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Lecture 3

The document explains the exponential form of complex numbers, emphasizing the use of radians and the constant e. It introduces De Moivre's Theorem for finding powers and roots of complex numbers in polar form, providing examples for better understanding. The document outlines the process for converting degrees to radians and evaluating complex expressions using these theorems.

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15 views6 pages

Lecture 3

The document explains the exponential form of complex numbers, emphasizing the use of radians and the constant e. It introduces De Moivre's Theorem for finding powers and roots of complex numbers in polar form, providing examples for better understanding. The document outlines the process for converting degrees to radians and evaluating complex expressions using these theorems.

Uploaded by

yeojaaleumdaum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponential Form of a Complex Number

In this section, MUST be expressed in radians. We use the important constant

e = 2.7182818 …
The exponential form of a complex number is:

where r is the absolute value of the complex number, is in radians and i =

Example 24

Express 5 ( Cos 135 + i Sin 135 ) in exponential form.

We have r = 5

To convert degrees to radians, multiply by since a full circle is 360 or 2 radians.

So 135 = 135 x

≈ 2.36 radians

So we can write

5 ( Cos 135 + i Sin 135 ) =

=
Power and Roots of Complex Number

Finding Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

Finding powers of complex numbers is greatly simplified using De Moivre’s

Theorem. It states that, for a positive integer n , is found by raising the modulus to

the power and multiplying the argument by n . It is the standard method used in

modern mathematics.

De Moivre’s Theorem
If z = r ( Cos + iSin ) is a complex number, then

where n is a positive integer.

Example 25
Evaluate the expression using De Moivre’s Theorem.
Solution:
Since De Moivre’s Theorem applies to complex numbers written in polar form, we must
first write (1+i) in polar form. Let us find r .

r=

r=

r=
Then we find using the formula of tan =

tan =

tan =

tan =1
= 1

Use De Moivre’s Theorem to evaluate the expression.

=(

=4

=4

= - 4 – 4i
Finding Roots of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

To Find the root of a complex number in polar form, we use the Root

Theorem or De Moivre’s Theorem and raise the complex number to a power with a

rational exponent. There are several ways to represent a formula for finding roots

of complex numbers in polar form.

The Root Theorem

To Find the root of a complex number in polar form, use the formula given

as

where k = 0, 1, 2, 3,…. n-1. We add to in order to obtain the periodic roots.


Example 26

Evaluate the cube roots of z = 8 [ Cos + iSin ]

Solution

We have

= Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= 2 [ Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

There will be three roots: k = 0, 1, 2.

When k = 0, we have

= 2 [ Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= 2 [ Cos ( ) + iSin ( )]

When k = 1, we have

= 2 [ Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= 2 [ Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= 2 [ Cos ( ) + iSin ( ) ]
When k = 2, we have

= 2 [ Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= 2 [ Cos ( + ) + iSin ( + ) ]

= 2 [ Cos ( ) + iSin ( ) ]

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