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Double Bar Graphs
Double Bar Graphs
Double bar graphs are an effective tool to compare the values of two quantities for the same
observation.
For example, consider the marks obtained by five students of a class in two tests.
Using a double bar graph, we can analyse which week students had better marks.
Averages
Arithmetic Mean and Range
The average or arithmetic mean or mean of a given data is defined as :
Sum of all observations
M ean =
N umber of observations
The difference between the highest and the lowest observations in a given data is called its
Range.
Example: Ages of all 10 teachers in grade 7 are : 25, 43, 34, 55, 44, 60, 32, 29, 35, 40.
Mean =
25+43+34+55+44+60+32+29+35+40 397
= = 39.7 years
10 10
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Range = Higest Observation - Lowest Observation
= 60 - 25 = 35
Median
When a given data is arranged in ascending (or descending) order, then the middle most
observation is called the median of the data.
Example : Marks scored by seven students in a class are: 21, 32, 18 ,93, 21, 36, 50.
Observations in ascending order: 18, 21, 21, 32, 36, 50, 93.
Middle most value = 32
∴ Median is 32.
Mode
The mode of a set of observations is the observation that occurs most often.
Example: Given set of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 4
Ascending Order = 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4
∴ Mode of this data is 2 because it occurs more
frequently.
Note : A data can have more than 1 mode.
Chance and Probability
Chance and Probability
Probability is the measure or the chance of occurrence of a particular event.
Experiments which do not have a fixed result are known as random experiments.
Number of outcomes or Sample Space
The set of all the possible outcomes to occur in any experiment is known as sample space.
Examples:
Experiment : Tossing a coin, Sample Space (S) = {H,T}
Experiment : Rolling a die, Sample Space (S) = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Favourable outcome - It is one of the possible result(s) of an experiment.
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Examples :
In an experiment of Tossing a coin, getting a head.
Favourable outcome = {H}
In an experiment of Rolling a die, getting an even number
Favourable outcomes = {2,4,6}
Probability of occurrence of any event,
P(E)=
N umber of F avourable Outcomes
T otal N umber of Outcomes
Example : Find the probability of getting an even number when a die is rolled.
Sample Space (S) = {1,2,3,4,5,6} , Favourable outcomes = {2,4,6}
P(E)=
N umber of F avourable Outcomes 3 1
= =
T otal N umber of Outcomes 6 2
The Scale
The Scale
Large numbers cannot be represented in a bar graph, so scaling factor is used to reduce or
scale down large numbers.
Bar graph showing population in some villages
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Example:
The scale on the y-axis is 1 unit = 200 people.
Basics: The Right Data in the Right Form
Introduction: Data
Data are individual pieces of information, information about a particular system.
They can be in the form of figures or numbers.
Data is collected to analyse specific information for a specific purpose.
Organization of Data
Data is organised and represented graphically so that it becomes easy to understand and
interpret. This is called organisation of data.
Basics: Pictographs and Bar Graphs
Pictograph and Bar Graphs
Pictograph is a pictorial representation of data.
Here data is represented using images of the objects.
Pictograph
The graphical representation of data using bars of uniform width drawn vertically or
horizontally with different lengths is called as bar graphs/bar diagrams. Bar diagrams
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consist of two axes: X axis and Y axis.
The following is a bar graph showing birthday of students in a class. Graph showing
birthday of students in a class.
Bar graph
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