Symmetrical Components

Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman

Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CUET

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Analysis of Balanced and Unbalanced System
Balanced load Unbalanced load

ia Ia
ia  ib  ic I a  Ib  Ic
R R1
ia  ib  ic  0
R R2 R3
R Ib
ib
ic Ic

For balanced system, voltages and For unbalanced system, voltages

currents are balanced and per phase and currents are not balanced and
analysis is sufficient. per phase analysis is not sufficient.
3-phase analysis has to be done.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Faults in Power System

Type of Fault Probability

3- Fault - Balanced 5%
LLG - Unbalanced 10%
LL - Unbalanced 15%
LG - Unbalanced 70%

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Symmetrical Components

For balanced faults |Ia|= |Ib|= |Ic|. So, analysis can be made for one phase only
and total real and reactive powers are simply 3 times the corresponding phase
values.

During unbalanced loading or unbalanced faults, analysis has to be carried

out on 3-phase basis.

Alternately a more convenient method of analyzing unbalanced operation is

through symmetrical components where three voltages (and currents) are
transformed into three sets of balanced voltages (and currents) called
symmetrical components

The method of symmetrical components, first developed by C.L. Fortescue

in 1918.

Analysis by symmetrical components is a powerful tool which makes the

calculation of unsymmetrical faults almost as easy as the calculation of
symmetrical three-phase faults.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Symmetrical Components…Fortescue’s theorem

Fortescue's theorem

Three unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be resolved into three

balanced systems of phasors . The balanced sets of components are:

1. Positive-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase, and having the
same phase sequence as the original phasors,

2. Negative-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase, and having the
phase sequence opposite to that of the original phasors, and

3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude

and with zero phase displacement from each other.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Symmetrical Components…Fortescue’s theorem

Vc1 Va2
Va1

Vb2
Va0
V
Vc0 b0
Vc2
Vb1

Positive-sequence Negative-sequence Zero-sequence

components components components

Fig. 3-1 Three sets of balanced phasors which are the symmetrical
components of three unbalanced phasors
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
Symmetrical Components…Fortescue’s theorem
Va0

Va Va2
Va2
Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0
Vc2 Vb2
Vb

Vb0 Vb1 Vc2

Vb2

Va0
Vb0
Vc0

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Symmetrical Components…Fortescue’s theorem
Va0

Va Va2

Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0
Vc2
Vb

Vb0 Vb1
Vb2

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Symmetrical Components…Fortescue’s theorem

The original phasors expressed in terms

of their components are:

Va  Va 0  Va1  Va 2 ........................(3.1)
Vb  Vb 0  Vb1  Vb 2 ........................(3.2)
Vc  Vc 0  Vc1  Vc 2 .........................(3.3)

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 Operators
Shorthand method of indicating the rotation of a phasor through 120.

The letter a is commonly used to designate the operator that causes a

rotation of 120 in the counterclockwise direction.

a = 1120 = 1j2/3 = -0.5 + j0.866

a2 = 1240 = -0.5 - j0.866 a -a2
a3 = 1360 = 10 = 1

-1, -a3 1, a3

a2 -a

Fig. 3-12 Phasor diagram of the various

powers of the operator a

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Resolve three unsymmetrical phasors
into their symmetrical components

Vc1 Va2
Va1

Vb2 V
Vb0a0
Vc0

Vc2
Vb1

Vb1  a 2Va1 Vc1  aVa1

Vb 2  aVa 2 Vc 2  a 2Va 2 ......................(3.4)
Vb 0  Va 0 Vc 0  Va 0

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
From equations (3.1) – (3.4)

Va  Va 0  Va1  Va 2 ...................(3.5)
Vb  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2 ..................(3.6)
Vc  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2 ..................(3.7)

In matrix form

Va  1 1 1  Va 0 
V   1 a 2 a  V ...............(3.8)
 b    a1 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2 

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Let
1 1 1 
 
A  1 a 2 a .............................( 3.9)
1 a a 2 
 

1 1 1 
1 
A -1  1 a a 2 .............................( 3.10)
3
1 a 2 a 
 

Premultiplying both sides of eq. (3.8) by A-1

Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a a 2  V ...............(3.11)
 a1  3   b 
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc 
 
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors

From eq. (3.11)

1
Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc  ........................(3.12)
3
1
 
Va1  Va  aVb  a 2Vc ..................(3.13)
3
1
 
Va 2  Va  a 2Vb  aVc ..................(3.14)
3

If required, the components Vb0, Vb1, Vb2, Vc0, Vc1 and Vc2 can also be found.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors

1
Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc  ........................(3.12)
3

Eq. (3.12) shows that no zero sequence components exist if the sum of the
unbalanced phasors is zero. Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors
in a three-phase system is always zero, zero-sequence components are
never present in the line voltages, regardless of the amount of unbalance.

