A
Magnetic flux [Webber]
NiA
BA
lc
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Magnetic circuits
NiA A Ni lc
BA Ni
lc lc A
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Magnetic circuits
Magnetic Equivalent to Ohm’s Law
Flux
Reluctance
Magneto-
motive force
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Magnetic circuits
• Reluctance can be connected in series or in parallel
• Calculations of flux in a core using magnetic circuit concept are always
approximations but accurate within 5%
• Reasons for the inherent inaccuracy:
1. All flux is assumed to be confined within magnetic core (but there
is leakage flux in air)
2. Reluctance calculation assumes a certain mean path length and
cross sectional area (but there are corners and sharp edges)
3. Core material is assumed linear in the reluctance calculation (but
there is saturation c/c)
4. Core cross section is assumed constant even if there are air gaps
(but there is fringing flux in air gaps)
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Magnetic circuits – Example 1-1
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Magnetic circuits – Example 1-2
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Magnetic circuits – Example 1-3
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Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
• Permeability of ferromagnetic materials is very high (>6000 μo)
• Permeability in free space is constant but this is not true for iron and other ferromagnetic materials.
knee
What is the slope of
saturated core this curve?
Saturation curve or
magnetization curve
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Energy losses in a ferromagnetic core – Hysteresis losses
Hysteresis loop
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Energy losses in a ferromagnetic core – Hysteresis losses
No external field External field present
Domain
• Positive feedback effect = high permeability
• But when the external field is removed the domains do not completely
randomize again → Since this requires energy (Hysteresis Energy Losses)
• Hysteresis loop area is proportional to the energy losses/cycle
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Thank you
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