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2.2 Power and Roots of Complex No

1) De Moivre's Theorem states that for a complex number u = r(cosθ + i sinθ) and a natural number n, un = rn(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)). 2) Taking the nth root of a complex number z means finding a complex number u such that un = z. Every complex number has exactly n distinct nth roots. 3) Roots of unity are solutions to equations like xn - 1 = 0. The nth roots of unity are equally spaced around the unit circle.

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271 views4 pages

2.2 Power and Roots of Complex No

1) De Moivre's Theorem states that for a complex number u = r(cosθ + i sinθ) and a natural number n, un = rn(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)). 2) Taking the nth root of a complex number z means finding a complex number u such that un = z. Every complex number has exactly n distinct nth roots. 3) Roots of unity are solutions to equations like xn - 1 = 0. The nth roots of unity are equally spaced around the unit circle.

Uploaded by

七海未来
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

2 Power and Roots of complex numbers

De Moivre’s Theorem:

For a complex number 𝑢 = 𝑟. (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) and 𝑛 𝜖 𝑵;

𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 . (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛. (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜃))

Root Extraction
is said to be an n-th root of complex number 𝑧
if 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧, and we write 𝑢 = 𝑧1⁄𝑛.

Theorem:
Every complex number has exactly 𝑛 distinct n-th roots.

Let 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃); 𝑢 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼). Then for


we get:

we get
the 𝑛 distinct roots by substituting 𝑘 = 0, 1,2, … , (𝑛 − 1) in the formula:

𝑛 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = √𝑟 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛 + 𝑛
) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑛
)]

A special case is finding the roots of unity i.e. solving equations like 𝑥𝑛 − 1 = 0, or
equivalently 𝑥 = 1𝑛

Example: 𝑧 = 11⁄5, evaluate the 5 complex roots:

Using the Formula:


𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝟔𝟎
Notice that the 5 roots are exactly the angle (or in degrees ) a part from each
𝟓 𝟓
other. This is valid in general for any 𝒏 − 𝒕𝒉 roots of a complex number. They are
𝟐𝝅
exactly a part from each other.
𝒏

Euler’s formula:

𝒆𝒊𝝋 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 with the argument 𝝋 given in radians.

Using Euler’s formula, we can write any complex number in the exponential form and also
evaluate the roots as follows:

𝒆𝒊𝒏𝜽 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏𝜽))

1
By substituting 𝑛 for 𝑛 in this equation, we get:
In general for r
𝑛
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
√ 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑛√𝑟. ( cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin( )) = √ 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝑛
𝑛

𝑛 𝑛

𝑛 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘 𝑛 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = √𝑧 = √ 𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = √𝑟 √ 𝑒 𝑛
𝑛 𝑖( + ) 𝑛 𝑖( + )
𝑛 𝑛 ,𝑘 = 0,1, … , 𝑛 − 1

to solve: , has different solutions in C:

Example: Find the 3rd root of

First we write in exponential form: , the argument

Substituting in the above formula, we get the three roots as follows:

Solving complex polynomials:

To solve 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 17 = 0

For 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 17 = 0
a = 2, b = 6 and c = 17

The discriminant = b2 - 4ac = 62 - 4 × 2 × 17 = 36 - 136 = -100 < 0


Since the discriminant is negative, we know the roots must be complex.

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