The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero,
and voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components.

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors

The equations for currents can be written as

I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 ...................(3.15)

I b  I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2 ...................(3.16)

I c  I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2 ...................(3.17)

1
I a0  I a  I b  I c  ........................(3.18)
3
1
 
I a1  I a  aI b  a 2 I c ...................(3.19)
3
1
 
I a 2  I a  a 2 I b  aI c ..................(3.20)
3
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
In a three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current
In is the sum of the line currents:

I a  I b  I c  I n .........................(3.21)
1
Comparing eqs. (3.18) and (3.21) gives I a0  I a  I b  I c  ..............(3.18)
3

I n  3I a 0 ...................................(3.22)

 In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system,

In is zero, and the line currents contain no zero-sequence components.

 A -connected load provides no path to neutral, and line currents

flowing to a -connected load contain no zero-sequence components

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Example:
The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step up
transformer are 100 kV, 35 kV & 40 kV on phases a, b and c respectively.
The voltage of phase a leads b 90 and lags that of phase c by 180.
Determine the symmetrical components of voltage.

Solution:
Va = 1000 Vb = 35-90 Vc = 40180
a  1120 a 2  1  120  1240
1

Va1  Va  aVb  a Vc
3
2

1
 1000  35  90120  40180  120
3
1
 1000  3530  4060
3
1
 100  j 0  30.31  j17.5  20  j14.641
3
 50.1  j17.38
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Example:
The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step up
transformer are 100 kV, 35 kV & 40 kV on phases a, b and c respectively.
The voltage of phase a leads b 90 and lags that of phase c by 180.
Determine the symmetrical components of voltage.

Solution:

a  1120 a 2  1  120  1240

1

Va 2  Va  a Vb  aVc
3
2

1
 1000  35  90240  40180120
3
1
 1000  35150  40300
3
1
 100  j 0  (30.31)  j17.5  20  j 34.64 
3
 29.9  j 5.71
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
 The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Example:
The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step up
transformer are 100 kV, 35 kV & 40 kV on phases a, b and c respectively.
The voltage of phase a leads b 90 and lags that of phase c by 180.
Determine the symmetrical components of voltage.

Solution:

1
Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc 
3
1
 100  j 0  0  j15  40  j 0
3
 20  j11.67

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors

Book: Power System Analysis and Design

by: Glover and Sarma

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 3-Phase Power In Terms of
Symmetrical Components
The total complex power flowing into a three-phase circuit through
three lines a, b and c is

S  P  jQ  Va I a*  Vb I b*  Vc I c*
* T *
 I a  Va   I a 
 Va Vb Vc  I b   Vb   I b 
 I c  Vc   I c 
 V pT I *p

Va  1 1 1  Va 0   I a  1 1 1   I a 0 
   
Now, Vb   1 a 2 a  Va1  and  I b   1 a 2 a   I a1 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2   I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 

or, V p  AVs and I p  AI s

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

 3-Phase Power In Terms of
Symmetrical Components
S  V pT I *p   AVs   AI s 
T *

1 1 1  1 1 1 
V A A I
T T * *
  
s s
AT A*  1 a 2 a  1 a a 2 
1 a a 2  1 a 2 a 
1 1 1    
  1  1  1 1 a  a2 1 a2  a 
A  1 a 2 a 
 2
1 a a 2   1  a  a 1  a  a 1  a  a 
2 3 3 4
 
1  a  a 2 1  a 2  a 4 1  a 3  a 3 
 
S  3VsT UI s*  3VsT I s* 3 0 0 1 0 0
I a0 
*
 0 3 0  30 1 0  3U
 3 Va 0 Va1 Va 2   I a1  0 0 3 0 0 1
 I a 2 
 3Va 0 I a*0  3Va1 I a*1  3Va 2 I a*2
 3V0 I 0*  3V1 I1*  3V2 I 2*
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
Thank You

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman